MMPI/MMPI-2

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a psychological test that assesses personality traits and
psychopathology. It is primarily intended to test people who are suspected of having mental health or other clinical issues.
Although it was not originally designed to be administered to non-clinical populations, it has found

The MMPI is currently commonly administered in one of two forms — the MMPI-2, which has 567 true/false questions,
and the newer MMPI-2-RF, published in 2008 and containing only 338 true/false items. While the MMPI-2-RF is a newer
measure and takes about half the time to complete (usually about 40 to 50 minutes), the MMPI-2 is still the more widely
used test because of its existing large research base and familiarity among psychologists. (Another version of the test —
the MMPI-A — is designed exclusively for teenagers.)

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is considered a protected psychological instrument, meaning it can only
be given and interpreted by a psychologist trained to do so (you cannot find the test online). While it’s commonly
administered by computer nowadays (and requires no direct professional involvement during its administration),
psychological testing is nearly always preceded by a clinical interview by the psychologist who is doing the testing. After
the computer scores the test results, the psychologist writes up a report interpreting the test results in the context of the
person’s history and current psychological concerns.

What Does the MMPI-2 Measure?

The MMPI-2 is designed with 10 clinical scales which assess 10 major categories of abnormal human behavior, and four
validity scales, which assess the person’s general test-taking attitude and whether they answered the items on the test in a
truthful and accurate manner.

The 10 Clinical Subscales of the MMPI-2

The older MMPI-2 is made up 10 clinical subscales, which are a result of answering certain questions on the test in a
specific manner:

1. Hypochondriasis (Hs) – The Hypochondriasis scale tapes a wide variety of vague and nonspecific complaints
about bodily functioning. These complaints tend to focus on the abdomen and back, and they persist in the face of
negative medical tests. There are two primary factors that this subscale measures — poor physical health and
gastrointestinal difficulties. The scale contains 32 items.
2. Depression (D) – The Depression scale measures clinical depression, which is characterized by poor morale, lack
of hope in the future, and a general dissatisfaction with one’s life. The scale contains 57 items.
3. Hysteria (Hy) – The Hysteria scale primarily measures five components — poor physical health, shyness,
cynicism, headaches and neuroticism. The subscale contains 60 items.
4. Psychopathic Deviate (Pd) – The Psychopathic Deviate scale measures general social maladjustment and the
absence of strongly pleasant experiences. The items on this scale tap into complaints about family and authority
figures in general, self alienation, social alienation and boredom. The scale contains 50 items.
5. Masculinity/Femininity (Mf) – The Masculinity/Femininity scale measures interests in vocations and hobbies,
aesthetic preferences, activity-passivity and personal sensitivity. It measures in a general sense how rigidly a
person conforms to very stereotypical masculine or feminine roles. The scale contains 56 items.
6. Paranoia (Pa) – The Paranoia scale primarily measures interpersonal sensitivity, moral self-righteousness and
suspiciousness. Some of the items used to score this scale are clearly psychotic in that they acknowledge the
existence of paranoid and delusional thoughts. This scale has 40 items.
7. Psychasthenia (Pt) -The Psychasthenia scale is intended to measure a person’s inability to resist specific actions
or thoughts, regardless of their maladaptive nature. “Psychasthenia” is an old term used to describe what we now

PREPARED BY: Christelle Mae S. Gangcuangco, RPm

 call obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), or having obsessive-compulsive thoughts and behaviors. This scale
also taps into abnormal fears, self-criticisms, difficulties in concentration and guilt feelings. This scale contains 48
items.
8. Schizophrenia (Sc) – The Schizophrenia scale measures bizarre thoughts, peculiar perceptions, social alienation,
poor familial relationships, difficulties in concentration and impulse control, lack of deep interests, disturbing
question of self-worth and self-identity, and sexual difficulties. This scale has 78 items, more than any other scale
on the test.
9. Hypomania (Ma) – The Hypomania scale is intended to measure milder degrees of excitement, characterized by
an elated but unstable mood, psychomotor excitement (e.g., shaky hands) and flight of ideas (e.g., an unstoppable
string of ideas). The scale taps into overactivity — both behaviorally and cognitively — grandiosity, irritability
and egocentricity. This scale contains 46 items.
10. Social Introversion (Si) – The Social Introversion scale measures the social introversion and extroversion of a
person. A person who is a social introvert is uncomfortable in social interactions and typically withdraws from
such interactions whenever possible. They may have limited social skills, or simply prefer to be alone or with a
small group of friends. This scale has 69 items.

