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Hospital Electromechanical System
Malisa F
Arusha Technical College
May 22, 2023
Malisa F (Arusha Technical College) Hospital Electromechanical System May 22, 2023 1 / 69
POWER BACK UPS
Power backup system is an electronic system - that offers power and

energy - in times of load shedding, when the main power
fails.
It can be used as an emergency system - that provides users with
power.
Electricity generator or bank of batteries that can provide adequate
power to operate critically important equipment or keep them working
until commercial power is restored.
This buffer against loss of power prevents inconvenient or dangerous
stoppage of critical process .
Uses
Commonly in computer system

Manufacturing equipment
Hospital
Power station
Telephony
Aircraft emergency batteries
Types of Power backup system
UPS[Uninterrupted power supply]

Invertors
Generators
What is a U P S? (Uninterrupted Power Supply)

Also known as battery/flywheel backup.
An electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when
the input power source, typically mains power, fails.
A UPS differs from an auxiliary or emergency power supply or standby
generator in that it will provide nearinstantaneous protection from
input power interruptions, by supplying energy stored in batteries,
super-capacitors, or flywheels
Uses of Uninterrupted Power Supply
In computers, data centres, telecommunication equipment or other

electrical equipment where an unexpected power disruption could
cause injuries, fatalities, serious business disruption or data loss
Power Range
A single computer without a video monitor of ‘around 200VA rating to

large units powering entire data centres or buildings
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Maintenance Of Power High Start Up Cost 2.
Continuity Of Operation Maintenance Cost 3. Energy
Use
Surge Protection
Types of UPS
Offline U P S
Online U P S
Offline UPS
In a standby (”off-line”) system the load is powered directly by the input

power and the backup power circuitry is only invoked when the utility
power fails. Most UPS below 1 kVA are of the line-interactive or standby
variety which are usually less expensive.
Offline UPS...
In the case of Off-Line UPS, the inverter is off when the mains power
is on and the output voltage is derived directly from the mains. The
inverter turns on only when the mains supply fails. Its switching time
is less than 5 ms.
Usually, sealed batteries or lead-acid batteries are used.
The running time of these supplies is also low (about 10 to 30
minutes).
Online U P S
An on-line UPS uses a ”double conversion” method of accepting AC

input, rectifying to DC for through the rechargeable battery (or
battery strings), then inverting back to 120 V/230 V AC for powering
the protected equipment.
Online U P S...
In case of On-line UPS, the battery operated inverter works

continuously whether the mains supply is present or not.
When the mains supply fails, the UPS supplies power only until the
batteries get discharged. However, once the mains power resumes,
the batteries will get charged again.
The switching times of these supplies is considered to be zero.
Usually sealed maintenance free batteries (lead-acid) are used
The running time of the inverter is low (approximately 10 to 30
minutes).
INVERTERS
An inverter is an electrical circuit capable of turning DC power into AC

power, while at the same time regulating the voltage,
current, and frequency of the signal
Types of inverter
Modified Sine Wave Inverters

True Sine Wave Inverters
Solar Inverters
Stand-alone inverters,
Battery back-up inverters,
Grid tie inverters.
Modified Sine Wave Inverters
This type of home inverter obtains power from a battery of 12 volts

and must be recharged using a generator or a solar panel. Appliances
like microwave ovens, light bulbs, etc. can be run using these types of
inverter.
True Sine Wave Inverters
This is one of the better types of inverters as they provide better

power as compared to the modified sine wave inverters for homes.
These types of home inverter are also run using a battery of a larger
capacity. They are best inverters employed for the power sensitive
appliances like refrigerators, televisions, air conditioners, washing
machines.
Solar Inverters
Solar inverters are among the type of inverters for home that are
energy efficient as they do not require a separate source for
generating power. The solar energy is collected during the daytime
and used at time of need after being converted into electrical energy.
Generators
is a combination of petrol or diesel engine with electrical generator to
generate electricity
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Low fuel consumption. It produces higher smoke.
High efficiency. It takes more time for
Easy access to serviceable parts. installation.
Compact, sleek, and manual Heavy and large body parts.
operating system. It is expensive.
Maintenance is easy
Parts of generator
Engine
Alternator
Fuel System
Cooling and Exhaust Systems
Lubrication System
Battery Charger
Control Panel
Main Assembly / Frame
GROUNDING
GROUNDING
Grounding is the process of removing the excess charge on an object by

