History of Azerbaijan

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sectdefaultcl \endnhere \pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1068 \langnp1068 1)}{\
rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 Declaration of the Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan by the
National Council. The Declaration of Independence and its concept. Ganja period of
ADR. The first laws by the government}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \
fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \par }\pard \plain \qj
\fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \
lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich
\af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Genocide of Turko-Muslim population by the
Bolshevik-Dashnak forces in Baku and in other parts of Azerbaijan in March-April
1918, the reluctance of the Transcaucasian Sejm, main authority on the South
Caucasus, to stop it and the continuation of confrontation between Turkey and
Armenian-Georgian majority in the Sejm led the Transcaucasian Federal Republic to a
political crisis.On May }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 2}{\rtlch \
fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 6, 1918, Georgia declared its independence and the
South Caucasian Seym was dissolved}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 .On
May 27, at the emergency assembly, the Azerbaijani representatives of the Sejm
organized a legislative body for the management of Azerbaijan, the Interim National
Council. Mammad Amin Rasulzade was elected the Chairman of the National Council. }
{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi360 \cufi150 \
li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0
\fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \
afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang1068 \langnp1068 On May 28, 1918, at the first seat of the National Council,
decision on the independence of Azerbaijan Republic was made and \uc1 \u8220 ?
Declaration of Independence\uc1 \u8221 ? was adopted.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \
ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 It
stated: 1. \uc1 \u8220 ?Azerbaijan is a full-fledged independent state. It consists
of the northern and eastern parts of the South Caucasus. Highest power belongs to
the people of Azerbaijan. 2. The political form of existence is Azerbaijan
Democratic Republic. 3. The Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan will establish good
friendly relations with all members of the international community, and especially
with the border nations and states. 4. The Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan,
within its borders, gives all the civil and political rights to all citizens
regardless of their ethnicity, religion, gender, and social status. 5. Azerbaijan
Democratic Republic creates conditions for the free development of all peoples
living on its territory. 6. Until the parliament is convoked, the governance of
Azerbaijan belongs to the National Council and the provisional Government which is
responsible to the National Council.\uc1 \u8221 ?}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \
ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \par }\
pard \plain \qj \fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \
aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
May 28, 1918, according to the orders of the National Council, the first Cabinet of
Ministers was created, led by Fatali Khan Khoyski.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 The first and
successful diplomatic step of the Azerbaijani government was the Batumi Treaty
signed with the Ottoman Empire on June 4, 1918. By signing the treaty, the Ottoman
Empire became the first country to actually recognize the Azerbaijan Democratic
Republic. According to the fourth article of the Batumi Treaty, the Ottoman state
undertook the obligation to provide military assistance to the ADR in case of a
threat to its security}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \
f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 At the beginning of
June 1918, the Ottoman army led by Nuru Pasha arrived in Ganja. However, because
Germany and Soviet Russia would oppose it, the Ottoman army was called the
Caucasian Islamic Army.Due to the arrival of the Ottoman army in Ganja, Georgia
ordered the ADR government to leave Tbilisi.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0
\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 On June 16, 1918
Azerbaijan National Council and the National government moved from Tbilisi to Ganj}
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 a}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \
fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \
langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 On June 17, Azerbaijan
National Council temporarily suspended its activities and transferred all powers to
the Interim Government led by Fatali Khan Khoyski. The government was obliged no
later than 6 months to convene the Constituent Assembly.}{\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \
qj \fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang1068 \langnp1068 At that time, power in Baku belonged to the Armenian-
Bolsheviks Baku Commune. The military units of the Baku Commune launched an attack
to capture Ganja. In the decisive battle around Goychay from June 27 to July 1, the
Caucasian Islamic Army and Azerbaijani troops defeated the Baku Commune. }{\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \
par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi562
\cufi200 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 2)T}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \
fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 he
Liberation of Baku by the Caucasian Islamic Army. British mandate over Azerbaijan.
General W.M.Thomson\uc1 \u8217 ?s activity in Azerbaijan.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24
\ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0
\widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \
fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068
The Baku Commune ceased its activity on July 31. In its place, \uc1 \u8220 ?The
Central Caspian Dictatorship\uc1 \u8221 ? was established.But this dictatorship had
no support in Azerbaijan.Therefore, he called for help from the British troops to
keep Baku in hand.On 4 August 1918 the British army of 1,000 men led by
Dunsterville arrived in Baku.However, they left Baku due to the weak military power
of the Armenians
and the people's sympathy for the Ottoman troops.On September 15, 1918, the
Caucasian Islamic Army and Azerbaijani Volunteer military detachment liberated
Baku. The Central Caspian Dictatorship fell down. On September 17, 1918,
Azerbaijani government moved from Ganja to Baku. Baku was declared the capital of
the ADR.Although the ADR initially established relations with the Ottoman Empire in
foreign policy,since November 1918 the policy of the ADR was directed to Western
states.According to the Mudros peace in November 1918, the British Army under the
leadership of Thomson entered Baku.Although Thomson did not recognize the rule of
the ADR at first,after the decision to establish Parliament,he recognized the ADR
as a legitimate government.In August 1919, British troops left Azerbaijan.When he
left this place,he handed over part of the weapons to the ADR government}{\rtlch \
loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi422 \cufi150 \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \tql \tx312 \
itap0 \ls1 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
listtext \pard \plain \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \
af0 \f2 3)\tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 Formation of ADR Parliament. Socio-economic
measures of ADR. The cultural construction during ADR. Establishment of the Baku
State University}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \
fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \
lang1068 \langnp1068 }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 }{\fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 When
General Thomson arrived in Baku, he did not recognize the government because there
was no parliament. Therefore, the ADR government decided to create a parliament.}{\
\af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 The National Council, which ceased to exist in
June 1918, resumed its activities in November 1918.On November 20, 1918, the law
"On the establishment of the Parliament of Azerbaijan" was adopted.According to
this law, a unicameral parliament was to be created, in which all nations in the
country were represented}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 .The Parliament
of Azerbaijan:}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi0 \
li240 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin240 \rin0 \
tql \tx312 \itap0 \ls2 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \
af0 {\listtext \pard \plain \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \
loch \af0 \f2 1.\tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 It started operating
on December 7, 1918}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
qj \fi0 \li240 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin240
\rin0 \tql \tx312 \itap0 \ls2 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \
loch \af0 {\listtext \pard \plain \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 \f2 2.\tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 Alimardan
Topchubashov was elected chairman of the Parliament}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \
ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068
\langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi0 \li240 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin240 \rin0 \tql \tx312 \itap0 \ls2 \fs21 \kerning2
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\listtext \pard \plain \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f2 3.\tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \
af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \
f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 There were 120 deputies in the parliament. All
nationalities and political parties in the country were represented in the
parliament}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \
fi240 \cufi100 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \
lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \
af0 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2
\hich \af4 \loch \f4 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 E}{\
\af4 \loch \f4 conomic measures of ADR}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 :}{\
\af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi240 \cufi0 \li180 \
culi0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin180
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 On June 27,
1918, the export of food products was banned in order to ensure food security.}{\
culi0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin180
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 On September 22,
1918, a monetary unit called the Baku bond was put into circulation}{\rtlch \fcs1 \
f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi240 \cufi0 \li180 \culi0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin180 \rin0 \
tql \tx312 \itap0 \ls3 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \
af0 {\listtext \pard \plain \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \
loch \af0 \f2 3.\tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 Agreements on the sale
of oil have been concluded with foreign companies. This contributed to the
development of the country}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \
plain \qj \fi240 \cufi0 \li180 \culi0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin180 \rin0 \tql \tx312 \itap0 \ls3 \fs21 \kerning2
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\listtext \pard \plain \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f2 4.\tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \
f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 The government of the ADR considered private property
important for the development of free entrepreneurship. However, they were also
against increasing its number}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \
par }\pard \plain \qj \fi240 \cufi0 \li180 \culi0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin180 \rin0 \tql \tx312 \itap0 \ls3 \
fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\listtext \pard \
plain \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f2 5.\tab }{\
\af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 On December 5, 1918, all the oil fields,
factories and plants nationalized by the Baku Commune were returned to their
owners.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \
ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0
par }\pard \plain \qj \fi240 \cufi100 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 Social
measures of}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 ADR}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 :}{\
lang1068 \langnp1068 1.Since July 1918, the government has made several decisions
about salaries}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
\af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 2.In February 1919, a decision was made to
help the children of poor families}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 3.The
State Bank was established in September 1919}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0
\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068
\par }\pard \plain \qj \fi240 \cufi100 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 4.In March 1920,
the law on land reform was discussed. According to this law, land should be
distributed to the peasants for free. However, due to the April invasion, this law
was not adopted.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
qj \fi240 \cufi100 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 The cultural construction during ADR}
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 :}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \
langnp1068 1.On June 24, 1918, a red flag with a crescent and an eight-pointed star
was adopted as the first flag of the ADR.However, because this flag is similar to
the flag of the Ottoman state, on November 9, 1918, a 3-color flag was declared the
national flag.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 2.On June 27, 1918, the Turkish language was
declared the state language}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 3.On
August 28, 1918, the school was nationalized}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0
\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068
\par }\pard \plain \qj \fi240 \cufi100 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 4.In October
1918, the State Theater was organized. In November 1918, N. Narimanov's play "Nadir