While there are dozens of additional content scales that have been independently developed around the MMPI-2, these are
the core 10 scales used by the test.

The 4 Validity Scales of the MMPI

The MMPI-2 is not a valid measure of a person’s psychopathology or behavior if the person taking the test does so in a
way that is not honest or frank. A person may decide, for whatever reasons, to overreport (exaggerate) or underreport
(deny) the behavior being assessed by the test.

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) contains four validity scales designed to measure a
person’s test-taking attitude and approach to the test:

1. Lie (L) – The Lie scale is intended to identify individuals who are deliberately trying to avoid answering the
MMPI honestly and in a frank manner. The scale measures attitudes and practices that are culturally laudable, but
rarely found in most people. In other words, people who make these items are often trying to make themselves
look like a better person than they really are (or that anybody is). The scale contains 15 items.
2. F – The F scale (the “F” does not stand for anything, although it is mistakenly sometimes referred to as the
Infrequency or Frequency scale) is intended to detect unusual or atypical ways of answering the test items, like if
a person were to randomly fill out the test. It taps a number of strange thoughts, peculiar experiences, feelings of
isolation and alienation, and a number of unlikely or contradictory beliefs, expectations and self-descriptions. If a
person answers too many of the F and Fb scale items incorrectly, it will invalidate the entire test. Contrary to
some descriptions of the scale, F scale items are scattered throughout the entire test up until around item 360. The
scale contains 60 items.
3. Back F (Fb) – The Back F scale measures the same issues as the F scale, except only during the last half of the
test. The scale has 40 items.
4. K – The K scale is designed to identify psychopathology in people who otherwise would have profiles within the
normal range. It measures self-control, and family and interpersonal relationships, and people who score highly
on this scale are often seen as being defensive. The scale contains 30 items.

There are additional content and validity scales that have been developed independently from the core MMPI, but often
scored by a psychologist who is administering the test. This article describes only these core scales used in the MMPI-2.

PREPARED BY: Christelle Mae S. Gangcuangco, RPm

MBTI
The Myers-Briggs Personality Type Indicator is a self-report inventory designed to identify a person's personality type,
strengths, and preferences. The questionnaire was developed by Isabel Myers and her mother Katherine Briggs based on
their work with Carl Jung's theory of personality types.
The Development of the Myers-Briggs Test
Both Isabel Myers and her mother Katherine were fascinated by Jung's theory of psychological types and recognized that
the theory could have real-world applications. During World War II, Myers and Briggs began researching and developing
an indicator that could be utilized to help understand individual differences. By helping people understand themselves,
Myers and Briggs believed that they could help people select occupations that were best suited to their personality types
and lead healthier, happier lives. Myers created the first pen-and-pencil version of the inventory during the 1940s, and the
two women began testing the assessment on friends and family. They continued to fully develop the instrument over the
next two decades.
An Overview of the Test
Based on the answers to the questions on the inventory, people are identified as having one of 16 personality types. The
goal of the MBTI is to allow respondents to further explore and understand their own personalities including their likes,
dislikes, strengths, weaknesses, possible career preferences, and compatibility with other people. No one personality type
is "best" or "better" than any other one. It isn't a tool designed to look for dysfunction or abnormality. Instead, its goal is
simply to help you learn more about yourself.
The questionnaire itself is made up of four different scales:
1. Extraversion (E) - Introversion (I)
The extraversion-introversion dichotomy was first explored by Jung in his theory of personality types as a way to describe
how people respond and interact with the world around them. While these terms are familiar to most people, the way in
which they are used here differs somewhat from their popular usage.
Extraverts (also often spelled extroverts) are "outward-turning" and tend to be action-oriented, enjoy more frequent social
interaction, and feel energized after spending time with other people. Introverts are "inward-turning" and tend to be
thought-oriented, enjoy deep and meaningful social interactions, and feel recharged after spending time alone. We all
exhibit extraversion and introversion to some degree, but most of us tend have an overall preference for one or the other.
2. Sensing (S) - Intuition (N)
This scale involves looking at how people gather information from the world around them. Just like with extraversion and
introversion, all people spend some time sensing and intuiting depending on the situation. According to the MBTI, people
tend be dominant in one area or the other. People who prefer sensing tend to pay a great deal of attention to reality,
particularly to what they can learn from their own senses. They tend to focus on facts and details and enjoy getting hands-
on experience. Those who prefer intuition pay more attention to things like patterns and impressions. They enjoy thinking
about possibilities, imagining the future, and abstract theories.
3. Thinking (T) - Feeling (F)
This scale focuses on how people make decisions based on the information that they gathered from their sensing or
intuition functions. People who prefer thinking place a greater emphasis on facts and objective data. They tend to be
consistent, logical, and impersonal when weighing a decision. Those to prefer feeling are more likely to consider people
and emotions when arriving at a conclusion.
4. Judging (J) - Perceiving (P)
The final scale involves how people tend to deal with the outside world. Those who lean toward judging prefer structure
and firm decisions. People who lean toward perceiving are more open, flexible, and adaptable. These two tendencies
interact with the other scales. Remember, all people at least spend some time extraverting. The judging-perceiving scale
helps describe whether you extravert when you are taking in new information (sensing and intuiting) or when you are
making decisions (thinking and feeling).

