ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

NGUYEN TIEN GIANG, Ph.D.

Email: ntgiang@hcmute.edu.vn
WHAT SHOULD YOU DO BEFORE STARTING
CLASS?
https://fhqx.hcmute.edu.vn
1. Syllabus https://utex.hcmute.edu.vn

2. Materials (texbook,
references)

3. How to evaluate

4. Lecturer

5. Other infomations,
sample test, ....
 MATERIALS
Textbook:

1. Daniel C. Haris, Quantitative Chemical Analysis (utexlms

page)

2. Douglas A. Skoog, Donald M. West, F. James Holler, Stanley

R. Crouch, Fundamentals of Analytical (utexlms page)

Reference:

Analytical Chemistrry (for non-professional Student)

Authors: Phan Thi Anh Dao and Ho Thi Yeu Ly (Library,

Vietnamese)
 ASSESSMENTS
Score: Midterm test + Final test

❖ Mid-term test( 5 đ) : Multiple choice questions

1. Exam 1 (chapter 1+2+3): 15 đ

2. Exam 2 (chapter 4+5+6+7): 20 đ

3. Exam 3 (Chapter 8+9+10): 15

3. Bonus point (1 đ): contributions in class

4. Attendance (1 đ)

5
* Final exam (50%): ESSAY (Chapter 1-10)
 CONTENTS
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

Chapter 2: Concentration

Chapter 3: Errors in Analytical Chemistry

Chapter 4: Chemistry equilibrium

Chapter 5: Volumetric methods

Chapter 6: Acid-base titration

Chapter 7: Complextion Reaction and Titration

Chapter 8: Precipation Reaction and Titration

Chapter 9: Redox Reaction and Titration

Chapter 10: Gravimetric Methods of Analysis

6
 CHAPTER 1

BASIC CONCEPTS IN
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
“Analytical chemistry is what analytical
chemists do.”*

7
 CONTENTS
1. Basic concepts in analytical chemistry
2. Tools and Equipments in analytical chemistry
(for analytical chemistry practise)
1.1 Introduction
What is analytical chemistry?

it's the science of measuring

qualitative and quantitative
chemical nature of a
substance.

Analytical chemistry is often

described as the area of chemistry
responsible for characterizing the
composition of matter, both
qualitatively (what is present) and
quantitatively (how much is
present).
 What?

How much?
Example. Home pregnancy tests. It detects the existence of a hormone that is
secreted after conception in women urine.
.

Qualitative analysis
Example. Quantitative analysis
Example.
Water, sugar, oil, color additives,
WHAT are their ingridienrs? mineras, overweight subtances
caffein,…

HOW MUCH is PRESENT?

THE ROLE OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
 1.2 Classification- phân loại
Analytical chemistry

Qualitative analysis Quantitative

( PTĐT ) Analysis (PTĐL )

Based on behavior of
methods

Classical method of Analysis Modern method of Analysis

(Wet chemical method) (Instrumental Analysis)

1. Electrical method
1. Gravimetic analysis Physical chemical 2. Optical method
2. Titrations method of Analysis 3. Chromatography
Classical method of Analysis

• Rule : Using chemical reaction that relates M,

determine the content of M based on weight and
volume measurement.

• M?

Reaction: M + nR → MRn
Reagent.
 How to determine M in the classical Method of
Analysis?

M + nR → MRn 

- If R excess, MRn  precipitation → ? Weight of

precipitation → Gravimetric analysis

- If R react with M equivalently, R standard solution (CR,

VR known), VM known →? → Volumetric analysis (or
volumetric titration)
In Gravimetric analysis the substances being determined is
converted into an insoluble precipitate which is collected and
weighted.
M + nR → MRn 

For example:

We could measure an unknown concentration of chloride ion by adding

excess Ag+ and anlyzing the AgCl precipitate

AgCl is precipate → filter, dry, weight its mass

drying Oven Balance

 In the titrimetric analysis, the substance to be
determined is allowed to react with an appropriate
reagent added as a standard solution, and the volume of
solution needed for complete reaction is determined.

For example:

Burette
2.5 1
How many grams of potassium oxalate
should be dissolved in 500.0 mL to make a
0.100 N solution for titration of MnO4-?

→ As the result of the titration, we will know the

volume of KMnO4 solution. Then, we can calculate
the concentration of oxalate solution and convert to
gram of potassium oxalate.
 INSTRUMENTAL METHODS

1. Spectroscopic methods involve the use of light and measure either the amount
of light absorbed (absorbance) or the amount of light emitted by solutions of the
analyte under certain conditions.
Signal

Wavelength
 INSTRUMENTAL METHODS
2. Chromatographic methods involve more complex samples in which the analyte
is separated from interfering substances using specific instrument components and
electronically detected, with the electrical signal generated by any one of a number
of detection devices.

