Electromagnetic Induction

Elements of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering

Dr. Mahesh Patel

Department of Electrical Engineering
Institute of Technology, Nirma University
Email: mahesh.patel@nirmauni.ac.in
Generation of Alternating Voltage and
Current

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Equations of Alternating Quantities

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Equations of Alternating Quantities

• Flux linkages of the coil at the instant “t”

𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 × 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑥 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝑁. 𝜙𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡)

𝑑
𝑒 = − (𝑁. 𝜙𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡 )
𝑑𝑡
𝑒 = −𝑁. 𝜙𝑚 . 𝜔. (− sin 𝜔𝑡 )
𝑒 = 𝑁. 𝜙𝑚 . 𝜔. (sin 𝜔𝑡 )
The value of induced emf will be maximum when 𝜃 = 90
𝐸𝑚 = 𝑁𝜙𝑚 . 𝜔

𝑒 = 𝐸𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡

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Equations of Alternating Quantities

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Various Definitions

• Cycle
• One complete set of positive and negative values of
alternating quantity is known as cycle.

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Various Definitions

• Time Period
• The time taken by an alternating quantity to complete one
cycle is called its time period.

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Various Definitions

• Frequency
• The number of cycles/second is called the frequency of the
alternating quantity.

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Various Definitions

• Amplitude
• The maximum value, positive or negative, of an alternating
quantity is known as its amplitude.

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Various Definitions

• Phase
• By phase of an alternating current is meant the fraction of
the time period of that alternating current which has
elapsed since the current last passed through the zero
position of reference.

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Phase Difference

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Leading and Lagging Quantities

• Leading:
• A leading alternating quantity is one which reaches its
maximum (or zero) value earlier as compared to the other
quantity.
• Lagging:
• A lagging alternating quantity is one which reaches its
maximum or zero value later than the other quantity.

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Root Mean Square (RMS) Value

• Root Mean Square Value:

• The r.m.s. value of an alternating current is given by that
steady (d.c.) current which when flowing through a given
circuit for a given time produces the same heat as
produced by the alternating current when flowing through
the same circuit for the same time.

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Average Value

• Average Value:
• The average value of an alternating current is expressed
by that steady current which transfers the same charge
across any circuit as is transferred by that alternating
current during the same time.

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Form Factor

• Form Factor:
• Form factor is defined as the ratio rms value to the
average value of an alternating quantities.

𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 0.707.𝐼𝑚

𝐾𝑓 = = = 1.11
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 0.637.𝐼𝑚

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Crest or Peak or Amplitude Factor

• Peak Factor:
• Peak factor is defined as the ratio maximum value to the rms
value of an alternating quantities.

𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 1. 𝐼𝑚
𝐾𝑝 = = = 1.414
𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 0.707. 𝐼𝑚

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Vector Representation

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AC Through Purely Resistive Circuit

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AC Through Purely Inductive Circuit

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AC Through Purely Capacitive Circuit

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Thank Q

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