Polymers Properties of air and water

Plastics are made from polymers

- Polymers Polymers Large : molecules made from smaller
1.
Atmosphere
4
. Plant Nutrients
molecules Nitrogen
Disposal
Nop
78 %
Nitrogen-freezes N P# fertlisers
Plastics degrade ; form micro-plastic Monomers : Simple molecules that can bond to form Phosphate
.
+ V

Nitrogend
·

Potassium
21 %Oy
eM separate via
for Potassium
landfills
Bio-hazord
ploymers
·

On fractional ↑
Phospher INPK
Micro-plastic accumulates in
-

(Polymide) made from

Ocean
& Protiens : Natural polymers 0 1% Other distillation micro-nutrients ratio
life
.

marine
·
Toxic released when burnt
amino acids(monomers
gas
2
. Poisonous Gases
I
Polymerisation -
Monomers Making Nylon uses :
Ropes-fishing nets-Tents
Carbon [CO] Sulfur (5027 Nitrog en (di) Lead
Condensation
-

Addition a &
NH = Amide :
Monoxide Oxide NO NO2 componet-Pb
1 &roup H It dioxide
-
O O 8
type monomer
·

2
type monomer functional group
2)
A Nag)
Containt auct
N zach- + ym +HC) source Leaded
: that takes
muc
source : source :
place
-

source
-
:
-

:
monomer 1 monomer 2 I

H
+

:C c El
-

HC/H2O
in reaction H
= H Amide bond
Incomplete combustion reacts with petrol in cars

monomer
&
Polymer
>
-
Polymer +
Poly amide
combustion of fossil Oz(gl in not
Condens
Making Terylene polymerisation
via
ation of fossil feels feels engines
Protien monomer : Amino acid
U Ses
condensation/Hydrolysis
:
·
O O O O
Poisonous Acidic
-

clothing Acidic Damage

7 1

. a -0-OH H
·
HO--OH
E
With-

C + + Cacid rainy Asid rain fines

-

---
H
I

H Q H 8 g i
Softer than O'H
!...
NyIon Polyester
+ + Ester
"Condensation
· :

Soa ↳
I

N -)
N--Ct H20
n
a -N -
+ NO
A I

O
I I

Amide bond
0 +. Hydrolysis
Polyamide rain
acid :
nitric acic-

.
3 Catalytic
Electrochemistry
converts
Gasses from
engine
Electrochemistry Chemical
involving
:
reactions I No No2
I
Gas Ses CO2
CO I
↳ Electric
Chemistry electricity released
-

here
Catalytic
ANODET
pe
into
CATHODE- Converter

·
Attracts more ·

Attracts less
Electrolysis:Breaking bonds
using
electrici
see sources
atmosp

Complete
of
combustion
CO2
Hydrocarbon + 02 -co2 He0 +
Energy
· -
+

concentrated reactive metal

non-metal ↑
ii · Repiration-Glucose sootEnergyenter Continu
Losses e
A ↳

A
·
Gains e Ionic compound + Salt

·
·
metal Non-metal

·
electricity metal + Non-metal
T Examples of
Es
combines I
eT
Reduction S
+

Oxidation with on + . ammonium salts

1
0
+
c -
e
es n +
14
+
%-
n
8
.

+
&

-
Reduces from element Ammoniumnitrate (NHNO) from nitric acid : NOs
-

Oz takes e-
DexI + e to element

On
Ammonium sulphate (IN)504)

airenter t influetrodeaction
fess from sulfuric acid : H30n
zox7
Ammonium phosphate ((NH) P04) from
-

Half equation Half acid H POU

equation phosphoric :

fez5 >

s +
X - (aq) + X
(g)
+ e +
X (aq) + e = - X(s
/ g) These ammonium salts react with base to form ammonia
·
conduct electricity but don't react gas Water
Ammoniumsalt + Base-salt +
H20 + NAs (a)
Eg Platinum
:
,
graphite carbon Filtration
,
N PK fertlisers
. .