Shah" was shown for the first time in this theater.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \
\langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi240 \cufi100 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \
langnp1068 5.Censorship was canceled in November 1918. Freedom of speech, press,
and conscience was ensured}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \
plain \qj \fi240 \cufi100 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 6.Baku State
University was founded in November 1919. During admission to the university,
preference was given to citizens of Azerbaijan. First, 2 faculties were opened in
the university: history and medicine faculties."Society for studying the Muslim
East" was created under BSU}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \
par }\pard \plain \s18 \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa160 \lisa0 \sl259 \slmult1 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 {\rtlch \fcs1 \
f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \s18 \qj \fi562 \cufi200 \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \sa160 \lisa0 \sl259 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 4)}{\rtlch \fcs1
\af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Foreign policy of the ADR. Recognition of ADR by the
Supreme War Council of the Entente and the resurgence of the political pressure
against Azerbaijan by the Soviet Russia}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \
b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \s18 \qj \li315 \culi150 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa160 \lisa0 \
sl259 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin315 \rin0 \itap0 \
ls0 \fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 The main goals of the foreign
policy of the GDR were:}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \
plain \s18 \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa0 \lisa0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \
aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \
langnp1033 1. To be recognized in the international world}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24
\ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \s18 \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa0 \lisa0 \
sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \
fs22 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 2. To cooperate with neighboring
countries}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \s18 \qj \
li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa160 \lisa0 \sl259 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \
3. To protect the sovereignty of the state}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \
fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0
\sl480 \slmult0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat13 \
itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\rtlch \
fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning0 \rtlch \alang1 \ltrch \dbch \
af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \chcbpat13 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052
\alang1 \cf1 Foreign relations with Armenia}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \
fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \cf1 \par }\
pard \plain \qj \fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 After the
collapse of the Caucasian Seym, Armenians needed a political center. They wanted to
choose Gyumri as the center. But it was under the control of the Ottomans. On May
29, 1918, the city of Iravan was given to the Armenians. In return, the Armenians
had to give up their territorial claims to Nagorno-Karabakh.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \
lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl480 \slmult0
\widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat13 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \
ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning0 \rtlch \alang1 \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \
f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \alang1 \cf1 Foreign relations
with }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning0 \rtlch \alang1 \
ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \
langfenp2052 \alang1 \cf1 Georgia}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \
fs28 \kerning0 \rtlch \alang1 \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \
langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \alang1 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi0 \
cufi0 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat13 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \
langfenp2052 \cf1 There was a border problem between ADR and Georgia in the
territory of Zaqatala. However, as a result of the opinion poll, Zaqatala remained
within the ADR.}{\fs24 \kerning0 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf1 Tsar General Deniki's advance
to the South Caucasus also brought these two countries closer together.On July 19,
1919, a 3-year military agreement was signed between Georgia and the GDR for the
purpose of fighting against invaders. According to this agreement, in the event of
a military intervention in one of the two states, the other state had to provide it
with military assistance.}{\fs24 \kerning0 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \
qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl480 \slmult0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning0 \
rtlch \alang1 \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \
langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \alang1 \cf1 Foreign relations with }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \
afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning0 \rtlch \alang1 \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \alang1 \cf1 Gajars}
{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning0 \rtlch \alang1 \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \
alang1 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi0 \cufi0 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl240 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat13 \itap0 \fs21
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \
afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \cs10 \fs24 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 At first, the Gajar state refused to
recognize ADR, because it saw it as a territorial claim against South
Azerbaijan.However, in 1919, after the conclusion of the treaty between England and
the Gajars, Iran ended its territorial claims against ADR.On March 20, 1920,
according to the agreement between the ADR and the state of the Gajars, the state
of the Gajars recognized the ADR de jure and ADR embassy was opened in Tehran}{\
rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \cs10 \fs24 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \par }\pard \plain \
qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl480 \slmult0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs28 \kerning0 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch
\f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf1 Paris peace conference}{\
langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs28 \kerning0 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \
langfenp2052 \cf1 }{\b0 \fs24 \kerning0 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf1 On December 28, 1918,
the people to be sent by the ADR to the Paris peace conference were selected.On
December 28, 1918, the people to be sent by the ADR to the Paris peace conference
were selected. A. Topchubashov was elected as the head of the delegation. The main
goal of that delegation was to be elected a member of the League of Nations and to
achieve the recognition of the independence of the ADR by the great powers.As the
ADR was included in the 4th group of states participating in the conference, it
spoke together with the Ottoman delegation at the conference.At first, the United
States and other countries wanted to restore a "united and indivisible" Russia.
However, due to the advance of Soviet Russia towards the South Caucasus at the end
of 1919, the conference participants de facto recognized the independence of the
ADR and Georgia on January 11, 1920.On this occasion, a holiday and a military
parade were held in Baku.Although US President V. Wilson spoke against the
representatives of the ADR at first, he agreed to meet with the delegation of the
ADR on May 28, 1919. As }{\b0 \fs24 \kerning0 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \chcbpat13 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf1 a result
of this meeting, the USA recognized the independence of the ADR.After the de facto
recognition of its independence, the APC began to conduct a wider foreign policy}{\
b1 \fs24 \kerning0 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \chcbpat13 \
lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \
ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl480 \slmult0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \cbpat13 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0
{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning0 \rtlch \alang1 \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \chcbpat13 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \
langfenp2052 \alang1 \cf1 }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \
kerning0 \rtlch \alang1 \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \chcbpat13 \lang1068
\langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \alang1 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi422 \
cufi150 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sl480 \slmult0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 5)}{\rtlch \fcs1
loch \f4 \uc1 \u8220 ?Azerbaijan Issue\uc1 \u8221 ? at the foreign policy of the
Soviet Russia. Invasion of Baku by XI Army, decline of ADR and its place in
history. Political pursuits of Bolsheviks against political party chairmen and
intelligentsia (1920s)}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b0 \fs28 \kerning0 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \chcbpat13 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \
langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \s3 \qj \
fi480 \cufi200 \li0 \ri0 \sb100 \lisb0 \sa100 \lisa0 \sbauto1 \saauto1 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af2 \afs26 \ltrch \
fcs0 \b1 \fs26 \rtlch \alang1 \ltrch \loch \af2 \hich \af2 \dbch \af2 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \alang1 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0
\cs10 \b0 \fs24 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068
\langfe2052 \langfenp2052 In the North Caucasus, there were battles between
Denikin's troops and the Bolsheviks. As a result of the decision of the
representatives of the Paris Peace Conference to send weapons to the }{\rtlch \fcs1
\af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \cs10 \b0 \fs24 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 A}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \
afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \cs10 \b0 \fs24 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 DR and Georgia in January 1919,
Soviet Russia increased
its pressure on these two states.}{\cs10 \b0 \fs24 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 Soviet Russia
first used diplomatic pressure. At the beginning of 1920, it sent 3 notes to the
government of the ADR. The main purpose of these notes was to make the ADR army
clash with Denikin and weaken them. However, the ADR government said that it was an
internal matter of Russia and did not accept the notes.For this reason, Soviet
Russia began to prepare for a military intervention in Azerbaijan from the first
months of 1920. It used Armenians and Azerbaijani Bolsheviks for the invasion. In
February 1920, Azerbaijan Communist Party was established.}{\cs10 \b0 \fs24 \
langfenp2052 \par }\pard \plain \s3 \qj \fi480 \cufi200 \li0 \ri0 \sb100 \lisb0 \
sa100 \lisa0 \sbauto1 \saauto1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \rtlch \fcs1 \af2 \afs26 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs26 \rtlch \alang1 \ltrch \
loch \af2 \hich \af2 \dbch \af2 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \
alang1 {\cs10 \b0 \fs24 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \
langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 Armenians, with the help of Russia, organized
an uprising in Karabakh on March 22, 1920. The main reason for this uprising was to
divert the attention of the ADR government from the northern borders. To suppress
this uprising, a large part of the ADR army was sent to Karabakh. The uprising was
suppressed in April 1920.}{\cs10 \b0 \fs24 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \par }\pard \plain \qj \
\fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\cs10 \b0 \fs24 \
langfenp2052 At the same time, there was a government crisis in the ADR. On
March 30, 1920, as a result of the resignation of the socialist ministers, the 5th
government of N. Yusifbeyli resigned. The organization of the new government was
entrusted to M. H. Hajinsky.On April 21, 1920, Soviet Russia decided to launch the
Yalama-Baku operation under the leadership of the XI Army. On April 26, 1920,
Yalama and Khudat stations were captured. On April 27, XI Army arrived at Bilajari
station. At that time, the Azerbaijani communists demanded that the power be handed
over to the Bolsheviks. M.A. Rasulzade accepted the granting of patronage to the
Bolsheviks under several conditions:}{\cs10 \b0 \fs24 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \par }\pard \
plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\cs10 \
b0 \fs24 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \
langfe2052 \langfenp2052 1. The independence of Azerbaijan had to be protected}{\
cs10 \b0 \fs24 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \
langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0
\widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\cs10 \b0 \fs24 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 2. The
government of the communists was supposed to be temporary}{\cs10 \b0 \fs24 \rtlch \
langfenp2052 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\cs10 \b0 \fs24 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 3.XI Red Army should not have
entered Baku}{\cs10 \b0 \fs24 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\cs10 \b0 \fs24 \rtlch \
langfenp2052 However, none of these conditions were fulfilled. On April 28, 1918,
the ADR collapsed.}{\cs10 \b0 \fs24 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \
\lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \
itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\rtlch \
fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 6)}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \
b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 New claims against
territorial integrity of Azerbaijan (beginning of 1920s).Zangezur problem.
