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Clean Elements and Clean Rings
Clean Elements and Clean Rings
Salahaddin University-Erbil
Research Project
Submitted to the department of mathematics in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of in BSc. In mathematics
By
Habiba M. Osman
Supervised by
Ms. Suham H. Awla
2023-2024
Certain of the supervisors
Signature :
Date : 4/4/2023
Signature :
Date : 4/4/2023
ii
Acknowledgment
I express my deep sense of gratitude and thanks to the Almighty ALLAH for
providing me with strength, health, faith, patience, willing and self- confidence
to accomplish this study.
I would like to give special thanks to my supervisor “Suham H. Awla” for her
constant and valuable guidance and encouragement during my research work.
Her attention, support and timely suggestions were useful and the most needed
in the preparation of my bachelor thesis.
2024
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Abstract
The purpose of the present work is to study and discuss of clean elements in
Rings. It is shown that in the ring is prime the elements of the from
is a clean and the elements of the from are not clean element for
and
iv
Content
Acknowledgment.......................................................................................... iii
Abstract ..........................................................................................................iv
Content ..........................................................................................................v
List of symbols................................................................................................vi
Introduction ....................................................................................................1
Chapter one
Background.....................................................................................................2
Chapter Two
References.....................................................................................................14
ثوختة.................................................................................................................15 ا
v
List of symbols
Symbols Description
There exist
∀ For all
Belong to
Subset
Euler’s Phi-Function
vi
vii
Introduction
The study of numbers has always occupied a unique position in the world
of mathematics. It may very well be the best subject for a student trying to learn
what constitutes a mathematical proof, and to construct the proofs, such as the
theories of congruences and prime numbers. Most of the results of this work can
be considered as an application of the number theory.
Throughout this note denotes an associative ring with identity. we use the
symbol to denotes the group of units of and the set of idempotents
of . Following Nicholson , an element in a ring is said to be clean if it can be
written as the sum of a unit and an idempotent of the ring. The notion of a clean
ring was introduced by Nicholson in his 1977 study of lifting idempotents and
exchange rings, and these rings have since been studied by many different
authors.
The present work consists of two chapters along with a list of references at the
end. The first chapter deals with some definitions and theorems about ring
theory and number theory, which are needed in our work.
In chapter two we study the concept of clean elements in rings. We prove that
in the ring is an odd prime, every element is a clean element except .
Also we show that if are clean rings, then ∏
is also a clean ring. Moreover we prove that Let be a commutative
ring. Let such that every idempotent element has the form
where and (Nicholson, 1977)
1
Chapter one
Background
In this chapter we take some known definitions and results that we are needed in
our work.
1. is an abelian group.
2. Multiplication is associative.
Definition 1.3: (Fraleigh & Edition, 2014) Let be a ring with a unity. An
element in is unit of if it has a multiplicative invers in
Example 1.4: Let be a ring of real numbers then is unit, since for we
have
Definition 1.5: (Fraleigh & Edition, 2014) An element of a ring +,.) is called
idempotent element if .
Remark 1.6: (Hungerford, 1974) Let R be a nontrivial ring with identity and
be an idempotent. Then is also idempotent.
(2) .
Definition 1.11: (Fraleigh & Edition, 2014) Let I be an ideal of a ring R. The
Quotient Ring of R by I is the set consisting of all congruence classes
modulo I in R
1. and
2. .
1.
2. for all .
1.
2.
3
Chapter Two
Proof: Since is prime, then for any element is a unit and it has only
one non zero idempotent which is then
Now suppose that is a clean element of , then there exist a unit element
and idempotent element in such that ,
4
Case1: If ,
then
Case2: If , then
5
Proposition 2.3: In is an odd prime every element is a clean element
except
Proof:
and
Now we have
Now
6
.
7
Proposition 2.5: In the ring is prime the elements of the from
is a clean and the elements of the from are not clean element for
and
Proof: Clearly the only non-zero idempotent element of is 1 and the units
are of the from for and .
( )
and
8
Therefore the definition of clean element we get
0,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23 and 24 are clean
elements of .
9
Proposition 2.7: In , is a positive integer, zero is a clean element
everywhere, because is an idempotent and is a unit the
Proof: Since is a clean element then there exist an idempotent and a unit
such that .
and , now
Now
10
Proposition 2.9: If are clean rings, then ∏
is also a clean ring.
∏ and ∏ .
11
Then we see that are clean elements but is not a
clean element is of .
Lemma 2.11: (Anderson & Camillo, 2002) let be a commutative ring and
let be an idempotent.
Then and
since is a unit. So
12
and
Hence
since is a unit.
Lemma 2.12: (Anderson & Camillo, 2002) Let be a commutative ring. Let
such that every idempotent element has the form
where and
Proof: Let , so
and so .
13
References:
1.Anderson, D. & Camillo, V., 2002. Commutative ring whose elements are a
sum of a unit and an idempotent. Communication in Algebra, Volume 30(7), pp.
3327-3336.
2.Fraleigh, J. B. & Edition, S., 2014. Pearson new international edition.
london: pearson education limited.
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پ ــوخ ـت ــه
لقهكاندا .پیشانمان
ئه له ی
وگفتوگۆكردندانهیپاك وه
وێندنه
لهخ
مانبريتيه
ره يكئيشهكه
ىسه
ربيۆكه
دان رشیوهی
له
سه یكه
دانانه
ئهو
شه
خۆبه
ك ژمارةية ي
،كان لقهی
ئه له
كه
داوه
دانهیپاكبۆ
بنه
داننا دانهیپاكوةئةودانانةيلةسةرشيوةيبۆ
بنه
دة
و
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