Dilute NaCl Copper Purification Nitrogenf Potassium system

Silver Plating

Final sedimentationSee trage

Phospher
Cathode Anode Cathode Anode Electron Active electrodes ↑ I + ank
reservoir

micro-nutrientsN
flow sediment
↑ · will influence the reaction
Cathode Anode and react
H2
He H2
· Conduct electricity Ammonia salts/Nitrates fertiliser tank

·
chlorine added tank
He
He
Eg
: copper silver ,
as

. sources of sulfer
12

6 -
-

Mexico
Sulfer deposits from oil producing
main
Types
e
1
= T
-silver
of electrolytes :
.

. Volcanos
regions in
5
apply

·I
I
2
·
Molter (1) . Fossil
3 Feuls
I ↳
Eg molten NaCl Sulfer
+

+ S -silver
.

>
- sulfuric acid (contact process)
NatSCI ions
+
nitrate
> Contains
-
only S burnt in 0-302 dissolved in water - H250c(sulferic acid)
· Oh is more concentrated
·
Electrons leaves impure
·

Aqueous (aq) (concentrated)

than 11
Copper anode
↳
Eg. Aqueous NaCl
-more NaCl then water
7
. Water . Test
9 for Gases
silver losseselectors
·
a
·
Of bubbles will form at the Copper cations from Contains Nat, CI , H OH
·
move >
-

impure Uses : Test Observation

,
anode -
pure electrode Gas
↳OH + 2H20 0z(g) + Le Cu + (u:
+ ·

Aqueous (aq) (diluted

Oxygen (02) Glowing

musteric
+
+ ze
is splint Reig nites
Cathode getsca
·

Eg.Aqueous
At is less reactive ↳ e
Receives pure
·
·

Turns
than Nat
copper
than NaCl
co Amonia (NH) Litmus dampred
>
-

Contains Nat, CI , H OH · was paper litmus

will fre (u(s) electroly would
,
drive blue
He bubbles
=+
Steam
tescontaine
Cn 2e + turbines
·
· + to
· Waste
Cathode metalic iOns Of
for
Electroly
Water
cleaning dam
plating Bleaches
+
Chlorine((/) is
2H + 2
+Hzg) te :
Litmus paper
BoilingWater e
·

A liquid or
gel
,
which contians ions · Add
Filtration
Extinguish glowing
·

and can be decomposed using Purification process

Hydrogen (2) Glowing splint splint with C
sedimentation & filtration (Remove
Electrolyte Cathode Reduction Oxidation
↓.
Anode
State
electricity .
7
Using carbon demove bad larger "popping" sound

messfastes)
substance e

Liquid (L) Leadbromide PB Pbze b 2Br &Br2(g)

.
3 Chlorine (o

Flametest lEtinguishflasee
+ ze- I .

Acue Test for water Carb on

L OUS (aa
1 Lime
Hydrochloric acid Helg) z()
.

CI 2 ze
-

- +
((z(g) + ze- dioxide (202) water
milky
concentrated

Coppersulfte
us i
paper
·

Aqueous (a) Soduinchloride Nate g 2(1

-

+
((z(g) + ze- --
.
3 Litmus .Turns
3
red
damp litmus

more concentrated
Anhydrous rous
Hy
Aqueous (aq) Sulfuric acid So, 40H White
Helg
-

Blue
2 2H20 O2cg1
-

+ ze- + + Le
diluted ·
Cobalt () chloride CoCle
- + H20
->
--
Anhydrous drous
Hy
- B lue -
Pink

Metals
CHERICAL PROPERTYS wall about electrons Extraction of metals The Extraction of Iron
Donates
free electrons
electrons K Above carbon
· Iron One =
Hematite =
FezOn
.
Metals
Ozto form
usually metaloxide
react with Na Use electrolysis to
·
Iron is extracted in a blast furnace
Blast
·

extrat metals from Limestone

a
Ca furnace :
·
H20
and H20
to form a metaloxide or
metalhydroxide
My
thir Or 2
Hematite
- /Calls
Coke-Carbon
Reactions
& : <
D
form He
ilute acid metalsalt and
Al Fe203
)
· to
(02 + CO
a
Ic +
&
heats
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES C Waste Waste
gasses
:
Due to
pressure
gasses (2
&
·
CO2 23(0 Fe203 + 2 fe(l) 3(02