Violation of the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan. Attempts of Armenia for
taking over the control of Nakhichevan and Mountainous Karabakh (1920s)}{\rtlch \
af4 \loch \f4 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi0 \cufi0 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052
After occupying Azerbaijan, Soviet Russia used some territories of Azerbaijan to
tempt Georgia and Armenia.According to the agreement signed between Armenia and
Russia on August 10, 1920, the Sharur-Daraleyaz region of Azerbaijan was given to
Armenia, and Zangezur, Nakhchivan, and Nagorno-Karabakh were declared disputed
territories. In the summer of 1921, Zangezur was given to Armenia.The fact that the
Azerbaijani leadership emphasized that there was no border between Soviet
Azerbaijan and Soviet Armenia on November 30, 1920, played a major role in the
transfer of Zangezur to the Armenians.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \par }\
pard \plain \qj \fi0 \cufi0 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 Border disputes
with Georgia were settled peacefully. In 1921, Borchali region was given to
Georgia. In 1922, Karayazi was divided into two parts. Upper Karayazi was given to
Georgia. Lower Karayazi remained in Azerbaijan.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \
langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \widctlpar \
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast}{\b1 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 After the sovietization of Armenia at the
end of 1920, territorial claims on Karabakh increased even more.After the
sovietization of Armenia at the end of 1920, the territorial claims against
Karabakh increased even more. With this, the foundation of a new political struggle
was officially laid that would last until 1923.On July 4, 1921, at the meeting of
the Caucasian Bureau of the Communist Party, it was decided to transfer Nagorno-
Karabakh to Armenia. However, with the objection of N. Narimanov,
the Bureau adopted a new decision on July 5. According to this decision, Nagorno-
Karabakh should be kept in the territory of Azerbaijan.But autonomy should have
been given to Nagorno-Karabakh.On July 7, 1923, under the pressure of Moscow, the
Azerbaijan SSR adopted a decision on the creation of the Nagorno-Karabakh
Autonomous Province within Azerbaijan. Khankendi was chosen as its center. Two
months later, the Armenians changed the name of Khankendi to Stepanakert.With this,
the foundation of today's Karabakh conflict was laid}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
langnp1068 Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic}{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \
itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b0 \
After the establishment of Soviet power in Azerbaijan, Nakhchivan remained outside
the influence of Baku. In June 1920, Turkish troops led by Veysal Bey entered
Nakhchivan and saved Nakhchivan from Armenian attacks for a while.At the end of
June 1920, the XI Red Army entered Nakhchivan. This was met with protest by the
Turks. Therefore, in August 1920, an agreement was signed between Russia and Turkey
in Moscow. According to this agreement, the troops of both sides were to be kept in
Nakhchivan until a new agreement was concluded.In March 1921, a "friendship" treaty
was concluded between Turkey and Soviet Russia in Moscow. According to this
agreement, the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic was to be established under the
protectorate of Azerbaijan, and Azerbaijan could not give it to a third country.
With this agreement, Armenia's territorial claims against Nakhchivan were ended.}{\
langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \s18 \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa160 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \
{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2
\hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 7)}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \
fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 Struggle of Bolsheviks against religion and national traditions. \uc1 \
u8220 ?Cultural Revolution\uc1 \u8221 ?}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \
langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \s18 \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \sa160 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \
{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 After the establishment of Soviet power in Azerbaijan, a national policy
was implemented. According to this policy, national values were prohibited, and the
policy of Russification was implemented. The name of the nation and the "Turkish"
language were changed to "Azerbaijan". The "Godless Society" was created in Baku,
which promotes atheism.All churches and mosques closed}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 .Bibiheybat
mosque was blown up. Nowruz holiday was banned, it was forbidden to use national
musical instruments such as tar, saz, kamancha.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
lisa0 \pnrnot0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \
fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b0 \fs24 \
par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum
\adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich
\af0 \loch \af0 {\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \
f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \
langnp1068 8)}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 Political Repressions in 1930s. The common
fate of national and non-national communists.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \
langnp1068 The authoritarian regime established in the USSR, which was called the
"Prison of the Peoples", carried out mass repressions against all sections of the
people from the first period.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 The purpose of the repressions was to create
mass fear, to make the people fully obedient, and to strengthen the power of the
party.During the repression, those who opposed the government were called "enemy of
the people", "enemy of the Soviet Union", "counter-revolutionary".After the murder
of S. Kirov in 1934, repressions became even more massive. 1937 was considered the
peak of repressions. The first victims during repressions were political leaders.n
1937, communists such as R. Akhundov, A. Garayev, S. M. Efendiyev, G. Musabayov, D.
Bunyadzade were subjected to repressions. Writers H. Javid, M. Mushfig, T.
Shahbazi, S. Mumtaz, Y. V. Chamanzaminli and others were victims of repressions.
All the accused victims of repression were accused of treason, pan-Turkism and pan-
Islamism, and espionage.In the 1930s, the work of mainly Armenians in the country's
penal bodies led to harsh repression against Azerbaijanis. Punitive measures
implemented at the level of the USSR differed in their character and cruelty in the
Turkish-Muslim republics.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi281 \cufi100 \li0 \
afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \
f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 9)}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 Reorganization of the
educational system in Azerbaijan (1920-30s). Azerbaijani culture in 1920-30s.