High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic separation

Chromatography Equipment 2 compounds
 INSTRUMENTAL METHODS
3. Electroanalytical methods involve the measurement of a voltage or current
resulting from electrodes immersed into the solution.
 Classification- phân loại
Classification of analysed by sample size and analyte level
Classification- phân loại
 Rules of Quantitative analysis
Sample EX: unknown alloy sample

Qualitative
Can be ignored if known about the origin
Analysis

Quantitative -Tìm ra nhiều định luật quan trọng

-Điều kiện phát triển các ngành KHTN khác
analysis -Cơ sở kiểm nghiệm trong nghiên cứu, sản xuất….
 Chọn mẫu đại diện- Representative
Sample
“Garbage in,
Garbage out” Xử lý mẫu – Treating Sample

Loại bỏ yếu tố ảnh hưởng

 Treating sample- Xử lý mẫu
✓WET METHOD
HCl: dissolve sample contain
CO32-, PO43-, SO32-, s2-
HNO3: dissolve sample contain
PbS, Bi2S3, CuS, Hg2SO4,
alloys
H2SO4 at 2000C: stainless steel
HF: dissolve sample contain
SiO32-, SiO2, H2SiO3.
✓DRY METHOD
Sample (Al2O3, Cr2O3….) is
heated with dry salts as NaOH,
Na2CO3, …at 500-1000oC in an
oven. Sample and salt are in Pt
or Ni cup. Constituents will be
changed to dissolvent salt and
can dissolve in a suitable
solvent.
Bài tập Thảo Luận
Để xác định hàm lượng Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, TiO2, trong mẫu đất sét. Người ta
cân 0,3000 g mẫu chuyển vào chén Ni và thêm 3 g KOH. Nung chảy hỗn hợp nói trên
ở nhiệt độ thích hợp, làm nguội và hòa tan khối lượng thu được bằng acid HCl. Thêm
nước cất đến thể tích xác định. Sau khi thu được dung dịch, dùng EDTA để chuẩn độ
Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+ , ở điều kiện thích hợp. Dùng 1,10-phenanthroline tạo phức da cam
với ion Fe (dạng Fe2+ ), dùng H2O2 tạo phức màu vàng với Ti4+, rồi đêm đo quang và
so sánh với các dung dịch chứa Fe2+ / chứa Ti4+ biết trước nồng độ. Người ta xác định
được hàm lượng các chất khảo sát như sau:

Chất Al2O3 Fe2O CaO MgO TiO2

Hàm lượng (%) 28,12 0,48 1,25 0,56 0,08

Cho biết:
a)Phương pháp đã được sử dụng để hòa tan mẫu
b)Tên gọi của PP sử dụng định lượng Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, MgO, TiO2.
-Theo bản chất của PP
-Theo Kỹ thuật phân tích
-Theo hàm lượng chất khảo sát
Bài tập Thảo Luận

a) PP xử lý mẫu là PP khô
b) Tên gọi của PP được sử dụng để định lượng:
- Theo bản chất của PP: Định lượng Al2O3, CaO, MgO theo
PP Hóa học; Định lượng Fe2O3 và TiO2 theo PP Hóa lý;
- Theo kỹ thuật phân tích: PPPT đa lượng
- Theo hàm lượng chất khào sát:
PT Al2O3, CaO, MgO và Fe2O3 là PT lượng lớn; PT TiO2 theo
PP lượng nhỏ.
 CONTENTS
1. Introduction and classification in analytical
chemistry

2. Tools and instruments in analytical

chemistry (for analytical chemistry practise)

3. Concentrations and Units

4. Preparing solutions
5. Volumetric titration
Precise mass instrument
An electronic balance gives an exact
weight of a chemical

Electronic analytical balance

measures mass down to 0.1 mg

- 1.123 g
0.001 g = 1 mg

- 1.1231 g
0.0001 g = 0.1 mg

Be used to calibrate other volumetric

tools
Volumetric tools
Precise volumetric tools
Transfer pipet

Measuring pipet
 Volumetric tools
Precise volumetric tools
Syringe
Pipet Micropipette
Volumetric tools

BECHER: Cốc (có mỏ)

(delivering or containing)

Cyclinder: Ống đong

(delivering)

Erlen:
Glass Chopstick:
bình tam giác
Đũa thủy tinh
Others

Filtration