Conducts electric High melting/boiling

+

point i
+
In Below Carbon :

- Co displaces iron
Fe Carbon/carbon monoxide + ↳
High Density reactions
·

Shing metal one - pure metal + CO2 3

CaCO3 + Ca0 + CO2
Maleable
n decomposes due
Limeston to

heat and pressure

· Carbon =
more rective because
Air :
Air Ca + Sio
La stremeele
↑
it
easily displaces the :
metal
#os Cu from its one
-
0 + 10
502 + CO2

Pure metals soft and maleable

Ag
·
are

1 Slag
Adding different Metals will add strengh
concrete
Liquid
·

+ Force
together An & + roads >
-
iron

More
Chang eshape
:

->
· · · · Puretal . . . .....Alloy · ..
⑳
·

⑧
.
Aluminium extraction
-
Aluminium Al202
⑳

>
- + Force
⑧
ore
=
Bauxite =
-

Resists force ,

Al203 + 4 A)(1)
maintains
shape +
30z(g) Rust Prevention
Iron is used in
Alloys f Stainless steel Recycling metals Movement of electrons
Conductor
in a metallic
·
covering/Coating metal

Advantage
Because and
a
pure Iron is soft iron the

inpaintfoils plastic ing

chromium nickel

·
-

easily
etete
rusts +

Properties E
E -
·
er mines ee & E +

te
:
-

Transition Metals
Environmentally friendly
E
Hard
-

steel · ,

- Mild Copper I thin

·
movement of Steel/iron in a
differences
-
C hemical
iron-carbon
↓ ↓ ·
Rustproof Physical differences · Save natural resource S
&
layer of Zinc
grass Bronzeerttin Uses :
· Less (O2-emissions ocations +: stuck in lattice
Sacrificial Protection
Tm-Harder Colored compounds
·

Properties Cutlery
-

:
Uses % cost less Electrons-delocalized "Sea"
-Higher dentlyle
·

Oxidation energy of
adding blocks of
Building Varing
states ·
Hard ships Equipment hospitals
,
5 ·
in
cheaper
·
·

carbodies ponit
Strong
· · B
wilding Equipment in chemical Electrons e will move from a more reactive
away
·

easily
·

·
Rusts Ma E hinery
Disadvantages
·

factories metal iron/steel

-

charge and pulled towards to

High dencity
Jewelry
· O

is time
·
Sorting -
charge
consuming
Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons & Functional Group
Definitions Gases at temperature
·

room

Fuel-A substance used Only contains H&C

·

as of
energy
a source

Fossil fuel-A substance formed from remains of

living Alkanes Alkenes i
i .
Methane
things over a
long period of time
bond
in at least double bond
only single
· ·

ii. Coal one

saturated-single bonds unsaturated

· ·

iii Petroleum
.
* All fossil fuels are made from
Hydrocarbons cannot be ↓ Double bond can be
Hydrocarbon hydrogen broken broken to make room
carbOn
Substitution reaction
·
for other elements
combustion -
When a
hydrocarbon reacts with O2 and
Additi on
H-C-EFFCI
HH HH ·
reaction
burns with a flame C - CE C + H C -

+
H
I

H H HH

Fractional distillation -

using a
fractioning column to Br-Br Br-C r
Test : Add
-

bromine H H
crude oil into fractions
separate ↳ No addition will ·
Test : Add bromine
Crude Oil-Raw petroleum (useless) Occur ↳ Addition will occur
Fractions-compounds with same size and
boiling ↳ solution remains ↓ Red/Brown
points red/brown (No change >
- transparent
·
Properties ·
Properties
↳ stable ↳ Unstable
Combustion
combustion combustion
↳ Not reactive but ↳
Highly C
reactive double
complete Incomplete burns easily bonds
Hydrocarbon O2 +
Hydrocarbon 02 + CO
· + ·
+