Alphabet reforms}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \
plain \qj \fi240 \cufi100 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 These were the
main reasons why the Soviet authorities gave importance to the cultural sector}{\
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 :}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 1. To train young people loyal
to socialism}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
\widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 2. To train educated local
personnel to develop the economy}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
\ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b0 \fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 In
1923, an illiteracy committee was established to help workers learn to read and
write. The number of primary and secondary schools was increased. Thanks to this,
at the end of the 1930s,
the literacy level of the population was already 70%.In the 1920s and 1930s, the
Pedagogical Institute, the Polytechnic Institute, the Medical Institute, and the
Agricultural Institute were opened in Baku.Azerbaijan Music School was established
by U. Hajibeyli in 1922. U. Hajibeyli was also the founder of the first opera and
conservatory in the East.In 1923, the Society for the Study of Azerbaijan was
established. In 1935, the Azerbaijan branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences was
established. In 1922, the New Turkic Alphabet Commission was established to
transfer the Azerbaijani alphabet to Latin script. In 1926, the First Turkological
Congress was held to discuss the issue of the alphabet. At the beginning of 1929,
the Arabic alphabet was switched to the Latin alphabet. In 1940, the Latin alphabet
was switched to the Cyrillic alphabet. This led to the widespread spread of the
Russian language. In 1937, U. Hajibeyli's opera "Koroglu" was performed. "Koroglu"
opera is the peak of Azerbaijani music and opera art. is considered a classic
example}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
fi240 \cufi100 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \
af0 {\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 10)}{\
hich \af4 \loch \f4 Attack of the Fascist Germany to the USSR. Azerbaijan in the
plans of the warring countries. Baku oil during the World War II. Azerbaijani Units
on the German side. Azerbaijani legions}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \
b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \par }\pard \plain
\qj \fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
\f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 On September 1, 1939, the Second World War began with
Germany's attack on Poland.In 1939-1940, the USSR started a war with Finland. The
defeat of the USSR in this war showed that it was weak. For this reason, Germany
prepared the "Barbarossa" plan against the USSR. According to this plan, on June
22, 1941, Germany declared war on the USSR. therefore, Azerbaijan entered the 2nd
World War. All affairs in Azerbaijan were adjusted according to the requirements of
the war and military mobilization was announced.Germany specifically wanted to
capture Baku. The reason for this was Azerbaijan's oil and Azerbaijan's strategic
and geographical position.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4
\loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi480 \cufi200 \li0 \ri0 \
After the defeat in the Moscow battles, the Germans directed their main attacks to
Stalingrad and the Caucasus. In June 1942, the Germans launched an attack on the
Caucasus under the "Edelweiss" plan. They captured most of the North Caucasus and
approached Dagestan.According to Hitler's instructions, the 1st German tank army
had to capture Baku by September 25, 1942.Defense fortifications were built around
Baku to protect Baku from German attacks, and martial law was declared in the South
Caucasus. If the Germans could seize Baku's oil, it could decide the entire fate of
the war. However, after the defeat in Stalingrad and Rostov in 1941-42, German
troops stopped their attacks.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \
During the war, Azerbaijanis did not just fight for the Caucasus. The 77th, 402nd,
223rd, 416th, and 271st divisions of Azerbaijanis participated in the war. All of
them started military operations on the Caucasus front and participated in the
liberation of many territories in Europe.For example, the 77th division was named
the "Simferepol" division because it took an active part in the liberation of
Crimea, Ukraine, and Lithuania.The 223rd Division was awarded the honor "Belgrade"
for its distinction in the battles for Belgrade, "Vienna" for the liberation of
Budapest and Vienna.The 416th division played a major role in the liberation of the
city of Taganrog. Therefore, it was named "Taganrog" division. Also, the 416th
Division was one of the first divisions to enter Berlin. The fighters of the
division hung the flag of Victory at the Brandenburg Gate}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \
plain \qj \fi480 \cufi200 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \
af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 The role of the Azerbaijani people was also
great in the rear front. Those who went to the front were replaced by women and
young people, the working day was extended to 11 hours. "Katyusha" rocket, YAK-3
fighter plane, and "Shpagin" machine gun were produced in Baku. Yusif Mammadaliyev
created high-octane aviation gasoline. In general, during the war years,
Azerbaijani oilmen supplied the country with 75 million tons of oil and 22 million
tons of gasoline.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \
lisa0 \pnrnot0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \
page }{\b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang1068 \langnp1068 11) Post-war years in Azerbaijan (1946-1956). Deportations of
Azerbaijanis, 1948-53. Toughening of the totalitarian regime after the World War II
and the new stage of the political pursuits}{\b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
fi480 \cufi200 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
\f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 After the war, the totalitarian regime in the country was
strengthened, the worship of I.Stalin increased even more, M.C. Bagirov
consolidated the power in the country in his hands, a new wave of repressions
began.Academician Heydar Huseynov's "Stalin Prize" awarded to him in 1949 for his
work on Sheikh Shamil and his freedom movement was cancelled.Academician M.A.
Dadashzade was known as "Turkey's spy".}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi480 \
cufi200 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
\f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 The pressure on the science of history intensified:}{\
pnrnot0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 1. The creation of ADR
and its activities were removed from the history book}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
qj \fi480 \cufi200 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
\f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 2. Fictitious facts about the voluntary annexation of
Northern Azerbaijan to Russia were put forward}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
fi480 \cufi200 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
\f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 3. A. Bak\uc1 \u305 ?khanov was accused of fanaticism,
defending the khans, Mirza Kazymbey being a "faithful servant of tsarism"}{\b0 \
fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch
\f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi480 \cufi200 \li0 \ri0 \
4."Kitabi-Dada Gorgud" was banned}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
pnrnot0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 Immediately after the
Second World War, on the initiative of A. Mikoyan, the "Karabakh Committee" was
created in Armenia and they demanded the transfer of Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia.At
that time, M.C. Bagirov stated that, with the exception of Shusha, Nagorno-Karabakh
will be given to Armenians on the condition that the other former regions of
Azerbaijan, Dagestan, Zangezur, Goycha, Borchali and Darbend will be transferred to
Azerbaijan. However, this request was rejected.When the Armenians did not achieve
what they wanted, in October 1946 they managed to get the Soviet leadership to
decide to transfer the Armenians living abroad to Armenia.In December 1947, the
Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a decision "On the relocation of the
Azerbaijani population of the Armenian SSR to the Kur-Araz plain." According to
this decision, in 1948-53, Azerbaijanis in Armenia were transferred to areas such
as Saatli, Goychay, Imishli, Zardab, Kurdamir. Instead of those Azerbaijanis,
Armenians were resettled from abroad. As a result, the number of Azerbaijanis in
Armenia has decreased significantly.At that time, the opposite process was taking
place in Azerbaijan. Armenians were moved to Baku, Ganja, Sumgayit, and Mingachevir
on the instructions of Moscow.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \pnrnot0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \
f4 Recovery and Resurgence after Baghirov (1954-1969). Imam Mustafayev\uc1 \u8217 ?
s Fight for National Recovery. Politics and History: Rehabilitations. Meaning of
Rehabilitation. History and Politics: Rewriting the past. Struggles over education
and Ideology}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \
af0 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 I.V.Stalin died in March 1953.
In September 1953, N. Khrushchev came to his post. During his time, the
totalitarian regime was softened, amnesty was granted to those who were subject to
repression, and domestic politics became a little moderate. After Khrushchev came
to power, Stalin's supporters were expelled from their positions.}{\b0 \fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 M.C.
Bagirov was arrested in 1953 on charges of damage and bribery, and shot dead in
1956.Imam Mustafayev (1954-1959) came to power in his place. After coming to power,
he took a number of steps to improve the condition of the people. Those who were
repressed were acquitted, banned works were republished, special attention was paid
to the teaching of the subject of Azerbaijan History.In 1956, a new article was
added to the 2nd constitution of the Azerbaijan SSR, adopted in 1937, stating that
the state language should be Azerbaijani.Documents in state offices began to be
written in Azerbaijani.In 1956, the Baku television studio began to operate. As a
result of all these events, a national awakening began in Azerbaijan.}{\b0 \fs24 \
par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 The Soviet government also
took serious measures to prevent the national awakening. The pressure against the
Azerbaijanis increased in Armenia, the question of giving Nagorno-Karabakh to
Armenia was raised again.The "Karabakh Committee" created by A. Mikoyan in 1945
began to operate openly. Several Azerbaijanis were killed in Khankendi.The
Azerbaijani branches of the Pedagogical Institute were closed, the Azerbaijan
Pedagogical Technical College in Yerevan was transferred to the Goygol region and
etc}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \
sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \jclisttab \
tx312 \itap0 \ls4 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\
listtext \pard \plain \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \
af0 \f1 13)\tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 Veli Akhundov in power (1959-1969).
Launch of the watershed in socio-economic and political life of Azerbaijan. The
first leadership period of Heydar Aliyev in Azerbaijan (1969-1982)}{\rtlch \fcs1 \
af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \
sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 Veli Akhundov in power (1959-1969}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \
ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 )}{\
langnp1033 In June 1959, Imam Mustafayev was replaced by Veli Akhundov (1959-1969).
During his time, attention to national values increased. In 1962, the National
Headquarters of Azerbaijan was established. There were several goals in its
creation:}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
\sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
langnp1068 1. Placement of Azerbaijani personnel in important positions}{\b0 \
langnp1068 2. To try to resolve allocations to the budget of the republic not from
Moscow, but from Baku}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \
lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
\f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 3. To continue the national awakening}{\b0 \fs24 \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 In 1966, the poem "Heydarbaba}
{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \
langnp1068 ya salam}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033
" was published. In 1960, Novruz began to be celebrated under the name "Bahar
Bayr}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \
langnp1068 am\uc1 \u305 ?}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 ".}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \
\f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Economy}{\b1 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 After the Second World War, oil production in
Azerbaijan's oil industry fell twice. To restore it, thousands of qualified young
people were sent to work in factories and plants, a lot of money was invested in
the oil industry, and new oil fields were opened.In 1949, oil came out of the first
oil well in Neftdash. Thus, for the first time in the world, oil was extracted from
the open sea in Azerbaijan.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
langnp1068 In addition to the oil industry, importance was given to the non-oil
industry. After the war, new industrial cities such as Sumgait, Dashkasan, and
Mingachevir were established.An aluminum plant was put into operation in Sumgait.
