CHUONG 1 TONG QUAN VE DO LUONG DIE) 1.1 Khai igm va ¥ nghia ctia do wong 1.1.1 Khai nigém Do ludng la surso sanh dai lugng chua biét (dai long do) vei dai lugng da duge chudn hoa (dai long mau hodc dai lung chuan). Két qua do duge biéu din duoi dang m6t con s6 voi don vi kem theo: X= AX, (Lb Trong do: X + Dailuong can do A> Gid tri do duge Mo: Don vido Gia tri do duge A cho biét dai lugng do Ién hon (hay nbd hon) bao nhiéu Lin so véi don vi do cian. Voi cdc don vi do khac nhau thi két qua do sé khac nhau. Vidy 1.1: Do duge dong dién /= 5A, e6 nghfa la: dai lugng cn do li dong dign 7, don vi do la Ampe, ket qua do duce bing sé la 5. Do ludng hoe 1a chuyén nganh nghién cizu vé cde phuong php dé do cae dai lugng hie naw. Kj thuat do luéng la nganh ky thuat chuyén nghién eu dé ap dung thanh qua cua do lung vao phuc vy san xuat va doi song.L12 ¥ nghia cia do brimg Do luimg noi chung va do Inéng dién noi rigng co mot y nghia v6 cing quan trong wong déi séng con ngirdi, Trude khi khing ehé va diéu khién bat ky di trong ndo thi can. nguéi cin phiindm bit dugeday di va chinh xée nhing thing 36 vé déi tuong 6, va did ‘nay chi thue hign duge nhty vao qua trinh do léng, 1.2 Dai hrong do Dua trén tinh chat eo ban cia dai long do, dai long do duge phan thanh hai loai co ban [a dai long dign va dai Luong khong dién 1.2.1 Dai lirgng dign * Dai lirgng dign tic dong: La nhfing dai luong dién é trang thii binh thuimg ed mang nding emg dign nhu dién ip, dong dién, cdng sudt,,.. Khi do che dai lvong ndy, bin thin ning luong eba ching sé cung ep cho mach do, Do vay ta khong ean cung eap thém nang luong ti phia ngodi. ‘Trong tnrdmg hop ning rong qué lim eé thé gay hur hing cho mach dothi phi giam nhé cho phi hop. Nguoc lai, wong truimg hop nling luong qui nh} thi khuéeh dai cho di: kin truge kh dua viomach do, © Dai legng dign thy dong: La nhfing dai Luong dign é wang thai binh thuimg Ahdng cé mang ning harng digs niu dai luong didn wa, dién dung, dign cim, hd cim.,, Khi tién hinh do cic dai luong nay ching ta phai cung edp nang lrong cho mach do bing cach ding pin hod nguén dién ngaii, Trong sudt qua trinh do phai dim bao nang luong cungedpén dinh va liga we. C6 hai cach do dai lugng dién thy dng: do néng va do ngudi, Bo néng li thao the do hi phin vir dang hoat déng trén mach, Do ngudi la thao tic do khi ede phan tirndy ngung ‘hoat déng hay lay ra khét mach dién, 1.22 Dai long khing dign Dai rong khéng dién ld nhing dai lung vat ly hién hitu trong dai séng nhu; van the, 4p sult, wrong long, nhiét dé, anh sing, lum luong..., mudn do ede dai luong nay phaichuydn sang dai luong dign sau dé méi dua vao mach dién dé xir litiép, Vide ehuyén déi ndy due thu hién nh vao cdc cam bién hode cic bd chuyén déi, ia nguyen tic eo ban phai dm bao ld phin anh trung thue su thay di ela dai lung khong dign tai mgd vo, 1.3 Don vi do Don vi dola gid wi don vitiguchudn vé mbt dai rong de nde dé duoc quéc té qui dinh ma mai qué gia phi tan theo. Hé théng don vi do bao g6m hai hom: don vi co ban wa don vi kéo theo. Bon vi eo ban duge thé hin bang cdc dom vi chudn veri dd chinh xe cao nhdt ma khoa hoc ky thudt hién dai c6 thé thye hién dune, Ngly nay, cdc mrde sit dung hé thing don vi théng nhét dé kA he théng, don vi qube té SI (System International). C6 7 