means of the transfer of electrons between it and another
object of substantial size.
When a charged object is grounded, the excess charge is balanced by
the transfer of electrons between the charged object and a ground
Earthing is used to protect us from an electric shock.
It does this by providing a path for a fault current to flow to earth.
Ground is a connection to Earth made either intentionally or
accidentally.
NEED OF GROUNDING:
To protect people and equipment from dissipating stray energy from:
Electrical faults (fuses, breakers etc.)
Lightning strikes
Radio Frequency
Static discharges
Types of grounding systems:
Different methods are available but the choice depends on local conditions
and required function.
Single stake
Ground rod group
Ground plate
Ground mesh
Single stake:
The simplest form of grounding element is the ground stake, this can
take many forms with a variety of lengths from a few feet to many
feet long made of materials such as brass, galvanised or stainless
steel, the size and material as required locally.
The simple ground rod can be used for lightning protection on
stand-alone structures such as pole mounted transformers or radio
towers, it can also be used as a back up to a utility ground.
Ground rod group:
A slightly more complicated version of the rod system is the ground

rod group, this is typically for lightning protection on larger structures
or protection around potential hotspots such as substations
Ground plate:
Ground plates are used widely in telecoms applciations. They are

particularly good where the deeper ground has high resistivity.
For areas where there is rock (or other poor conducting material)
fairly close to the surface ground plates are preferred as they are more
effective
Ground mesh:
A ground mesh consists of network of bars connected together, this

system is often used at larger sites such as electrical substations.
At substation site an area of ground could be reserved at the start of
the life of the substation with a ground mesh under the whole of the
site. As the site grows over a period of years new equipment can
easily be installed and grounded by the mesh.
FUNCTION OF EARTHING
Equipment Earth: Path for fault current, lower touch voltage,

protection against electric shock.
Lighting Earth: Low resistance path to diverse the current under
lightning attack.
Telecom Earth: Signal Earth, reduce noise and interference, stabilize
DC supply voltage and prevent electric shock.
Computer Earth: reduce interference, maintain supply voltages.
Earthing Electrode
The resistance of a ground electrode has 3 basic components:

The resistance of the ground electrode itself and the connections to
the electrode.
The contact resistance of the surrounding earth to the electrode.
The resistance of the surrounding body of earth around the ground
Electrode. It consist of three basic components:
Earth Wire
Connector
Electrode
Methods of Conventional Earthing

Plate Earthing
Pipe Earthing
Rod Earthing
Plate Earthing
In this type of earthing plate either of copper or of G.I. is buried into

the ground at a depth of not less than 3 meter from the ground level.
The earth plate is embedded in alternative layer of coke and salts for
a minimum thickness of about 15cm.
Pipe Earthing
Pipe earthing is best form of earthing and it is cheap also in this
system of earthing a GI pipe of 38 mm diameter and 2meters length
is embedded vertically in ground to work as earth electrode but the
depth depend upon the soil conditions, there is no hard and fast rule
for this.
The earth wire are fastened to the top section of the pipe with nut
and bolts
Pipe Earthing...
The pit area around the GI pipe filled with salt and coal mixture for
improving the soil conditions and efficiency of the earthing system.
t can take heavy leakage current for the same electrode size in
comparison to plate earthing.
The earth wire connection with GI pipes being above the ground level
can be checked for carrying out continuity test as and when desired,
while in plate earthing it is difficult.
In summer season to have an effective earthing three or four bucket of
water is put through the funnel for better continuity of earthing
Rod Earthing
In this system of earthing 12.5mm diameter solid rods of copper

16mm diameter solid rod of GI or steel or hollow section of 25mm GI
pipe of length not less than 3 meters are driven vertically into the
earth
This system of earthing is suitable for area which are sandy in
character .
This system of earthing is very cheap
Types of earthing system
TN System
TT System
IT System
Multipoint grounding
A Multipoint Ground is an alternate type of electrical installation that

attempts to solve the Ground Loop and Mains hum problem by
creating many alternate paths for electrical energy to find its way
back to ground.
Virtual grounding
If two opposite power sources are connected each other by a
conductive medium so that their opposite output quantities are
superposed (summed), zero or reference level result referred to as
virtual ground appears somewhere along the medium
Shortly, virtual ground phenomenon is summing of opposite equal
quantities associated with continuous energy wasting; virtual ground
represents the result of summing two opposite equal quantities.
APPLICATION:
Protect human against lightning and earth fault condition.