In 1951, the Garadag cement plant, in 1954 Mingachevir HPP, a steelmaking plant in
Baku, and a thermal power plant in Ali Bayramli were put into operation.}{\b0 \fs24
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 In the 1950s and 1960s, the
Samur-Devechi, Yukhar\uc1 \u305 ? Karabakh, Yukhar\uc1 \u305 ? Shirvan, Bash Mugan
and Absheron canals were commissioned.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
\f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \
pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \
par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 The first leadership period
of Heydar Aliyev in Azerbaijan (1969-1982)}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
\af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi240 \
cufi100 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 Heydar Aliyev (1969-1982) replaced Veli
Akhundov on July 14, 1969. As soon as he came to power, he implemented a number of
measures:}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
rin0 \jclisttab \tx312 \itap0 \ls5 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af0 \loch \af0 {\listtext \pard \plain \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f1 1.\tab }{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 He made a serious personnel change}{\b0 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 He strengthened the administration}{\b0 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 For the first time in the history of the
Soviet government, he declared that there was abuse of office, bribery and
corruption.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 He sent Azerbaijani youth to leading
scientific institutions of the USSR}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \jclisttab \tx312 \itap0 \ls5 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\listtext \pard \plain \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f1 5.\tab }{\b0 \fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 He
created conditions for the selection of the most capable and worthy people for
public posts}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \
Apart from these, he took important steps related to the development of Shusha
city.In 1977, Shusha became a historical-architectural reserve. In the same year,
it was decided to re-study the heritage of N. Ganjavi. In 1977, Armenians made new
territorial claims regarding the Nagorno-Karabakh issue. This issue was discussed
at the meeting of the USSR government. However, Heydar Aliyev prevented it.Heydar
Aliyev added an article about the Azerbaijani language being the state language to
the 3rd Constitution of the Azerbaijan SSR adopted in 1978.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \
plain \qj \fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 During his reign, in 1975, the
Factory of Household Air Conditioners was built in Baku. This enterprise was the
largest factory of domestic air conditioners in the USSR. }{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \
langnp1033 14)}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 Azerbaijani agriculture in 1970-80s. Socio-
cultural life of Azerbaijan in 1970-1980s. Rejuvenation of national consciousness.
Education and Language.}{\rtlch \fcs1
\f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 Agriculture developed during Heydar Aliyev's time. The
Bash Mil and Shamkir canals were constructed, Sarsang and Shamkir reservoirs were
created.The republic took the 1st place in the USSR for grape production and the
2nd place for cocoon production.In 1985, under the name of fighting against
alcoholism, the abolition of viticulture began. Thousands of hectares of vineyards
were destroyed, wine processing plants were closed.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
qj \fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 In the 1970s and 1980s, the
fields of science}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \
f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 was}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 developing in Azerbaijan. Under the leadership
of Farman Salmanov, more than 20 oil fields were discovered in Western
Siberia.According to the decision of the International Astronomical Union, one of
the craters of the planet Mars was named "Ibrahimov Crater" in honor of the famous
astronomer Nadir Ibrahimov, and the other two asteroids were named "Azerbaijan" and
"Nizami Ganjavi".}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \
langnp1068 }{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \uc1 \u8216 ?Reconstruction
policy\uc1 \u8217 ? and its reflection in Azerbaijan}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \
ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
langnp1068 Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991) came to power in the USSR in March 1985.
Even after 1985, the USSR began to fall. The reasons for this were the weakening of
the economy and the tense events taking place inside the country.M. Gorbachev
started implementing the reform called "reconstruction" in order to prevent the
decline of the Soviet system, strengthen the economy, and restore the confidence of
citizens in the Communist Party.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
\f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 M. Gorbachov put forward a number of proposals:}{\b0 \
langnp1068 1. Creation of "legal" state}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 2. Application of various economic forms,
lease system}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
langnp1068 3. Formation of cooperations}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 4. Creation of a new management system
based on the principle of separation of powers}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar
\aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 His policy of "reconstruction" did
not work as well as expected. As a result of this policy, the country's economy
weakened, unemployment increased, and the collapse of the USSR accelerated. The
most important result was the acceleration of the process of national awakening of
the Azerbaijani people.In order to prevent the national awakening, the government
created a conflict in some areas of the country. At this time, the Dashnaktsut
Party of Armenians became active}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \jclisttab \tx312 \itap0 \ls6 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\listtext \pard \plain \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f1 16)\tab }{\rtlch \
af4 \loch \f4 Worse}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 ning of the Nagorny Karabakh problem.
Attempts to annex the Nagorny Karabakh to Armenia, 1987-1989. The incident around
Topkhana nature preserve. Sumgait events. The biased position of USSR leadership.
Establishment of the Special form of Administration in NKAO.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \
f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \
langnp1068 Since the "Reconstruction" policy did not bring the expected result, the
USSR government ignited the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh.However, the conflict in
Nagorno-Karabakh played a major role in the collapse of the USSR in the
future.Heydar Aliyev was forced to resign by Gorbachev in 1987 because he opposed
Armenian territorial claims.In 1988, the Armenian leadership of the NKAO demanded
the change of the status of the NKAO and the transfer of the NKAO to Armenia.In
protest against this, the Azerbaijani population of Khankendi held a protest march.
2 of the participants were killed in Asgaran.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain
\qj \fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 In January 1989, the USSR
government established a Special Administration Committee headed by A. Volsky in
NKAO in order to create stability in Karabakh.During its activity, the Special }{\
langnp1068 Administration }{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4
\loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 Committee pursued a pro-Armenian policy and evicted
all Azerbaijanis in Khankendi from the city.At the request of the people, the
Special }{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang1068 \langnp1068 Administration}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 Committee was abolished in November
1989, and Nagorno-Karabakh was officially returned to Azerbaijan. The Armenian SSR,
which did not agree with this, made a decision to merge Nagorno-Karabakh with
Armenia in December 1989. With this, it showed its territorial claims against
Azerbaijan.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
langnp1068 The last deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia (1988-1991) began in
January 1988. The first refugees came from Gafan and Mehri regions. In February
1988, rallies against Azerbaijanis were held in Armenia. During these rallies, the
Iravan mosque was destroyed.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
\f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 In February 1988, the Sumgait sedition was committed
against Armenians under the leadership of E. Grigoryan, nicknamed "Pasha".The main
goal of the Armenians in doing this was to create a negative opinion of the
Azerbaijanis in the world}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
\f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 On August 8, 1991, the last deportation of Azerbaijanis
from Western Azerbaijan ended with the evacuation of the village of Nuvedi in
Armenia.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi422 \cufi150 \li0 \culi0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f1 17)\tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \
fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 The massive
demonstrations of November-December of 1988, the main demands that sounded in the
Lenin (Freedom) Square. Formation of political parties in Azerbaijan (end of 1980-
beginning of 1990s). APF (Azerbaijan People Front) and its program. The crisis
peaks: Was Moscow losing control? \uc1 \u8216 ?Black January\uc1 \u8217 ? 1990.
Restoration of the state independence in Azerbaijan. The International
Organizations which Azerbaijan became a member}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \
fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \par }\
pard \plain \qj \li0 \culi150 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \
slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj
\li0 \culi0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 On February 19, 1988, the first
protest rally of students against the separatist speeches of Armenians in Nagorno-
Karabakh started in Baku. With that, the people's movement began in Azerbaijan.The
rise of separatist activities of Armenians, the patronage of Armenians by the
Soviet leadership, the deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia, and the failure of
the country's leadership to do anything in this regard were cited as the reasons
for the creation of the popular movement.To calm the population, Moscow replaced
Kamran Bagirov (1982-1988) with Abdurrahman Vazirov (1988-1990).But the indecision
of A. Vazirov made the situation even more complicated.On November 17, 1988, the
"Meydan movement" began with the destruction of the Topkhana forest by Armenians.