don vi eo ban Lat Ten don vi KS higu Met m ‘Kilogram kg Thi gan Second s Cuiing 46 ding dign ‘Ampe Nhiét 06 Kelvin K Curing d8 sing, Candela ca Séluong vit chit Mol mol Bang 1.4; Don vj co bin cia hg do iudng quae té Don vi kéo theo (don vi din xuit) la don vi ed Lién quan dén ede don vi do ea ban thé hign qua biéu thie, ‘Tén don vi ‘Watt Culomb: Cc‘ign dp Volt v Bien to ‘Ohm Q Bigndin Siemens s Biga dung, Fard F ‘Dien cam Henry u Tansé Hertz Hz Bang 1.2: Métsé-dom v1 kéa thea ‘Trong hé do luémg quéc té cfing quy dinh cdc gid tri béi s6 va ude s6 thip phanciia ede don vi do luring duve bidu din nhu trong bing 1,3. Ten | Git | Kihigu | yocto 10 y Kilo | 10% i: zepto 107! 2 Mega | _ 108 M ato: 1 a Giga | 108 G femto 10 f Tem | 10? T pico Ww? P Peta | 10! P nano 10? n Ea | lot E micro, 1o* rm Zeta | 10 Zz mil 10 m Youa | 10 7 Bing 1.3: Béi sd vaurie sd thip phan trang hé da hecrng St 1.4 Chire ning va dic tinh cia thiét bido 14d Chie ning eta thiét Cae thidt bj do cé chire ring cung cp cho ching ta két qui do eta dai long dang khao sat, bing cich bién d6i cde dat long cén do thanh ede dang tin higu tign Toi eho nguiti quansdt, tir 66 nguin ding cé thé kiém tra sur hogt dOng ca hé thing diéu khién hoge danh gid. kiém dink ede thiét bi do khae.1.42 Dic tinh cia thiét bi do = Di nhgy Phyong trinh co ban eita thiét bi do ki: Y= §.X) 1d méi quan hé gitta dai hmong dtu ra (0) va dai lug dau vao (4) eda thiét bi do, Dé 6 duve dainh gid quan hé gita lung vao va lueng, ra cila thiét bi do, ta ding khdi niém dé nhay ctia thiét bi. D6 nhay cia mt thidt bi do la ty 36 gida bidn thigh ea dai lvong ddura va bin thién tuong ing cha dai long do 6 du vio, phuong trinh todin hoe mé 14 méi quan hé-nhu sau; aay Trang de, So: DOnhay tia thiét bi do AY: Bin thign eda dai luong du vio AX: Bién thign eda dai long dura ‘Vor thiét bj co: quan hé gift Luong vao va long ra la tuyén tinh, tacé thé viet: Y= SX, Ie dé S goi a d6 nhay tinh ela thiée bi do. ‘Theo ly thuyét thi xét quan hé gita ¥ va X'thi_¥ nho bao nhigu efing duoe nhung thy 18 cho thiy voi AY nho dén mot gid tri ndo day (AY-< ¢} thi AY khong thé xde dinh duae. Neuyén nhando ma sit, hign tuong tre, € : duve goi 14 ngvting nhay (¢6 thé néi dé 1 gi tri nhd mbit md thidt bi do 6 thé phiin bidt - ngirai quem sci hay gbe quny cx eit Fé) Vi dy 1.2: Khi phy tt tidu thy qua mOt eéng to mot pha nhd hon LOW (ching han) thicéng to khéng quay nda, Neuyén nhan cia hign tong nay rat phite tap, c6 thé do ma sit, do hign tuong 2... e duoe goi li nguing d6 nhay eda thiét bi do © Tie dé do La thai gian dé dung ey do sie 1p két qui do trén chi thi, Cho phép diinh gi eho biée dai Luong du a 06 thay di wong ting wri sy bién déi cla dai Luong du vao-hay khong, Téed6do duve xdc dinh theo bigu thie: 1 ar Trong &): AT Ia khodngthii gian ngin nhdt gita hai lin do én dinh. 3)+ Désin ciiy LA kha nang kim vige khing xdy 1 hu hong ei thiét bido trong digu kign lim vie binh thing trong thoi gian quy dinh. No phy thide vaecde yéutd nhur dbtin edy cla cde inh kign, két edu cla dung eu do, diéu kién lam vide. + Digntri-vie La dign wé cia thiét bi do hay ni 6 cit thiét bi do. Thiét bi do phai thu nding lung 1 6i nugng do dudi bit 1 hinh thise ndo 48 bin thanh dai hung, du ra cu thide bi, Vide ‘gu thy nang Iuong tir d6i