Protect the premises against lightning and earth fault condition.
rovide low resistance and safe path for lightning and fault current.
All metallic enclosure and extraneous conductive parts are at
equipotential.
CIRCUIT BREAKER
CIRCUIT BREAKER
A circuit breaker is a mechanical switching device, capable of making,

carrying and breaking currents under normal circuit
conditions.
It is also capable of making and carrying currents for a specified time
and breaking currents under specified abnormal circuit conditions,
such as those of a short circuit
Operating Mechanism
Circuit Breaker consists of two contacts:
Fixed contact.
Moving contact.
Moving contact is used to make and break the circuit using stored
energies in the form of spring or compressed air.
Spring, pneumatic or oil damping is used to arrest the speed of mc
while closing.
FC contains a spring which holds the mc after closing.
Operating Mechanism...
Circuit breaker consists of two coils:

Closing coil –Used to close the circuit.
Tripping coil-Used to trip the circuit.
These coils activate the stored energy and directs the mc to open or
close.
DC batteries are used to energize these coils.
Solenoids are used to close or trip it.
CBs are usually arranged with pilot devices to sense a fault current
and to operate the trip opening mechanism
Arc
ARC During the separation of contacts, due to large fault current
and high current density at the contact region the
surrounding medium ionizes and thus a conducting medium
is formed.
Factors responsible for arc:-
Potential difference between the contacts.

Ionized particles between the contacts.
PRINCIPLES OF ARC EXTINCTION
Arc quenching is achieved by:

Greater dielectric strength than restriking voltage.
Faster rate of heat removal than rate of heat generation.
Arc extinction methods are:
By lengthening the gap.
Cooling the arc.
Inserting medium of high dielectric strength.
Types Of Circuit Breakers
Oil Circuit Breakers

Vacuum Circuit Breakers
Air Blast Circuit Breakers
SF6 Circuit Breakers
OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER
It is designed for 11kv-765kv.

These are of two types
BOCB (Bulk oil Circuit Breaker)
MOCB (Minimum oil Circuit Breaker)
The contacts are immersed in oil bath.
Oil provides cooling by hydrogen created by arc.
It acts as a good dielectric medium and quenches the arc.
Advantages:
Oil has good dielectric strength.

Low cost.
Oil is easily available.
It has wide range of breaking capability.
Disadvantages:
Slower operation , takes about 20 cycles for arc quenching.
It is highly inflammable , so high risk of fire.
High maintenance cost.
VACCUM CIRCUIT BREAKER
It is designed for medium voltage range (3.3-33kv).

This consists of vacuum of pressure (1*10−6 ) inside arc extinction
chamber.
The arc burns in metal vapour when the contacts are disconnected.
At high voltage , it’s rate of dielectric strength recovery is very high.
Due to vacuum arc extinction is very fast.
The contacts loose metals gradually due to formation of metal
vapours.
Advantages:
Free from arc and fire hazards.

Low cost for maintenance & simpler mechanism.
Low arcing time & high contact life.
Silent and less vibrational operation.
Due to vacuum contacts remain free from corrosion.
No byproducts formed.
Disadvantages:
High initial cost due to creation of vacuum.
Surface of contacts are depleted due to metal vapours.
High cost & size required for high voltage breakers.
AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKERS
This operates using high velocity blast of air which quenches the arc.
It consists of blast valve , blast tube &contacts.
Blast valve contains air at high pressure.
Blast tube carries the air at high pressure &opens the moving contact
attached to spring.
There is no carbonization of surface as in VCB.
Air should be kept clean & dry to operate it properly.
Advantages:
High speed operation as compared to OCB.