On November 17, the slogans "Sovereignty" and "Freedom" were sounded for the first
time, and the tricolor flag of the ADR was raised for the first time.In the
"Meydan" movement, the people put forward 3 demands:}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 1. Armenia's aggression against Azerbaijan
should be stopped}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \
f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \
2. Apply economic sanctions against Armenia}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
\f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 3. The institution implementing the anti-Azerbaijani
policy in Nagorno-Karabakh should be abolished}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
\f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 However, on December 4, 1988, the "Meydan" movement was
destroyed. A curfew was imposed in Baku, Ganja and Nakhchivan.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \par }\pard \
plain \qj \fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \culi0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \sl240 \slmult1 \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 In June 1989, the People's
Front of Azerbaijan was established. In that month,the conference of the party was
held. At this conference, the program and charter of the APF was adopted, and
Abulfaz Elchibey was elected as the chairman of the APF}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 .The main goal of APF
was to guide and lead the people's movement of Azerbaijan. However, the
inexperience of APF leaders and conflicts between parties had a negative impact on
APF's activities.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \
f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \culi0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \
langnp1068 Under the influence of the national movement, the law "On the
sovereignty of the Azerbaijan SSR" was adopted on September 23, 1989. According to
this law, the laws of the Azerbaijan SSR were considered superior to the laws of
the USSR. The Azerbaijan SSR could leave the USSR at any time.The adoption of this
law meant the victory of the national movement.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
qj \fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \culi0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0
\sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \
ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b0 \fs24 \
par }\pard \plain \qj \fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \culi0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \
par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
lisa0 \sbauto0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
sbauto0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \
On January 15, 1990, the USSR government began to bring additional armed forces to
Baku to suppress the popular movement.On January 20, 1990, the leadership of the
USSR issued a decree "On the introduction of the state of emergency in the city of
Baku". However, in the evening of January 19, the power block of Azerbaijan
Television was blown up, so the population did not know about it.On the night of
January 19-20, the Soviet army committed a massacre in Baku. Although the USSR
government thought that it would suppress the people's movement by committing this
massacre, the freedom movement spread not only in Azerbaijan but throughout the
USSR.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \culi0 \ri0 \lisb0
\lisa0 \sbauto0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \
langnp1068 After the "Bloody January", A.Vazirov was replaced by Ayaz Mutallibov to
calm the people.On May 19, 1990, the position of the President of Azerbaijan was
established and A. Mutallibov was elected the first president of the
country.According to the decision issued on February 5, 1991, the Azerbaijan SSR
was renamed the Azerbaijan Republic and the tricolor flag of the ADR was given the
status of the national flag.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
culi0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
\f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 In August 1991, conservatives removed the head of the
USSR Gorbachev from power and created the State Committee on Emergency Situations.
But the democratic forces prevented the coup in Russia. Rallies against
conservatives were held on August 22 in Nizami Square, and on August 25-27 in
"Azadlig" Square.In these rallies, the cancellation of the state of emergency in
the Azerbaijan and the guarantee of Azerbaijan's sovereign rights in Nagorno-
Karabakh were demanded.At the request of the people, on August 30, 1991, the
Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan adopted the "Declaration on restoring the state
independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan", also known as the "Declaration of
Independence".}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
On September 14, 1991, the activity of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan was
suspended. On October 3, 1991, the president of the country decided to establish
the National Council. On October 18, 1991, the Constitutional Act "On the State
Independence of the Republic of Azerbaijan" was adopted.Thus, the political
independence of Azerbaijan was restored}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
\f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 After gaining independence, the main goal of
Azerbaijan's foreign policy was to promote state independence. Azerbaijan's
independence was first recognized by Turkey on November 9, 1991, and by the end of
the year, Pakistan, Iran and Switzerland.However, due to the foreign policy
mistakes of the APF-Musavat couple, it was not possible to establish friendly
relations with the Turkish states in Central Asia, and the US Congress was
prohibited from providing any assistance to Azerbaijan under the pressure of the
Armenian lobby.Organizations of which Azerbaijan is a member after the restoration
of independence:}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4
\lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \
1. In 1991, to the Organization of the Islamic Conference}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \
plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 2. In February 1992, to the Organization
of Economic Cooperation}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \
langnp1068 3. To the United Nations in March 1992}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 4. To the TURKSOY organization in 1993}{\b0 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 5. To
the Commonwealth of Independent States in September 1993}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 6. To the Council of Europe in 2001}{\
\f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \
afs28 \ltrch
\fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang1068 \langnp1068 18)}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2
\rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 Aggravation of the political
situation in the Republic (spring, 1992). Khojaly Massacre. The First Karabagh War
(1992-1994). Invasion of Shusha and Lachin. Taking the control of the country by
APFP}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
\af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 }{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2
\hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 Starting from 1991, Armenia started a
large-scale military operation against Azerbaijan without declaring war.The main
reason for the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict was the territorial claims of the
Armenians. In September 1991, the Armenians created the so-called "Nagorno-Karabakh
Republic".As a result, the separatist activities of the Armenians intensified. The
Azerbaijani government created the Ministry of Defense on September 5, 1991 to
prevent Armenian atrocities in Karabakh. On November 19, 1991, self-defense
battalions were created in 22 border areas.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
\f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 On November 20, 1991, the country's high state
representatives visited Karabakh to learn about the situation. However, their
helicopter was shot down near Karakand.The Karakand tragedy made the situation in
the country more tense}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \
langnp1068 In January 1992, the unsuccessful "Dashalti" operation was carried
out. The purpose of this operation was to clear the village of Dashalti near the
city of Shusha from Armenian militants. But the operation failed due to
miscommunication and betrayal.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 Before the occupation, Azerbaijanis expelled
from Armenia lived in Khojaly. Armenians had many goals in occupying Khojaly}{\b0 \
langnp1033 :}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
1. To gain a strategic advantage to seize other territories of Nagorno-Karabakh}{\
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 2. To
capture Khojaly airport, the only airport in Nagorno-Karabakh}{\b0 \fs24 \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 3. To gain psychological
advantage and scare Azerbaijanis by committing genocide in Khojaly}{\b0 \fs24 \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 On February 26, 1992,
Armenians committed genocide in Khojaly with the help of Russians. More than a
thousand people were killed and injured. After the Khojaly tragedy, the political
tension in the country increased. After Khojaly, the main targets of the Armenians
were Shusha and Lachin.After the Khojaly tragedy, A. Mutallibov resigned}{\b0 \fs24
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 After the resignation of
A.Mutallibov, the chairman of the parliament Yagub Mammadov began to perform his
duties. He started peace negotiations with the president of Armenia through the
mediation of Iran. At that time, Armenians captured the city of Shusha on May 8,
1992. After this incident, the negotiations were suspended.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 On May 15, 1992, at the summit of the
CIS countries, the Tashkent Agreement, which provides for the distribution of the
former USSR military property, was signed.According to the Tashkent agreement, the
Republic of Azerbaijan received a lot of weapons and ammunition. An aviation
regiment and landing troops were created in Azerbaijan.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 In the middle of May 1992, A. Mutallibov
returned to power.He issued a decree to impose a state of emergency in the country.
When these measures of A. Mutallibov were met with dissatisfaction by the people,
the leadership of the APFP did not recognize the authority of A. Mutallibov. As a
result, A. Mutallibov fled the country. Democratic forces seized power.The head of
the Musavat party, Isa Gambar, began to fulfill his presidential powers. On June 7,
1992, the chairman of the APFP, Abulfaz Elchibey, was elected the President of the
Republic of Azerbaijan.But the mistakes he made in administration weakened his
power}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
langnp1068 Taking advantage of the turmoil in Baku, Armenians occupied Lachin on
May 18, 1992. The occupation of Lachin created a direct connection between Armenia
and Nagorno-Karabakh}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch
\f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi240 \cufi100 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
langnp1068 In June 1992, a unified command was established to manage the armed
forces by presidential decree. After that, the Azerbaijani army achieved successive
successes. In June 1992, as a result of the Goranboy and Askaran operations, the
occupied territories of Goranboy were liberated.As a result of the Agdara operation
in July 1992, the Agdara region was liberated. At the end of July 1992, almost half
of the territory of Nagorno-Karabakh was cleared of Armenian militants.However, the
withdrawal of Surat Huseynov's army from Kalbajar and Aghdara to Ganja and Russia's
military aid to Armenians changed the situation against the Azerbaijani army.}{\
fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b1 \fs28
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par
}\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 19)}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af0 \
f0 June events of 1993. Civil confrontation. Role of H.Aliyev in elimination of
