ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Lecture 2 : State of Global Environment (Biodiversity)

Dr. HARSHIT SOSAN LAKRA

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

1
Coverage
1 Meaning of Biodiversity.
2 Problems associated with Biodiversity - Sixth Mass Extinction,
Significance, Benefits, One Health.

3 Interconnections between People, Biodiversity, Ecosystem

Health and Ecosystem Services .
4 Key pressures on Biodiversity.
5 Impacts on the World’s Biomes.

2
Learning Outcomes
1 Explain Biodiversity.
2 Explain and review problems associated with Biodiversity like Sixth Mass
Extinction, its Significance, Benefits, and Concept of One Health.
3 Synthesize the interconnections between People, Biodiversity, Ecosystem
Health and provisions of Ecosystems and associate with Environmental
Impact .
4 Identify the key pressures on Biodiversity and review various Impact
Predictions .
5 Identify the various World’s Biomes and discuss the impact on them and
review the Nature and Intensity of Environmental Impact.

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Biodiversity

(Source: Internet, 2021)

4
Ecological Biodiversity

Genetic Diversity

Species Diversity

Ecosystem Diversity

(Source: jocelynsecologyprojec, 2021)

5
Problems Associated
with Biodiversity

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Ecosystem Degradation

(Source: The Asian Post, 2021)

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Mass Extinction Rate

(Source: OurWorldinData, 2021)

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Earth Mass Extinctions

(Source: National Geographic, 2021)

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The proportion of species in each extinction risk category: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

(Source: Source: GEO-6, UNEP, 2019, Pg.154)

10
Global Living Planet Index

(Source: Source: GEO-6, UNEP, 2019, Pg.155)

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Habitat Loss is a Major Threat to Biodiversity
Climate Change
Impact

Plants and Animals

Negative Negative
Behavioral Physical Genetic
Health Impact on
Change Change Diversity
Impact Food

(Source: Regenerated from Source: GEO-6, UNEP, 2019, Pg.144)

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Mass Extinction Rate

(Source: OurWorldinData, 2021)

13
Indigenous
People and
Biodiversity

(Source: Global Landscape Forum, 2021)

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Benefit from Biodiversity

(Source: Landscape News, 2021).

15
Global Biodiversity Hotspots Global map of lands managed and/or
controlled by Indigenous Peoples

(Source: tropicalconservationfund, 2021) (Source: Stephen T Garnett, 2018)

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Direct Pressures on Global Biodiversity

Species
Climate Change Pollution
Overexploitation

Habitat Loss & Diseases & Other

Invasive Species
Degradation Potential Threats

(Source: earth.org, 2018)

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Concept of One Health

(Source: WHO, 2021)

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Zoonotic Diseases

(Source: Ioannis Magouras, 2020)

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 Population
Growth And
Demographics

Climate
Change Urbanization

ENVIRONMENTAL
DRIVERS

New
Technological Economic
Forces Development

(Global Environment Outlook (GEO-6): Healthy Planet, Healthy People, 2019, Pg:2)

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 Interconnections
between People,
Biodiversity,
Ecosystem Health
and provision of
Ecosystem Services
showing drivers and
pressures

(Source: Source: GEO-6, UNEP, 2019, Pg.150)

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Direct Pressures on Global Biodiversity

Species
Climate Change Pollution
Overexploitation

Habitat Loss & Diseases & Other

Invasive Species
Degradation Potential Threats

(Source: Redraw from Source: GEO-6, UNEP, 2019, Pg.146)

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 Examples of Global
Distribution of
Pressures on Threat
Intensity from
Terrestrial Invasive
Alien Species.

(H: high; L: low; M: medium;

VH: very high; VL: very low)
(Source: Source: GEO-6, UNEP, 2019, Pg.147)

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 Percentage of
threatened
(Critically
Endangered,
Endangered and
Vulnerable) and
near threatened
Amphibian, Bird
and Mammal
Species by Major
Threat Class.

(Source: Source: GEO-6, UNEP, 2019, Pg.147)

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 Map of the Global Human Footprint for 2009
(combined pressures of Infrastructure, Land
Cover and Human access into Natural Areas,
Source: Venter et al. (2016).
using a 0-50 on a Cool to Hot Colour scales). (Source: Source: GEO-6, UNEP, 2019, Pg.149)
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Map of the Global Human Footprint for Absolute Change in Average Human
Footprint from 1993 to 2009 at the Ecoregion Scale.

Source: Venter et al. (2016).