Ability to withstand frequent switching.
Facility for high speed reclosure.
Less maintenance as compared to OCB.
Disadvantages:
Little moisture content prolongs arcing time.
Pressure should be checked frequently for frequent operation.
Risk of fire hazards due to over voltages.
It can’t be used for high voltage operation due to prolonged arc
quenching
SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKERS
It contains an arc interruption chamber containing SF6 gas.

In closed position the contacts remain surrounded by SF6 gas at a
pressure of 2.8 kg/cm2 .
During opening high pressure SF6 gas at 14 kg/cm2 from its reservoir
flows towards the chamber by valve mechanism.
SF6 rapidly absorbs the free electrons in the arc path to form
immobile negative ions to build up high dielectric strength.
It also cools the arc and extinguishes it.
After operation the valve is closed by the action of a set of springs.
Absorbent materials are used to absorb the byproducts and moisture
Advantages:
Very short arcing period due to superior arc quenching property of

SF6 .
Can interrupt much larger currents as compared to other breakers.
No risk of fire.
Low maintenance, light foundation.
No over voltage problem.
There are no carbon deposits.
Disadvantages:
SF6 breakers are costly due to high cost of SF6 .
SF6 gas has to be reconditioned after every operation of the breaker,
additional equipment is required for this purpose.
Autoclave
Autoclave
autoclave is a piece of equipment used for sterilizing various

requirements in the lab by wet sterilization method.
The name comes from Greek auto-, ultimately meaning self, and
Latin clavis meaning key—a self-locking device.
The word sterilizing means the destruction of elimination of all forms
of life (microbial, including spores) present in inanimate objects by
means of physical, chemical or gaseous procedures.
Operation Principle
When water is heated in a closed container, saturated steam is

produced under pressure.
According to Boyle’s Law, when volume of the steam, is kept
constant, the temperature is directly proportional to pressure.
If the pressure is reduced it boils at a lower temperature. If the
pressure rises, it boils at a greater temperature.
At 15 lbs pressure 121 C temperature can be obtained.
Moist heat coagulates cell proteins of the microorganisms and thus
kills all the living entities (including spores) in 15 to 20 minutes.
Hot saturated steam is efficient means of destroying microorganisms,
since it penetrates rapidly and gives up its latent heat as it condenses
on the cooler objects.
The process associated in achieving sterile conditions of
inanimate objects are the following
Cleaning
Decontamination
Inspection
Preparation and packing
Sterilization
Storage
Delivery of materials
Purpose of the Autoclave
To prepare materials for bacteriological cell cultures (test tubes,

pipettes, Petridishes, etc.) in order to avoid their contamination.
Prepare elements used for taking samples. (All must be in sterile
conditions: needles, tubes, containers).
Sterilize contaminated material
Two Type of Autoclave

Horizontal or downward displacement autoclave.
Vacuum assisted autoclave.
Horizontal or downward displacement autoclave
In a Downward displacement autoclave cold air

escapes through the bottom of the chamber as
steam displaces it from above.
The valves should never be obstructed and the
chamber must not be overfilled in order for this
system to function efficiently
This type of autoclave is electrically operated and can be fully or
semiautomatic.
The downward displacement autoclave sterilizer is also known as a
gravity displacement unit.
It uses a heating element to heat up the water and produce steam.
Horizontal or downward displacement autoclave
The steam, which is lighter than air, forces the air inside the
sterilization chamber to move downward.
Eventually the air moves out through the drain hole of the
sterilization chamber.
Once the temperature in the chamber is sufficient, the hole is
automatically closed and the sterilization process is started.
Vacuum Assisted Autoclave
A vacuum autoclave is set up in a similar fashion to a negative

pressure displacement unit in that there is a vacuum pump to remove
air from the sterilization chamber and steam is created in a second,
separate chamber or unit.
The process begins by the vacuum removing the air, then a pulse of
steam. This type of autoclave is suitable for all types of instruments
and is very versatile.
Vacuum Assisted Autoclave
Air is evacuated rapidly from the sterilising chamber at the beginning

of the cycle creating a vacuum, so steam penetration and sterilising
occurs very rapidly.
A second vacuum cycle withdraws moisture after sterilisation ,
facilitating drying of the load.
Often, this autoclave is connected to a central boiler of steam. They
have a large capacity and are fully automated and failsafe.
Modern, computerised autoclaves will abort the cycle if there is a
malfunction
MAIN COMPONENTS
Heating Elements
Temperature Controller
Pressure Sensor
Chamber
Door gasket
Solenoid valve
Water level Sensor
Steam generator
Vaccum pump
What can be Autoclaved?
Surgical Instruments
Glassware
Plastic tubes and pipette tips
Culture and stocks of infectious material
Discarded Live and attenuated vaccine
Media and solutions
Waste
Preventive Maintenances
Clean all the filters.(Water, Air )