tong do gly ca sai sé KEL qui do, Bign tri vio o6 thé Ln hay ‘nh6 tity thude vao tinh chat cia dé tame do. L5 Phan logi cdc phuvug phap do bring Phong php do luing duve hidu 1a each thite nim lay diroe gta tri cua dai Luong edn do, Mét eich thing quit 66 thé chia phuong phip do thinh 2 loai 1d phurong phdip do true tip va phuong phip do gin tiép, 1.81 Pheong php do tree tip LA phuong phép do ma két qua nbn duve true tiép tir mét lin do duy nbd, Nghia la ‘két qua dochinh la gid tri cia dai lrongedndo, ‘Vi dy 1.3: Ding Ohm ké do gid tri cia didn tré, ding Ampe ké do dong din chay qua bong den. 1.52 Phmong phip do pién ulp La phrong phip do ma két qua duve suy ratir su phdi hop ca nhidu két qua do true tép, Nghia 1a dai Iuong edn do due we dinh thing qua ham todn hoe wei eke dat Lemg do duos truc tgp, ‘Vi dy 1.4: Ding Von ké va Ampe ké dé do dign ap va dong dign chay qua dién tre, sau dé sirdyng cOng thire P = U1 dé tinh gid tri cing suit ma dign tr ti2u thu. Nhuoe diém; Phai én hanh nhidu Lin do lam cho sai sé bi tich ly va dé chinh sac Khing yuot qué a6 chinh xdt cia cic dung eu do trung gian.Mat digu edn lu y a vide phan biét phuong phap do true tiép va gidn tip chi mang ¥ nebia wong déi, Te a néu xet vé Khia canh nao dé thi cé thé xem phucrng, phip do dang: thue hién ld true tiép nhung néu xét vé mat Khée thi ed thé nd khdng edn Ka truc tiép nita, Ching hin khi dinig ddng hd ‘itn tirdo déng dita chay qua Gitn tro thi vite ding chire ning do déng dign cia ding hd duoc wm la céch do truc tiép, nhumg néu xét kt hom vé ‘mat cu tao cia né: moi dat luong dién ngd vao déu duce chuyén thanh tin higu dién &p trude khi dua vo mach do eda ding hé thi dong ditn nay r0 rang 4a dune do gin tit thong qua dai lrong trung gian la dién dp. L6 So dé cau trac ita thiét bi do So di cfu tie ola thidt bj do doe phn thank 2 logi: So dé edu wie dang bién dai thing va so dé clu wie dang so sinh. ‘Hine 1.2: Ser ede tiie dang so sinh Dai hong clin do: 1a cde thing, tinh chit ea 46i tuomg edn do, ching e6 thé tén tai dudi dang dign hot khdng didn, Chuyén dbi so edp: Lam abi vu bién dai dat lnong che do thinh tin hiGu didn true kkhi truytn dn cde Lhdi xi I ti theo, Bign didi: la khdu tinh todn, bién déi cdc dai lueng edn do thanh cic dai Luong phi hop oi qua trink Iau wi vi hién Bign di ngroc; dé dua tin higuhdi tip vé so sinh. So sinh; so sinh dai lung dign clin do vei dai luong miu, ‘Hign thi: la khdu cudi etng cia thidt bi do, lim nhigm vu thé hign kt qui do.Co edu hin thi thang €6 3 lai: + High thi co dién (chi thi kim) + High thi ny ghi (Ong tia dién ti) + Hign thi sé (hién thi qua LCD, LED) 1.7 Chuin héa trong do hrémg 1.7.1 ¥ nghia iia su chudin héa ‘Mu dich ela vige do hing nhitm Lay duoc ede thiing sé thyc su eta d0i tuong can do. Mudn vay, con nguéi khdng thé chi sir dung cic wide quan eda minh ma en phai ding dén. che thiét bi do, Thidét bi do due cung cip bei nha ché tao, trude khi xuiit «dng ching duge kiém tra chit luong nghiém ngit, Nhung khi dén tay nguei sir dung thi thidt bi do da phai trai qua qué trinh wan chuyén, chinh nhiing tée d5ng trong qua trinh nay 06 thé anh ‘hudng dén chét luong thm chi kim gidm cdp chinh xic cia thiét bi. Vé phianguéi sirdung luén mong mudn thiét bi cd edp chinh xc that cao, Nhung thiét bi cing