TEXT STRUCTURES

{1} Sequence/Process (Chronological Order)

Signal words are words or phrases that indicate the order or sequence of

events in a text. These words help readers understand the chronological

order of events or steps in a process. Here is a list of signal words

commonly used in texts that follow a sequence or chronological structure:

1. First
2. Initially
3. To begin with
4. Next
5. Then
6. Afterward(s)
7. Before
8. Subsequently
9. Following that
10. Meanwhile
11. In the meantime
12. Simultaneously
13. In the next step
14. Later
15. Eventually
16. In conclusion
17. To summarize
18. To wrap things up
19. Lastly
20. Finally
21. Ultimately

These signal words can help to follow the progression of events or steps in a

sequential text and understand the logical order in which they occur.
 {2} CAUSE and EFFECT

In the context of the cause and effect text structure, signal words are used to

indicate the cause-and-effect relationship between events or ideas. Here are

some common signal words and phrases used in cause and effect writing:

Cause: These signal words indicate the reason something happened.

● Because
● Since
● As a result of
● Due to
● Owing to
● For the reason that
● On account of
● Leads to
● Causes
● Contributes to
● Affects

Effect: These signal words indicate the result or consequence of an action or

event.

● Therefore
● Thus
● Consequently
● Accordingly
● So
● Hence
● Resulting in
● This leads to
● As a consequence
● For this reason
● Outcome
​ Both Cause and Effect: Some signal words can be used to show both
cause and effect.
● Therefore
● As a result
● Consequently
● Thus
● So
● Since
● Because
● Hence
​ Contrast: In some cases, signal words can be used to show a contrast
between cause and effect.
● But
● However
● Nevertheless
● On the contrary
● Yet
● Conversely
● Although
● While
​ Temporal: Temporal signal words indicate the chronological sequence of
events, which can also imply cause and effect.
● First
● Next
● Then
● Afterward
● Finally
● Later
● Subsequently
● Before
● During
● Meanwhile

Using these signal words appropriately helps to understand the

cause-and-effect relationships in a text and make it easier to follow
the author's argument or narrative.
 CMS CHOWK CAMPUS
WORKSHEET
NAME —----------------------------
CLASS SEC ------------------------

(A)
{i} SEQUENCE/PROCESS
◻Activity: Here’s a recipe that has been jumbled up. Try to put it in correct
order.
1.Choose one or two protein foods to place on top of your
spread or base of your sandwich.
2. Add your favorite low-fat cheese (optional).
3. Choose a base for your sandwich. Place one slice of bread
on a plate.
4. Pick a spread. Using a butter knife, apply to one slice of
your bread. You also can leave your bread dry and move on to
the next step.
5. Pile on fruits and veggies!
6. Or grill your sandwich.
7. Place the remaining slice of bread on top and enjoy!

1.—-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(ii) CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

IN THE GIVEN PASSAGE SHADE THE SIGNAL WORDS
Through the ages, Pennsylvania has seen many interesting
events. The state was founded in 1681 by William Penn. Later,
Pennsylvania was the site of important Revolutionary War
battles. After that, Pennsylvania was home to new factories
during the Industrial Revolution. Today, Pennsylvania continues
to make history.
=====================================================
(B) CAUSE AND EFFECT
IN THE GIVEN PASSAGE SHADE THE SIGNAL WORDS AND
MENTION THE CAUSE & EFFECT
Becky Smith was invited to go to see “Breaking Dawn” with a
group of her friends. Becky’s mom told her she could see the
movie, but only if she cleaned her room and washed the dishes.
Becky was so focused on picking out the perfect outfit that she
forgot about her mom’s rule. Because Becky did not do her
chores, she was not allowed to go to the movie.

CAUSE _________________________________________________

EFFECT ________________________________________________

=====================================================
{C} SPATIAL/DESCRIPTIVE
Example:When you walk into my living room, my sofa and
a bookcase is to your right. To your left are the stairs
leading to the second floor. The second bookcase is
directly in front of you. On top of the second bookcase is
my navy teddy bear.
EXERCISE: Using spatial (space) clues, write a description of
your living room in not more than 50-60 words.

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

=====================================================