C2H20 + H20 +
C Less
↳
high activation
energy.↓Uses
energy energy
+
Uses
Making
·

plastic
·

Lots of CO=Toxic Red Flame ↳ Fuel "ane ene

energy
· · ·

·
Blue Flame ·
c =
500 +

Alcohols O
H C C H
- - -

OH
"I'
·

H
Fractioning
H

Column ·
made
by
:

I
Hydrating Alkenes (steam Fermentation

F
Heating Hydration + alcohol east +
sugar
ethanol +
CO2
Cooking ↳ 7
°
C
H yeast
300 ° +
I

C = C. + H
CHiOs HsO2CO2
60 atm it
HHH (glucose) Cethanol)

Phosphoric ac d e
Catalyst
: ·
slow
·

Cheap
Expensive Impure alcohol-needs
· ·

· Pure ethanol to be distilled

Non-renewable Ethene Renewable : of
usage
·

, comes

from petroleum (craking fungi and plant material

equipment
alkanes alkenes; hydration)
Properties
·uses onents
· :

soluble for paints,

-

glue . . .
-

-
Volatile -
Alcoholic drinks
-
Burns in clear flame : -
fuel for cars

↳ Alcohol + O2 Dissolves that

Formulae , functional groups substances
·

&
terminology - CO2 + H , 0 +heat are insoluble in water

Reactive
-to C-
functional -
group
Determines chemical Oxygen + Alchol - Carboxlic acid
#- Add
it it i it it properties & how it
+0 0 - H
- potasium (VII)
speed
=

Hi permangenate
it
takes part in chemical I to
up
H
Unreactive the
*
reactions (H20) process
Carbon
backbone
↳ osen't take part in chemical reactions & remains
Carboxlic Ester H
unchanged ·
COOH
acid i on
"Oate" H-c-c-o-c-c-H
I A H
H !

i i
Uses :
·
; Propanoic
Ethanoic acid properties :

Homologous series acid "Oic acid" ·

fats & oils ·
Perfumes
A molecules of with
group Properties : ·
Pleasent smells
· Sweets
same functional Acidic
groups
same
general formula ·
Turns blue litmus paper Turning one into another
same molecular formula red Alkane >
- Alkene - Alchol

&
craking Hydration
same chemical
properties ·
Reacts with bases to Ester a
Alchol + acid
2
different
But chain
lengths make salts Carboxlic acid
↳
Longer chain-stronger attractive forces
↳ which Isomers H
increases -

Boiling point I H H I It 1-
I

H
formula
E
--

-Melting
molecular
' .

pointe
:
same
f
-

H- C- C -
C -
C -
C H -

it it it it it HI
Different structural formula
--

Formulas
-

H I H
Darkness (colour Different chemical
physical
I
s
properties
-

of
molecular : shows
H-C C It
exact no .

Decrease in
atoms : CHgO2
Emperical Simplified molecular flammability
Naming
:

formula . Smaller ratios : HO prefix ... sufix

Displayed : shows all the bonds between atoms

HI I
prefix-num of carbons sufix-functional group
H -
C -
C -
C -
C-OH
ic =
met Alkane "One :