(Source: Source: GEO-6, UNEP, 2019, Pg.149)

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Map showing Hotspots Diversity of Non-Native/Invasive Species

(Source: Dawson W et al. (2017)

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 Interconnections
between People,
Biodiversity,
Ecosystem Health
and provision of
Ecosystem Services
showing drivers and
pressures

(Source: Source: GEO-6, UNEP, 2019, Pg.150)

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Invasive Zebra Mussel in the North American Great Lakes

(Source: U.S. Geological Survey, 2021)

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Invasive Pests: Gypsy Moth

(Source: thoughtco.com, 2018)

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Invasive Species -Emerald Ash Borer

(Source: USDA, 2018)

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Invasive Species - Hemlock Woolly Adelgid

(Source: USDA, 2018)

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Impact of Global Warming

(Source: World Atlas, 2021)

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Impact of Global Warming

(Source: National Invasive Species Council; USDA, 2021)

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Pollution

(Source: freevector, 2021)

35
Pollution

Open Waste Dump On Land Land/Soil Pollution

Bioaccumulation of Toxins
Water Pollution Air Pollution (Source: Internet, 2021)

36
Overexploitation Threatens Biodiversity

(Source: LeafcutterMedia, 2021)

37
Global Map showing Species Vulnerable to Climate Change

Source: GEO-6, UNEP, 2019, Pg.152

38
Species Movement due to Temperature Rise

Movement of Species

(Source: Internet, 2021)

39
(Source: UNISDR, 2021)

40
Ocean Acidification

(Source: smea.uw.edu, 2021)

41
Global State and Trends of
Biodiversity

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The Proportion of Species in each Risk Category of the IUCN Red List

(Source: GEO-6, UNEP, 2019, Pg.155)

43
Global Living Planet Index

(Source: GEO-6, UNEP, 2019, Pg.155)

44
Terrestrial Biodiversity Intactness Index

(Source: GEO-6, UNEP, 2019, Pg.155)

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Mean percentage change of each broad Habitat Type

(Source: GEO-6, UNEP, 2019, Pg.158)

46
Impacts on the World’s Biomes

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Biomes

(Source: GISS IPC, 2021)

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(Source: IUCN, 2021)

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Extinction Risk of Global Freshwater Fauna by Taxonomic Group

(Source: GEO-6, UNEP, 2019, Pg.160)

50
Grassland Ecosystem Loss

(Source: Nature, 2019)

51
Dryland

(Source: MEA, 2019)

52
Capacity of Mountains to provide Ecosystem Services

(Source: GEO-6, UNEP, 2019, Pg.163)

53
Capacity of Mountains to provide Ecosystem Services

(Source: GEO-6, UNEP, 2019, Pg.163)

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Capacity of Mountains to provide Ecosystem Services

(Source: GEO-6, UNEP, 2019, Pg.163)

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Summary
1 Explain Biodiversity
Explained problems associated with Biodiversity like Sixth Mass Extinction,
2
its Significance, Benefits, and Concept of One Health.
3 Synthesized the interconnections between people, Biodiversity,
Ecosystem health and provision of Ecosystem.
4 Identified the key pressures on Biodiversity.

5 Identified various world’s biomes and discuss impact on them.

56
References
Asrar, G. R., Lucas, P., van Vuuren, D., Pereira, L., Vervoort, J., & Bhargava, R. (2019). Outlooks in geo-6-global
1
environment outlook (geo-6): Healthy planet, healthy people chapter 2. Global Environment Outlook (GEO-6):
Healthy Planet, Healthy People.

2 Aide, T.M., Clark, M.L., Grau, H.R., López‐Carr, D., Levy, M.A., Redo, D. et al. (2013). Deforestation and reforestation
of Latin America and the Caribbean (2001–2010). Biotropica 45(2), 262-271.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2012.00908.x.

3 Akiner, M.M., Demirci, B., Babuadze, G., Robert, V. and Schaffner, F. (2016). Spread of the Invasive Mosquitoes
Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in the Black Sea Region Increases Risk of Chikungunya, Dengue, and Zika
Outbreaks in Europe. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 10(4), e0004664.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004664.

4 Alamgir, M., Campbell, M.J., Sloan, S., Goosem, M., Clements, G.R., Mahmoud, M.I. et al. (2017). Economic, Socio-
Political and Environmental Risks of Road Development in the Tropics. Current Biology 27(20), R1130-R1140.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2017.08.067.

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 Suggested Watch and Read
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5A96r5V_VOc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abImqGDzXBo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AupnMjYaI0Q

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E5YQ0ZvA-rQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rdOpsTLvbeY

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 Please feel free to ask Questions.
Let us know about any Concerns you have .
Do share your Opinions, Experiences and
Suggestions.
Looking forward to Interacting and
Co-learning with you in our discourse of EIA.

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