the threat of civil war in Azerbaijan. The ceasefire of 1994}{\b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 After the occupation of
Kalbajar in 1993, the struggle between individuals within the AFPP expanded.The
division headed by Surat Huseynov left the frontline and launched a military
uprising in Ganja on June 4, 1993.After seizing the power in Ganja, he marched
towards Baku with his army.As a result of the negotiations, the Speaker of the
Parliament, the Prime Minister and 3 ministers resigned}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch
\ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 .With this, the crisis
in the country expanded even more. A. Elchibey invited Heydar Aliyev to Baku for a
way out of the crisis. On June 13, 1993, Heydar Aliyev held talks with the rebels
in Ganja and the uprising was stopped.In August 1993, Deputy Defense Minister
Alikram Khumbatov launched an uprising in Lankaran, where the so-called "Republic
of Talish Mughan" was created.With this, the danger of civil war again arose in the
country. At that time, an uprising also broke out in the northern parts of the
country. However, both uprisings were quickly suppressed. Thus, Azerbaijan was
saved from civil war.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \
\f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 On June 15, 1993, Heydar Aliyev was elected chairman of
the Milli Majlis. A. Elchibey left Baku and went to Ordubad district. On October 3,
1993, Heydar Aliyev was elected president.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch
\af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi360 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 Taking advantage of the tension in the
country in 1993, armenians attacked and captured Aghdam on July 23, Jabrayil and
Fuzuli on August 23, Gubadli on August 31, and Zangilan on October 30.As soon as
Heydar Aloyev came to power, he abolished irregular military units and started
creating a regular army.As a result of these measures, the Azerbaijani army
achieved many successes. In December 1993, an Armenian tank attack in the direction
of Beylagan was prevented, and in January 1994, some settlements of Jabrayil and
Kalbajar regions were liberated.At this time, Russia increased its assistance to
Armenia. In February 1994, the "Murovdag" operation conducted by the Azerbaijani
army failed due to Russia's assistance to Armenians and bad natural conditions.In
April 1994, Russia offered Azerbaijan a peace agreement in favor of Armenia. As the
Azerbaijani government did not accept it, it provoked the Armenians to attack
again. However, this plan of Russia did not come true.According to the Bishkek
protocol signed on May 8, 1994, a ceasefire was declared on the front line on May
12.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \
langnp1068 }{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \uc1 \u8220 ?Contract
of the Century\uc1 \u8221 ? of 1994 and the representatives of the foreign
investment in the economy.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \par }\pard \plain \qj \
af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 After coming to power, Heydar Aliyev defined
his oil strategy. The essence of the oil strategy was to extract the country's oil
and gas resources using the most modern methods, to sell oil abroad and to develop
the economy with the income obtained from it.In 1996-1997, the country's economy
began to develop after emerging from the crisis. Therefore, the oil strategy was
implemented. On September 20, 1994, the "Contract of the Century" was signed
between the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan and foreign oil companies.In this
agreement, the joint development of 3 oil fields located in the Azerbaijani sector
of the Caspian Sea with foreign oil companies was envisaged.13 famous oil companies
from Azerbaijan, USA, Great Britain, Russia, Turkey, Norway, Japan, Saudi Arabia
participated in the "Contract of the Century".According to the "Contract of the
Century", the initial production of oil was started in 1997, and in 1997, the Baku-
Novorossiysk oil pipeline passing through Russia was commissioned.The construction
of the Baku-Supsa oil pipeline was completed in 1998 and put into operation in
1999.In 1999, agreement was signed between Azerbaijan, Turkey and Georgia in
Istanbul on the transportation of oil produced in the Caspian Sea through the Baku-
Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline.In 2001, agreements were signed between Azerbaijan, Turkey
and Georgia on the export of gas to the world market through the Baku-Tbilisi-
Erzurum gas pipeline.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \
langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi422 \cufi150 \li0 \culi0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \
fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 The main direction in
the domestic policy (1994-1998). The Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan,
1995. Abolition of death penalty, 1998}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \
langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \culi150 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \
In the mid-1990s, the first crucial steps were taken in the sphere of legal state
and civil society building. The Constitution Project was prepared. The first
constitution of our Independent Republic was approved by the majority of voters at
the referendum conducted on November 12 1995. The judicial and regulatory
principles of state building in Azerbaijan were founded on the basis of this
constitution. The death penalty was abolished in February 1998, and Azerbaijan
became the first ever country to abolish this penalty in the entire East. The
abolishment of censorship on media by the presidential decree was the critical
initiative that led to the freedom of speech, thought and media in the Azerbaijan
Republic. in 1998, Heydar Aliyev was once again elected the president of the
Republic of Azerbaijan on the elections upon alternative grounds. The National
Assembly passed the \uc1 \u8220 ?Human Rights Commissioner of the Republic of
Azerbaijan (Ombudsman)\uc1 \u8221 ? constitutional law in 2001. The protector of
human rights and freedom \uc1 \u8211 ? Ombudsman Institution - was established in
Azerbaijan like in any other advanced democratic European country. In September
2002, the three-stage judicial system was formed in Azerbaijan, and the Court of
Appeal was established for the first time. The last three decades of the history of
Azerbaijan
are linked with the name of Heydar Aliyev. Under Heydar Aliyev\uc1 \u8217 ?s
governance, noticeable advancements were made in the socioeconomic and cultural
life of Azerbaijan. Heydar Aliyev had an undeniably influential impact in the
reestablishment of political stability, protection of state independence, and the
integration of Azerbaijan into the global arena and worldwide promotion of the
republic.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \culi150 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \culi150 \ri0
\lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
plain \qj \li0 \culi150 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 25)}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \
fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 Membership
of Azerbaijan to the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM)}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \
ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \culi150 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \
langnp1068 In order to institutionalize her non-aligned status, Azerbaijan joined
the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) in 2011. The reasons for Azerbaijan opting to join
the NAM, which is the largest political institution representing world states after
the UN General Assembly, are conditioned by two main factors.First, Azerbaijan
decided to build its priorities and activities on the historical Bandung
principles, which formed the cornerstone for the NAM\uc1 \u8217 ?s
establishment.The Bandung principles include respect for the sovereignty and
territorial integrity of all countries; non-interference in the internal affairs of
states; protection of mutual interests; and promotion of co -operation. Such
principles coincide with the fundamental principles of Azerbaijan\uc1 \u8217 ?s
foreign policy. Second, Azerbaijan seeks to cross\'02communicate its position in
the NAM to elicit the support of the international community for the country\uc1 \
u8217 ?s positions on critical issues; every single vote matters in the adoption or
rejection of any resolution when these are discussed in the international
organizations}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
lang1068 \langnp1068 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi141 \cufi50 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
lisa0 \widctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 26)}{\rtlch \
af4 \loch \f4 The role of Azerbaijan in the strategy \uc1 \u8216 ?One Belt One
Road\uc1 \u8217 ? (OBOR), also known as BRI (Belt Road Initiative). Revival of the
Great Silk Road.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \ri0 \
lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2
\hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang2057 \langnp2057 The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), announced in
2013 and formalized in 2015, is China's long-term commitment to deepen economic,
political and cultural integration between China through transport corridors and
within Asia, as well as across Asia and other continents. aims to improve the
relationship between and European and African countries. Recently, the country's
officials participated in several high-level BRI forums and signed a number of BRI-
related agreements. China also sees Azerbaijan as an important partner in the BRI.
Azerbaijan is considered part of the China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic
Corridor, mainly the TCTC, which connects China to Europe through a network of
railways, seaports, roads and potential pipelines (oil and gas). China sees this
corridor as an alternative to the New Eurasian Land Bridge, although it is a more
expensive option than a pure sea route. Over the past years, the government of
Azerbaijan has invested heavily in infrastructure projects along the TCTC. Among
the completed and ongoing investment projects are the new Baku port in Alat, the
construction of the Baku-Tbilisi-Kars railway, the rehabilitation of the E-60 road
between Baku and Ganja and up to the Georgian border.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \
af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang2057 \langnp2057 Although China is not the main
trade and investment partner for Azerbaijan, its role has increased over time. In
December 2015, the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev visited China and signed a
Memorandum of Understanding between the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan
and the Government of the People's Republic of China on the joint promotion of the
"Silk Road Economic Belt". The two countries intend to strengthen economic
cooperation in the future. In April 2019, the two presidents participated in the
BRI Forum held in Beijing, during which a number of partnership agreements were
signed between Azerbaijani and Chinese enterprises.}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
qj \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \
af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang2057 \langnp2057 On the initiative of national
leader Heydar Aliyev, an international conference on the restoration of the Great
Silk Road was held in Baku on September 7-8, 1998. Presidents of 9 countries and
representatives of 13 international organizations and high-level delegations from
32 countries took part in the event. The conference ended with the signing of the
Basic Multilateral Agreement on international transport for the development of the
Europe-Caucasus-Asia corridor and the adoption of the Baku Declaration within the
framework of the EU's TRACEKA program. }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \
langnp2057 \par }\pard \plain \qj \li0 \culi150 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \
jclisttab \tx312 \itap0 \ls8 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \
af0 \loch \af0 \f1 27)\tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 The Second Karabakh War.