HH H 21 =
et ....- whatever Alkene = "ener
32 =
prop so unds like Alchol = "Ol
Structural : shows where each atom in molecule is ;
4 =
bit it fits Carboxlic acid = "Oic acid"
doesn't show info on bonds CHCHCHCOOH
sc =
pent Cdosent really Ester : "Oate"
General : shows formula for all the molecules in
62 =
42x matter for
same
homologous series
marks but tryl
Alkanes CnHen + 2
,
:
-

you have a combo of

if
I
two-
-
Alkenes : Cutan rename product's
chemicals-first one's prefix
-

-
Alcohols : Can + OH sufix then -

second one's eg propanoic acid+ethanol

&
Ethylpropanate
Carboxylic C2COOH
-

acids
.
·

:
+
HeO
 Advanced
Stoichiometry Level 8 : Redox reactions

. Mass
1 Oxidation-Loss of Oil Oxidation + reduction at
Relative atomic Ar-The
·

time Redox
averageatomicone
mass
Reduction Gain of a
same
: =

of
-
Rig -

mass
Relative
naturally
Molecular
orruring
Mr suntable
mass : - The
How to ID Redox Reactions :
of the relative atomic mass covalent metallie ,

Relative Formula mass : Mr ·

Oxidation : Increase in oxidation number (Charge)
mj + +

. The
2 mole
my

respecific num of
things
· reduction =
Decrease/Reducing Oxidation number
(charge)
"
**
things
+E
A mole = 602 hexillion Mr - Mp
+2 2
1023
"things
·

6 02 =
:
x
Example O2t 2
MgO NB Final
charge O
:
mg
.

+ : =

6 02x10 is Avogardo's constant

. - L
· don't
cofitions effect
charge
O &
↳ Carbon isotope (C) very common stable
is
easy ,
&
to work with . So it decided to use
was C as a ma went from o to + 2-oxidation in full
equations -

just in

all from to-2-Reduction half equations

refrance ,
they compare other atoms to C O went o

Gains Oxidation

I
·

C contains EXACTLY 6 . 02X103 particles oxygen

2mg + 02 +
zmgG -

only works if
oxygen
is involved
formula
- N = xNA Losses Reduction
·
oxygen =

N Number of particles/atoms/things
=
FeO + Fe +
O
n = moles
Na =

Avogardo's constant

Oxidising agent
-
will
trigger oxidation and under
go reduction
The recipe
Step 1 : Draw three & convert what's
Reducing agent
-
will
trigger reduction and under
go Oxidation

triangles mole more than two elements = 1 .

Oxidising agent
given ms - mole)
Volumee
*
.
n
volume
vs 1

reducing agent
- (dm3)
mole-- Gases & Rest Spectator (no in
(mole) 1 M cv n 24
. iron
change charge
temp
#
L room
↳ weight Concentration
(g mol).
(mol .
dm3) Roman numerals-oxidation num of element in a
compound
Use (If balanced balance
Step 2 : ratios
first)
reaction is not , it

Idicator for reduction

Step 3 Convert : to what they want ;
using
the triangle
again Potassium manganate () : Mn04

purple -
transparent
Limit,
To getn reagenta agent; you first have to
Idicator Oxidation
moles
convert
any masses/volumes to

Potassium iodide KI
Then
you adjust according
:
answer to
your
ratios
transparent- Brown
finish
up by following the recipe ,
as usual .

Level 7 :
Equilibrium
Percentage yield and
purity A + B -
*
↑
AB
-never
get
%
100 Reversible
General Formula :
· rate of reaction-rate of reaction

Equilibrium-concentration of reactants & products no longer

Purity
· are
small num % :
- &
⑳
x 100 = % mass pure produce (g) changing
· (calculated) X I 00
·
Hydros-with water
& large
mass impure producely)
num ·
Anhydros-without water

%
yield :
1 .

Copper ([I) sulfate : CuSOn .

2 Cobalt (1) Chloride : CoCI2
Actual mass(g) Hydros Anhyros Hydros Anhyros
(givent

CasoSo theto
X10 C .
CuS04 + SH2O CoCle 60.
theat Co C1z + 6H20
calculated
massly) 11 &
,

(given
-
11 &
-

20
powder
+
white powder pink crystals blue

Emperical & Molecular Formula

·
Emperical : simplified molecular : simplified
>
-
They will give you a mass
1
Convert > Given
- Molecular
mass =
.

to mass mass = ANS

M
2
= ~
Multiply ratios with your
.

n =

answer
.
3
smallest