chinh xée thi cdu tao cng phife tap va gid thanh cing dit, Niu vay newdi sir dung phai bidt duoc moe dO eOng vide doi hOi mbt thiét bi do vai cp chinh xée nh thé ndo 1d via do, Khi phan tich va hiéu 1 yéu edu ca minh, nguii sir dung sé wet kiém dang ké chi phi, thii gian cing nlur ing higu qua sir dung thiét bi, Bé dinh gia chat lung thiét bi mét cdch khich quan va chinh xe, cic trang tim kiém dinh dirge thanh Lip nhim cdip gidy ehimg nhan chat Luong, cho thiét bi. Viée kiém dinh cht luong diroc thye hign bing sr chudin héa la mét cng vide ‘ht sie cn thidt trude khi dua thiét bi vao sir dung, Nhy di trinh bay 6 trén, ty theo cing vide eu thé ca nguéi sir dung ma thiét bi phuc vu edn mét cdp chinh xde tong tng. Do vay clin 6 nhiéu edip chudn héa khac nhau dé keém dink chdt long eda thiét bi é nhing, mie dé khde nhau. Vige phn edp nhur vay 1a cn thidt dim bao tiét kiém vé kinh 18 wa thoi .gian cho ede bén lign quan,1.7.2 Cap chuiin héa Vite chufin héa mit thiét bi duoc chia kim 4 cdip: © Cap 1: Chuiin qudc té (International standard) Cie thidt bi do luimg cip chuin quéc tf duge dinh chun tai Trung tim do Iuimg qubde 18 it tai Paris (Phip). Cc thiét bi do lutmg chudin héa cp I nay theo dinh ky direc danh gid va kiém tra Lai theo tri séde tuyét déi cla céc don vi oo ban vat ly dure hd’ nghi quée 1é vé do luing gidi thigu va chip nbdn. + Ciip 2: Chuin que gia (National standard) (Ce thidt bi do Luding tai ede Vin dinh chulin quée gia 6 ede quée gia hdc nhaw win thé gigi phii duoe chuin héa theo chun qude 18, déng thii duoe dinh chudin theo tigu chudn riéng cia mdi quée gia. NhOng thiét bi do duroe chudin héa theo tigu chudn ndy sé ‘mang chudin quée gia, © Céip 3: Chudin kin vice (Zone standard) ‘Trong mét quée gia o6 thé e6 nhiéu Trung tim dinh chudn cho timg khuwuc (standard zone center). Céc thiét bi do ludng tai trung tim ndy duong nhign phai mang chudn quéc gia, Nhung thiét bi do huémg duge dinh chudin tai cde trung tam dinh chun nay sé mang shun Khu vue. © Cap 4: Chudn phing thé nghigm (Lab standard) Trong timg khu vue ehulin héa s8 06 rihiéng phing thi nghiém duoc edng.nban dé chun hoa cée thiét bi dupe ding trong sn xudt cong nghiép. Nhu vay cde thiét bi duge chudn hoa tai cdc phong thi nghiém nay sé c6 chuin phong thi nghiém. Do do cae thiét bi do Iusdmg khi duge sn xuit ra diroc dinh chuin tai cp ndo thi st mang chdt Luong tigu chudn do luimg cap 46, Mét thiét bi sau khi 43 dune dinh chuéin va dem sir dung thi sau mét khodng thé gian nbat dinh phai duge kiém dinh va cdip gidy ching nhan chdt lung lai. NOI mot cach khae gidy chimg nhdn chat long chi eo gid tri trong mét théri han nhét dink. 1.8 Sai sétrong do rang Sai sé cla phep do ld biéu hién su khéng chinh xée etia két qui do luémg so vei gid tn chinh xic cha dai lumg do, Cé thé khing dinh ring tt ed ede phép do déu mic sai sd,‘Thiét bi dod e6 chat long cao dén thé ndo ciing vin mie sai sb, chi khde la sai sé do én hhay bé ma thoi, Nguyén whdn gay en aalsé Nguyén nin clié quan: la nguyen nhin dongudithue hin phép do gay ra vi khOng rim ving nguyén Ii do, khdng dim bio.cae didu kign hi do, hate ghi sat két qua do, Nguyén abiin Bliich quan: la cis: nguyén rhin bn lai (Rhdng phi do nguyén nin chi quan), Sai s6.do nguyén nhdn khdch quan gly ra thurding rit phire