Soran University

Faculty of Engineering

Department of Civil engineering -2nd Stage

Fluid Mechanics Lab Report

Experiment No. 5

(Reynolds Number)

Prepared by: Supervised by:

Abdulla Hassan Hamad Dr. Hewa Hussein Omar

Mr. Muhammad

Semester: 4

Exp. Date: 2 April 2024

Submission Date: 16 April 2024

 Table Contents

Introduction :............................................................................3

Theory :......................................................................................4

Objective :..................................................................................5

Apparatus :................................................................................6

Procedure :................................................................................7

Discussion :................................................................................8

Conclusion :...............................................................................9
Introduction:

In the realm of fluid dynamics, the behavior of flows can be starkly contrasted into
two distinct regimes: laminar and turbulent. Laminar flows exhibit a serene
harmony as fluid particles gracefully glide in organized layers, with minimal
exchange of energy between them. This tranquil motion typically characterizes
fluids with high viscosity and low velocities. Conversely, turbulent flows manifest
as a chaotic ballet of random motions and vigorous mingling among fluid particles,
accompanied by a significant exchange of energy throughout the fluid. Such
tempestuous behavior is often found in fluids boasting low viscosity and high
velocities. To decipher and classify these contrasting states of flow, scientists and
engineers rely on a fundamental parameter known as the Reynolds number ((Re)).
This dimensionless quantity serves as a key indicator, distinguishing between
laminar and turbulent flow regimes. It is defined as:

ρ. v . l
ℜ=
μ

Where ( ρ ) is the density of the fluid,

(V) is the velocity of the fluid,

(L) is a characteristic length (such as diameter for a pipe),

( μ) is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid.

The Reynolds Number Demonstration, a 19th-century experiment by Osborne

Reynolds, visualizes flow behaviors by injecting dye into a pipe. Reynolds' work
laid the foundation for understanding fluid flow behaviors, immortalizing his name
in fluid dynamics. This fundamental concept in fluid mechanics is explored in
detail, tracing its legacy in the study of fluid dynamics.
.Theory:

Bernoulli’s principle is essentially a work energy conservation principle which

states that an ideal fluid or for situations where effects of viscosity are neglected,
with no work being performed on the fluid, the total energy is constant. This
principle also states that the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid flowing along an
enclosed path (a streamline) is the same at any two points in that path. The
pressure, speed and height (h) at two points in a steady-flowing, non-viscous,
incompressible fluid are related by the equation:

1 2 +1 2
P 1+ ρ v 1 + ρgh 1=P 2+ ρ v 2 + ρg h2
2 2

This equation is the sum of the kinetic energy, potential energy and gravitational
energy at height. If the equation was multiplied through by the volume, the density
can be replaced by mass and the pressure replaced by force times distance. As the
replacement, we can see that the difference in pressure does work which can be
used to change the kinetic energy and the potential energy of the fluid for this
equation. The continuity equation of continuity states that for an incompressible
fluid flowing in a tube of varying cross-section, the mass flow rate is the same
everywhere in the tube. The equation of continuity can be written as:
 ρ 1 A 1 v 1= ρ2 A 2 v 2

ρ = density,

A = cross sectional area,

v = velocity

The density stay at the constant and then it is simply the flow rate (Av) that is
constant. The velocity of fluid is greater in the narrow section as we applied the
continuity equation. Bernoulli's principle also states that if a non-viscous flow
along a pipe of varying cross section. Then, an increment in the speed of the fluid
simultaneously with a drop in pressure or a decrease in the fluid’s potential energy
and the pressure increases when the pipe opens out and the fluid stagnate. Thus,
pressure would decreases when the velocity increases. This is expressed with the
following equation:
2
p v
+ + z=h=Constant
ρg 2 g

Where:

p = Fluid static pressure at the cross section.

ρ = Density of the flowing fluid.

g = Acceleration due to gravity.

v = Mean velocity of fluid flow at the cross section.

z = Elevation head of the center at the cross section with respect to a datum.

h = Total (stagnation) head.

The sum of the pressure head (h), velocity head ( hv ) and the elevation head (z) is
known as the total head (h). The total head h* at any cross section is constant
according to the Bernoulli’s theorem of fluid flow through a pipe. The results will
deviate from the theoretical ones in real flow due to friction, other imperfections
and the measurement uncertainties. The centerline of all the cross sections we are
considering lie on the same horizontal plane (which we may choose as the datum, z
= 0, and thus, all the ‘z’ values are zeros so that the above equation reduces to:
2
p v
+ =h=Constant
ρg 2 g

This represents the total head at cross section.

Objective:

The objective of this lab experiment is to illustrate laminar, transitional, and fully
turbulent flows in a pipe, and to determine under which conditions each flow
regime occurs.
Apparatus:

Timer Bernoulli Apparatus

Water
Procedure
Discussion
Conclusion

The Bernoulli Equation experiment serves as a fundamental tool in understanding

fluid mechanics principles, particularly Bernoulli's theorem, which elucidates the
relationship between pressure, velocity, and elevation in fluid flow. Through
practical demonstrations and measurements in laboratory settings, we observed the
variations in pressure along a converging-diverging pipe section, validating
Bernoulli's assumptions and theorem. The experiment emphasized the conservation
of total energy along a streamline, where changes in velocity corresponded
inversely with changes in pressure, in accordance with the Bernoulli Equation.
Despite potential discrepancies between theoretical and experimental results due to
real-world imperfections and measurement uncertainties, the experiment provided
a tangible demonstration of fundamental fluid dynamics principles and their
practical applications in engineering and other fields reliant on fluid behavior
comprehension.