Fill the water level of feed tank up to maximum limit
Check that the manometers function as expected.
Check the accuracy of temperature reading.
Activate the safety valves manually to verify that they are operating
well.
Conduct a general sterilization process write down pressure,
temperature, required times for completing each phase of the cycle,
put it on registration system.
Verify that it is functioning within tolerances defined by manufacturer
Check any abnormal sound in solenoids.
Clean the chamber and remove limescale if any, advice to use only
distilled water.
Check the earth leakage current, protective earth.
Limescale
Limescale is the hard, off-white, chalky deposit

found in kettles, hot water boilers
Add little amount of any acid heat the
chamber.
Deposited CaCO3 will be removed.
Then rinse off with plenty of water.
Autoclave: Performance Indicators(Quality Control
How to know if autoclave is functioning correctly?

Physical:
They check instrument’s control parameters like temperature, time
and pressure.
Chemical:
Heat sensitive autoclave tape
Not an indicator of successful sterilization, useful to keep track of
autoclaved and unautoclaved items
Biological:
Tests ability of autoclave to sterilize effectively
Geoacillus stearothermophilus spore strips often used because they are
resistant to steam sterilization.
Precaution for Autoclave Users
Eye Protection
Lab Coat, Buttoned
Closed-toed Shoes
Heat-resistant Gloves

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Hospital Electromechanical System

Arusha Technical College

May 22, 2023

Power backup system is an electronic system - that offers power and

Commonly in computer system

UPS[Uninterrupted power supply]

What is a U P S? (Uninterrupted Power Supply)

In computers, data centres, telecommunication equipment or other

A single computer without a video monitor of ‘around 200VA rating to

In a standby (”off-line”) system the load is powered directly by the input

An on-line UPS uses a ”double conversion” method of accepting AC

In case of On-line UPS, the battery operated inverter works

An inverter is an electrical circuit capable of turning DC power into AC

Modified Sine Wave Inverters

This type of home inverter obtains power from a battery of 12 volts

True Sine Wave Inverters

This is one of the better types of inverters as they provide better

Grounding is the process of removing the excess charge on an object by

A slightly more complicated version of the rod system is the ground

Ground plates are used widely in telecoms applciations. They are

A ground mesh consists of network of bars connected together, this

Equipment Earth: Path for fault current, lower touch voltage,

The resistance of a ground electrode has 3 basic components:

Methods of Conventional Earthing

In this type of earthing plate either of copper or of G.I. is buried into

In this system of earthing 12.5mm diameter solid rods of copper

A Multipoint Ground is an alternate type of electrical installation that

Protect human against lightning and earth fault condition.

A circuit breaker is a mechanical switching device, capable of making,

Circuit breaker consists of two coils:

Potential difference between the contacts.

PRINCIPLES OF ARC EXTINCTION

Arc quenching is achieved by:

Oil Circuit Breakers

OIL CIRCUIT BREAKER

It is designed for 11kv-765kv.

Oil has good dielectric strength.

It is designed for medium voltage range (3.3-33kv).

Free from arc and fire hazards.

High speed operation as compared to OCB.

It contains an arc interruption chamber containing SF6 gas.

Very short arcing period due to superior arc quenching property of

autoclave is a piece of equipment used for sterilizing various

When water is heated in a closed container, saturated steam is

To prepare materials for bacteriological cell cultures (test tubes,

Two Type of Autoclave

In a Downward displacement autoclave cold air

A vacuum autoclave is set up in a similar fashion to a negative

Air is evacuated rapidly from the sterilising chamber at the beginning

Clean all the filters.(Water, Air )

Limescale is the hard, off-white, chalky deposit

How to know if autoclave is functioning correctly?

Lab Coat, Buttoned

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