tap, 66 thé do chinh thiét bi do hoge do ar tae dong tir phia mdi tnrdmg ngodi nh hudng Lén quid trinh do, 1.8.2 Phiin logisai sd ‘Sal ob ehid quam: dp Wi ta ein guess dung tb bj do, sr dung hide bj Go sai quy eich, doc hod ghi sai két qué, Ira chon phuong phap do wa dung cu do khong hop fy... Sai 55 hg théng: Wa s0i 58 zoe lap di lap lai, mang tinh thurdmg xuyén va 66 quy lust Jn két qua do, Sai s6 nay do chinh ban thin dung cu do gay ra, do anh hudng eva mdi rung hu: niet 46, d6 dm, tirtasdmg hode didn wubre ahigu, Do vay tod thé loai tir hhode gitm nho sai sé hé thing. Sai sé ngdu bi én: do cdc yeu té bit thong, khong oO quy ludt the déng, Thong thudng saisé nga nhién dupe thu thip tir mdtsé Kim ning anh husing nb duge tinh todn trong doluimg od 43 chinh xic cao, Sai sb neu nhién thumg duce phintich bing phuong phép théng ke. 1.83 Tinh toan sai si Sai sé tay$t déi: 1a a6 sai ch gidta gid tri do duoe va gid tri thuc ela dai long cin do, A¥=|¥,—,| ay Trung dé: Ax Sai sé tuyét di Xo: Gili do duve cia dai luong ein do At: Gidti tire cia dat long eindoGi tri thye Xr ela dai luong do: 1a gid tricia dai hmong do duroe xde dink bing dung. cu do.€6 d8 chinh xc eao hon dung cu do doe sir dung trong phép do dang xét. Gil tri thuc 1d két qui trung binh cia viée thue hign nhiéu phép do Adc Lip. Gi wi chinh xée (gid ti ding) cla dai Luong do thudmg khdng biét trude, vi vay Ki dink gid sai s6 cha phépdo gui ta sir dung gid tri thye X cia dai hrong do. Saal sé throng di: ld sai sb tinh theoty 36 phn trim git sai sb tuyét déi-va gid tri thue ca dai long can do. Sai sé tuong di hay cén goi la gidi han sai sé ding dé danh gia 4 chinh xée eta phép do. 6, 4.3) Tiong dé dy: Sai sétuong dé AY: Saisétuyet déi Xi: Gidwri thye eta dai lrg clin do. Sai sé quy din: 1d sai sétinh theo ty sé phin tam gita sai sb wy dbi véi gid han lan. nhat ca thang do (idm do), Sais quy din con duvc goi la sai sé tuong doi cla tim do, AX & = 100 1.6) ese 41,6) Tiong dé: og Sai séquy din AY: Saisdtuyét di Nas; Gidihan ln nhdt cita thing do (gid ti dink mie) M&i dung cu do-eé mot gid tr sai sé tuyét di cho phép Lon nbit, khi dé sai sé quy dim cho phép lsn nit (cp chin xéc) la coxa i 100 4.7) Trong dé CCX + Cép chinh xéc, sai sé tim do: Aten | Sai sétuy€t déi cho phep kin abit Mew | Giditri 16m nbét thang doSai sé quy din cho phép lén nhdt cing chinh li cdp chinh sic duoc diag dé dirih gid tinh chink xdc cia dung eu do, Cép chinh xc thudmg gap la: 0,02, 0,05, 0,1; 0,2; 0,5: I; 1,5;2,5; 4; 5.., Niur vay mOt dung ey dosé cho ra két qui ©6 sai sé nhd hon hod bling sai sé quy din, néu vuot qué sai sé-ndy thi dung cy do khéng cén dam bao tiguchudin va edn phai duoc ha clip chinh xc xudng, ‘Vi dy 1.5: Mét ding hi do din ap 06 thang: do tird dén 1S0V, néu sai sb cao nhat la 41,5V thi clip chinh xée 1a 1%6, ‘Vi du 1.6: Cp chinh xe cla mit Ampe ké trong hinh 1.3 lis CCV'= 2,5% irng véi gid tri én nhat eta thang doy fous 10A Hink 1.3: Ampe ké dang chi thj kim vén edp chirth xeéc lr 2,5%% ‘184 Cich vidt két qua do Ké qui do dai lrong Vkhéng cho dundi dang con sé cu thé, ma cho dui dang mdt Khodng gid tri (tap 58 wi). Xyp-ANSXpSX,+AN hole X, €[X,-Ak, XK, +AX] (8) Trong dé: X,+AN: Gidihantréncia kit quido A, =AX : Gidi handudi cha két qua do Dé don gidnhon, két qua dodai