Restoration of the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan Republic}{\rtlch \fcs1 \
af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \
Before the second Karabakh battle, Armenians resorted to provocative actions}{\b0 \
langnp1033 :}{\b0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \
\af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 1.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \
fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 In March 2019, during
a meeting with representatives of the Armenian community in New York, the Minister
of Defense of Armenia made a statement about the need for a \uc1 \u8220 ?new war
for new lands"}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch
\dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \ri0 \
adjustright \lin0 \rin0
\itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\rtlch
\fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \i0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \cf1 \ulnone0 2.N.Pashinyan's statement "Karabakh is Armenia and the
point" during his illegal visit to Khankendi in August 2019}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \
afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \i0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \
f4 \cf1 \ulnone0 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \
rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \i0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \cf1 \ulnone0 3}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af2 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \i0 \
fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af2 \loch \f2 \cf1 \ulnone0 .}{\
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \cf1 \ulnone0 The inauguration ceremony of the president of the
so-called \uc1 \u8220 ?Nagorno-Karabakh Republic " in Shusha in May 2020, the plan
to move the parliament and the capital to Shusha, consecutive illegal visits to the
occupied territories of Azerbaijan}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \i0 \fs24
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \cf1 \ulnone0 \par }\pard \
fcs0 \i0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \
langnp1068 \cf1 \ulnone0 4.}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \i0 \fs24 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \cf1 \ulnone0 The joint
military exercises of the Armenian Armed Forces with Russia on July 23, the sending
of a sabotage group to the territory of Goranboy region in August, the deployment
of terrorist groups from the Middle East along the line of contact with the
Azerbaijani army testified to the readiness of the Armenians for war}{\rtlch \
fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \i0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \
af4 \loch \f4 \cf1 \ulnone0 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0
\lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \
hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\i0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch
\f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \cf1 \ulnone0 On September 27, starting at around 6
o'clock, by the order of the military and political leadership of the aggressor
Armenia, the Armed Forces of Armenia opened fire on the positions of the
Azerbaijani Army located in the front zone.These acts of vandalism by the Armenian
armed forces prompted the Azerbaijani Army to take countermeasures by order of the
Commander-in-Chief}{\i0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \
f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \cf1 \ulnone0 .On September 28, martial law and partial
mobilization were declared in the Republic of Azerbaijan by presidential decree.}{\
i0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \
langnp1068 \cf1 \ulnone0 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \
af0 {\i0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \
langnp1068 \cf1 \ulnone0 The operation of the Azerbaijani army was called "Iron
Fist". On October 3, the village of Madagiz of Tartar was liberated from
occupation. Its name was changed and the historical name of Sugovushan was
restored.Jabrayil city was liberated on October 4 and Hadrut settlement on October
9. After that, favorable positions were captured in the territory of Khojavand
district.Thus, the Azerbaijani army destroyed the myth of "invincible Armenian
army" and forced the Armenian government to ask for a ceasefire.On the initiative
of Russia, an agreement on a ceasefire was reached in Moscow on October 9}{\i0 \
langnp1033 \cf1 \ulnone0 .}{\i0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4
\loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \cf1 \ulnone0 Despite the agreement, the Armenian
side violated the ceasefire again.}{\i0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \cf1 \ulnone0 \par }\pard \plain \qj \
ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\i0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \cf1 \ulnone0 Therefore,the
Azerbaijani army launched a counterattack.On October 17, 2020, Fuzuli city,
Khudafarin bridge on October 18, and Zangilan city on October 20 were libe}{\i0 \
langnp1033 \cf1 \ulnone0 r}{\i0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4
\loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \cf1 \ulnone0 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi360 \
\dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\i0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \cf1 \ulnone0 ated.On October 20, the
Azerbaijani army took control of the part of the Lachin corridor connecting the
separatists with Armenia through artillery.On October 25, Gubadli district was
liberated from occupation. At the end of October, strategic points of the Shusha-
Lachin road were taken over.The Armenian troops thought that the Azerbaijani troops
would attack from the direction of "Girmizi Bazar".However, the Azerbaijani army
advanced tens of kilometers from the forests of Karabakh to Shusha. The Special
Forces of Azerbaijan entered the city by climbing steep rocks using light
weapons.After the Armenian forces in the city were cleared, Ilham Aliyev announced
the liberation of Shusha on November 8. }{\i0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \
af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \cf1 \ulnone0 \par }\pard \plain \qj
\fi360 \cufi150 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\i0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \cf1 \ulnone0 After the
capture of Shusha, the Armenian government was forced to sign a peace treaty.}{\
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \cf1 \ulnone0 On the night of November 9-10, President of the
Republic of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev, Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia
Nikol Pashinyan and President of the Russian Fed}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \
fcs0 \i0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \cf1 \
ulnone0 eration Vladimir Putin adopted a joint statement}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \
afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \i0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \
f4 \lang1068 \langnp1068 \cf1 \ulnone0 .Term of the joint statement}{\rtlch \fcs1 \
af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \i0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \
loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \cf1 \ulnone0 :}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \
fcs0 \i0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \
langnp1033 \cf1 \ulnone0 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi360 \cufi0 \li60 \culi0 \ri0 \
adjustright \lin60 \rin0 \jclisttab \tx312 \itap0 \ls9 \fs21 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\listtext \pard \plain \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \f1 1.\tab }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24
\ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 From
November 10, 2020, a complete cessation of fire and all military operations in the
Nagorno-Karabakh conflict zone is announced. The Republic of Azerbaijan and the
Republic of Armenia remain in their positions}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \
fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \par }\pard \
langnp1033 2}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 .Aghdam district will be returned to the Republic of
Azerbaijan until November 20, 2020}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \par }\pard \plain \qj \
ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24
\kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 3}{\
\af4 \loch \f4 . Along the contact line and Lachin corridor in Nagorno-Karabakh, a
peacekeeping contingent of the Russian Federation consisting of military personnel
with firearms, military armored vehicles, cars and special
equipment is deployed}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs21 \kerning2 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi480 \cufi200
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \
loch \f4 .The peacekeeping contingent of the Russian Federation is deployed in
parallel with the withdrawal of the Armenian Armed Forces. The term of stay of the
peacekeeping contingent of the Russian Federation is 5 years, and if any of the
parties does not declare their intention to terminate the application of this
provision 6 months before the end of the term, it is automatically extended to the
next 5-year terms}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \
ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi480 \cufi200 \li0 \
loch \f4 .A peacekeeping Center for ceasefire control is set up to help the parties
to the conflict to cope with the agreements and to increase the effectiveness of
the control}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \ltrch \fcs0 \fs24 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 }{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \
\langnp1033 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi480 \cufi200 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0
\pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \
loch \f4 6. The Republic of Armenia returns Kalbajar district to the Republic of
Azerbaijan by November 15, 2020, and Lachin district by December 1, 2020}{\rtlch \
af4 \loch \f4 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi562 \cufi200 \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \
hich \af4 \loch \f4 \lang1033 \langnp1033 28)}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \
fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 The impact
of the opening of Zangezur Corridor on regional transportation and communication
lines}{\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs28 \ltrch \fcs0 \b1 \fs28 \kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \
dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \par }\pard \plain \qj \fi480 \cufi200 \li0 \ri0 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af4 \loch \f4 \par }\pard \plain \s17 \ql \li0 \
ri0 \sb0 \lisb0 \sa0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \saauto0 \sl324 \slmult0 \widctlpar \
aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs24 \kerning0 \rtlch \alang1 \
ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \
langfenp2052 \alang1 {\cs15 \fs27 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \
cf1 The analysis of the effect of the Zangezur Corridor on each country in the
region manifests that the opening of the corridor will have significant impacts on
the transport systems of these countries, their transportation relations with
regional countries, and their transportation policies in general. However, there is
major opposition to its opening inside Armenia due to a number of factors.
Psychologically, the Armenian public is not ready to look beyond nationalistic
rhetoric and territorial claims over Azerbaijan and Turkey. There is some}{\cs16 \
fs27 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \cf1 \uc1 \u160 ?}{\cs15 \fs27 \
rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af5 \loch \f5 \cf1 uneasiness in Iran and Georgia
but, as this report has explored, those short-term fears will be compensated by
longer-term economic benefits. Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Russia are the main
immediate beneficiaries from the opening of the Zangezur Corridor, with other
regional countries being rewarded in the future. It is also worth mentioning that
the opening of the new corridor will accelerate the ability of the wider region to
compete with other global hubs. Generally, the opening of the Zangezur Corridor
will positively contribute to the development of the region. The expansion of
economic and business ties between the countries through the new corridor will
support the development of the entire region. The Zangezur Corridor will add a new
artery to the international transport corridors that pass through the region, which
will strengthen the position of the South Caucasus in the system of international
economic relations.}{\fs27 \kerning0 \rtlch \alang1 \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af5 \
loch \f5 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \alang1 \cf1 \par }\pard \
plain \qj \li420 \culi0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \sbauto0 \pnrnot0 \sl240 \slmult1 \
widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin420 \rin0 \itap0 \ls0 \fs21 \
kerning2 \rtlch \ltrch \dbch \af2 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\rtlch \fcs1 \af4 \afs24 \
\langnp1033 \par }}

History of Azerbaijan

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History of Azerbaijan

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{\rtf1 \ansi \ansicpg1252 \deff0 \stshfdbch2 \stshfloch0 \stshfhich0 \deflang1033 \

deflangfe1033 {\fonttbl {\f0 \froman \fcharset0 \fprq2 {\*\panose

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