lung X duve viet: XpeX, tay 4.9) Két qua do dai lwong_¥ duree vidt theo sai sé tuong déi c6 dang: X, =X, 46,‘Vi dw 1.7; Két qua sau nhitu ln do dign dp 200V nim trong khong [190V; 210), ket qua nly ©6-thé duce viét lai la: U'= 200 IOV hode L= 2001" 5% ‘Vi dy 1.8: Két qua sau nhiéu lin do dign tré 20002 ndm trong khodng [1 800; 2200), ket qui nly 06 thé due vidt Lai la: R= 200 4 200 hod R= 2000.4 10%, + Kidmajnh ding hd ‘Xée dinh chit Luong lim viée cla ding hé bing céch so sinh véi déing hd chudin dé anh gid mite d6 lam vide. Thong thutvng ding ding hb 6 CC¥ 10,1; 0.2 dé kid dink cic ding hé cip chinh xde lin hon 0,5... 1 Cac déng hé chun edp 1 (CCX <0,1) thi kiém dinh bing phuong phip dae biét va ing ding nb ein gic, Bing hi chuincip 2 (0,1< CCX'< 02) thi Ang dng hd ehudn cp 1 dé kiém dinh, Cée déng hé 06 ghi edp chink. xc 1a 1, nghia la dng hé 06 gigi han sai sb cho thm do ld 1%, ‘Vi dy 1.9: Neardi ta cdn kid tra edp chinh xo et mot Von ké, biét Von ké nay 08 gidi han do 14 200V, Ding mot Win ké miu co ep chinh xe 1a 0,1 va gidi han do 1& 200V dé kim tra, Ki do dign dip, Vion ké miu chi 128V va Von ké edn kiém tra chi 124,5V, a, Tinh sai sb myét di, sai sb trong déi cha Von ké edn kiém tra? b. Tim cp chinh xie ela Von ké cdn kié m tra, biét ring sai sb tuyét d6i da tim doe 1a sai ob tuyt déi lon nh?CHUONG 2 CO CAU CHI THI CUA THIET BE DO LUONG 2.1 Khai nigm chung Co cau chi thi ld mét phan ctw thiét bi do ding dé hign thi két qua do. Co edu chi thi duoc phan than 3 Loa: + Co cduchi thico dign * Co cdwehi thi ur-ehi + Co cduchi thisd (e) Chi thi sé Hinh 2.1: Cée logi chi shi cia thiér bi do firing,Chi thi co dign li co clu chi thi c6 tin higu vao Id din dp hay dong dién va tin hiéu ra 14 gde quay ea kim chi thi, Bai Luong cin do sé tnre tiép bién d6i thinh g6e quay eta kim chi thi, tire la nang lugng din tir s® duoc chuyén thinh ning Luong eo hoe. Chi thi ur ghi ld eo edu chi thi sir dung mt loai dng ehdn khdng dae bigt duge goi la Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) [a Jogi dén hinh ding soi dt, Gip hién thi ede dang tin higu len man hinh mét edch true quan, (Chi thi sé la co edu chi thi sit dung thiét bi dién tinnhumdn hinh LCD, LED,... 06 edu iriic gon nhe, hign dai, od kha ning giao tiép miy tinh vain ra dang song. Gilpngwéi ding 66 duoc két qua nhanh ching va dy di, © Métsd ky hidutrén dung cu do Bang 2.1 chi ra cde ky higu quy ude wén mat déng hi do va y nghia ella ching. Co cdu kidu tirdign, khung day 6 phindéng Co clu kiéu tirdign, nam cham é phn déng Cor cdu do tir dién ding diode chinh liu D|}/D Co clu do kidu dién tr te AK Co clu do kigu dién dong Co cdu do kidu sit dién dong, Co cau do kiéucdm img AQ Oe Co cdu do dign ti owe —Cs—sCSY Bat thiét bi do theo phurong thing ding |— + 1 | Dat thiét bi do theo phrong nim ngang 60° ‘Dit thiét bi do nghiéng mat gee 60° so vat phuong nim ngang, 3, Dé cach dign cia v6 dungcudo Dé cach dién cha vé dung cu do tir OV dén S00V DO cdch dién chia v6 dung cu dotir 500V dén 2kV S| Ampe ké mot chigu Von ké mot chieu Ampe ké xoay chiéu Von ké xoay chiéu ‘Ohm ké F191 PIPPI Daodong ky Bing 2,1: Mot sd ky hiéu inén dung cudo2.2 Co cu chi thj ew 2.21 Co edu tir dign 221 Cau tao. Co edu do kiéu tir dign 06:hai phén chinh la phiin tinh va phén ding, a) Phin tink (1) Nam cham vin ciru (2) Cue tir (3) Lai sit Phin déng (4) Kim chi thi (5) Khung day @ 8) (6) Lo xo xen de ol) Hinh 2.2: Co edu chi the tie didn Khung day: gim nhiéu vong diy lim bing ding cling quin trén mot khudn hom hinh ‘cht nhat, Day déng 06 tiét dién nha khong (0,2 + 0,05)mm e6 phil cich didn bén ngadi, Toan bo Khung diy duge dit tn truc quay. Khung day chuyén déng nbe Iue trong tie sgifta tir runing, cia Khung day (khi 06 dong dign chay qua) va tir tnrdmg cla nam chim vinh edu, Khéi luong cia khung day phai eding nhé cang tt 62 Momen quan tinh khdng anh ‘hudng nhiéu dén chuyén dong quay cila khung diy. Lai sit: © dang hinh tru tron duce Gat git hai cue cla nam chim vinh eitu sao cho ‘Khe hd khéng Khi gika ching di nho-va cich déu cic eye tir, Nhér1Oi sit ma tir ti gitta cic ‘eye tir duoc gidm nbd va de dé lam tng mat d6 tir thing qua khe his khong khi La xo xoinde; doc bé ti o hai dduetia khung diy véi chigu ngwoe nhau, mét déu 1 ‘xo gin vde truc cia khung day, dau kia gin ed dink, Lo xo xodn de o@ nhiém vu chi yeu la ta0 1a Momen cin (M4) cn bing voi luc didn tis, ngodi ma 1o x0 duve ding dé din dong ign vao va ra khung day va Khi khéng e6-dong din di vao, loxe sé dua kim chi thi vé vi ari ban du,Kim ehi thi: duge gin lién voi khung day dé cothé dich chuyén theo khung, vi tr kim: sé chi gid tn tuumg tng tren mat thang do, Kim thuimg lam bing nhém mong, dudi kim eo gin di trong dé trong tim ela kim ndim trén true quay, diéu nay gidp git thing bing cho phéndéng, Bau kim det wa ed chiéu day bé hon khoding cdich cde vach trén thang chia d6. Nam chim vinh cttw giim hai cue N va$ duoc thiét ké bo trim theo li sit sao cho khe hé gifta phin tinh va phin déng di nhé nham taora tir truimg déu, 2.2.1.2 Nguyén ly hogt Ging va phurong trinh djc tink thang do Khi od ding dign chay quakhung diy thitir trumg.cdm tmg cita khung diy sé the dung V@i tir truimg etia nam chim vinh edu Lye tuong te niy sé the ding lén ede canh cha khung day tao ra Momen quay kim dich chuyén phin ding, Chiéu eda luc tung tic duoc xde dinh theo quy the bin tay tri, Khi ding dign eiia dai luong edn do cdng lin thi khung day quay cang nhiéu, dodé g6c quay cha kim chi thi eang lén, Lyre dign tir tae dung lén eae canh Khung day cé ti sé bing nhaunkumg nguroc chiéu FeNBLL 21) Trong dé F lye dién tir the dung lén mat canh Khung diy (WW) N: sb wang day (vong) B; dO.cim img tit trong khe hé khong khi (7) 4 cuimg 4 dong dién chay qua khung day (4) L: chidu dai tite dung cia khung day (mm) Mamen quay ca lye dién tir F: M,=FW=NBLLW =NBLS 2.2) HW’: bé rng Khung dy (m) 5: dign tich cla khung day (m2) M,=N.BIS 2.3) Khi khung diy dich chuyén, lb xo xodin de tao ra Momien ean (AQ). M, 24) Kha 36 ean eta ld x0 ac: gc quay eta kim chi thiH@ scan eta 10 xo phu thude vdo tinh chat dan hoieda vat liguché tao 1d xocting nhur ich thude hinh dang cua né, Khi khung day cimg yén ¢ vi tri tuong ting voi ding dign ein do, taco: M,=M, @.3) eNBIS 2.6) ge ea? NBS : i eee Dat = K, ld hé sb. lé dong dién. Suy ra, g6e quay cin kim chi thi lie 2.8) Ge Iéch a tf 18 thudn voi dong dign J, Ding dién chay qua khung day eng lin thi. ge ech a cing tang. Mudn ting d6 nhay cia eo ciu do ta 06 thé ting db kin edm ting tir trong khe hi Khéng khi, hoc ting s6 wang day quin ela khung dy 2.2.1.3 Die diém va dngdung eda eo edu tir digm * Uudiém: ~ Tirtrnimg donam chdm vinh eitu tao ra manh itbi anh hung bi tir tude ngodi, ~ COng sudt tiéu thy cia khung dy rd nhd (tir 25 pI dén 200u IF), ~ BO chin xie ritcao, 06 thé dat ep chinh xiic 0.5%. ~ Vigée quay myén tinh theo ding dién nén thang do ed khodng chia déu din va diy cfing chinh la uu diém quan wong trong oo edu do kidu tirdign, © Khuyét diém: ~ Day quin od tiét dign bé nén kha nding chiu qui ti kém d& bi din khi dang dign qud mie chay qua, - Covedu khéng de true tip duoc dong dign xoay chitu (AC) vi kim s& bi dio chigu ‘quay lin tue. = Khung diy wd oxo dé bi hur hong khi bi chin ding marih hode di chuyén quimire cho phép, do vay can c bign phap phong trinh, + Ung dung:= Cocdu chi thi tir dign ding dé ché tao Von ké, Ampe ké, Ohm ké nhiéu thang do va dai do ring vei d} chinh xée cao, = Ding véi cae bd bidn déi nh chinh lun e@ thé do duge dong, ap xoay chidu, (a) Vinké (b) Ampe ké Hinh 2.3: Thidt bj do chi tht kim dong cot ed tie dién 2.2.2 Co cdiu didn tie 2.2.2.1 Cau tgo (Co edu chi thi dign tir gbm hai loai chinh: eo edu chi thi dign tirloai hut (kidu cugn dy det) va cer clu chi thi dign tir logi diy (kiéu cudn day tron). © Co cdi dién tir loat hit Phaiss toh (1) Cudin dy det (2)Nam ebm Phin déng (3) Kim ehi tht (4) True quay (5) LO x0 xoiin de (6) Migng sit dng (7) La dem Hink 24: Cor cde dig tis ta lie Phin tinh la cudn dy det. Phin ding la mét migng sit dat Ich tim (ming sit dong) 66 thé quay tong khe hd cla cubn day. Trén true con gin thém mot lé dém, két hap voi nam chim tao thanh bd phan cin diucho eo edu do, Bé phin edn diu giup kim chi thi nhanh chdngdn dinh dé ngubi thuc hién phep do e6 thé quan sat duce két qua. La dém duoc Lim a) fn) i /bang nhim nn e6 thé xem nhy mot Vong ngén mach, Khi la dém chuyén dong, tir thong, giri qua ld dém bién thign lim phat sinh dong dién cim ting Ding din cdim img nay sé ed chiéu sao cho tir thing mi né sinh ra chéng lai sy bién thién.eiia tir thong di sinh ra nd, do vay né oé tic dung ngin ein dao ding ciia Ié dém, Phuong phap edn diu dua tén nguyén licdm img dién tir tao ra lve can khé manh nén duoe ing dung phé bién. © Co céu dign tir logi day Phin tinh (1) Cudn day tron (2) Migng sit ed dink Phin déng (3) Kim chi thi (4) True quay (5) La xo xolin be (6) Migng sit dng Mink 25: Co cau dign tir loai day Phin tinh la cudn day tron, bn trong gin thm mét migng sit 06 dinh, Phan ding La true quay ¢é giin miéng sit dong, kim chi thi va 1d xo xoan, Co edu do kidu dig mtir chiu anh hung nhiéu béi ur trrdng:ngoai khién cho két qua do kém chinh xde, dé han ché diéu nay, ngudi ta ding mét man ehdn tir bang thép day khong. 0.2mm dé bao boc co cau. 2.2.2.2 Neuyén ly hogt dng va phirong trinh dic tink thang do. MOt cach don gidn ta cOthé hiéu co cu dién tir nh mot nam chain dién hat mot Wi sit tito gin kim chithi, Khi cho dong dign mit chiéu (DC) hoe xoay chiéu(4C) di vo euin day ed dinh, trong long eudn day xudt hién tir udm. ‘Déi vi cudn day det, tir trrdmg ndy sé tir hoa ming sit ding va hit no vdo trong long khién che truc quay va kim chi thi quay theo, Khi tir trudng cang ln thi gée quay cing, cing kin, Nhu vay ding dién cia dai lugng edn do sé khing di vao phéin quay nhu trong oocdu tir dién ma vao phan dimg yén,