PREPARED BY: Christelle Mae S. Gangcuangco, RPm

Each type is then listed by its four letter code:

ISTJ - The Inspector

ISTP - The Crafter
ISFJ - The Protector
ISFP - The Artist
INFJ - The Advocate
INFP - The Mediator
INTJ - The Architect
INTP - The Thinker
ESTP - The Persuader
ESTJ - The Director
ESFP - The Performer
ESFJ - The Caregiver
ENFP - The Champion
ENFJ - The Giver
ENTP - The Debater
ENTJ - The Commander

According to the Myers & Briggs Foundation, it is important to remember that all types are equal and that every type has
value. When working in group situations in school or at work, for example, recognizing your own strengths and
understanding the strengths of others can be very helpful. When you are working toward completing a project with other
members of a group, you might realize that certain members of the group are skilled and talented at performing particular
actions. By recognizing these differences, the group can better assign tasks and work together on achieving their goals.

How Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Differs From Other Personality Instruments

There are no right or wrong answers and one type is not better than any other type. The purpose of the indicator is not to
evaluate mental health or offer any type of diagnosis.
Also, unlike many other types of psychological evaluations, your results are not compared against any norms. Instead of
looking at your score in comparison to the results of other people, the goal of the instrument is to simply offer further
information about your own unique personality.
Reliability and Validity
According to the Myers & Briggs Foundation, the MBTI meets accepted standards of reliability and validity. However,
other studies have found that the reliability and validity of the instrument have not been adequately demonstrated.
Studies have found between 40 and 75 percent of respondents receive a different result after completing the inventory a
second time. A 1992 book by The Committee on Techniques for the Enhancement of Human Performance and the
National Research Council suggests that "...there is not sufficient, well-designed research to justify the use of MBTI in
career counseling programs. Much of the current evidence is based on inadequate methodologies."

PREPARED BY: Christelle Mae S. Gangcuangco, RPm

NEO-PI-R
The NEO PI-R, the standard questionnaire measure of the Five Factor Model (FFM), provides a systematic assessment of
emotional, interpersonal, experiential, attitudinal, and motivational styles--a detailed personality description that can be a
valuable resource for a variety of professionals. The NEO PI-R is a concise measure of the five major domains of
personality, as well as the six traits or facets that define each domain. Taken together, the five domain scales and 30 facet
scales of the NEO PI-R, including the scales for the Agreeableness and the Conscientiousness domains, facilitate a
comprehensive and detailed assessment of normal adult personality. Although the manual has been updated with the
introduction of the NEO-PI-3, NEO PI-R norms and forms have not changed.
NEO PI-R DOMAINS AND FACETS
Each of the five domains of the NEO PI-R is represented by six specific scales that measure the facets of the domain.
Domains and facets measured by the NEO PI-R or NEO Personality Inventory-Revised.
1. N: Neuroticism
N1: Anxiety N2: Angry, Hostility N3: Depression N4: Self-conscientiousness N5: Impulsiveness N6: Vulnerability
2. E: Extraversion
E1: Warmth E2: Gregariousness E3: Assertiveness E4: Activity E5: Excitement-seeking E6: Positive emotions
3. O: Openness
O1: Fantasy O2: Aesthetics O3: Feelings O4: Action O5: Ideas O6: Values
4. A: Agreeableness
A1: Trust A2: Straightforwardness A3: Altruism A4: Modesty A5: Modesty A6: Tender-mindedness
5. C: Conscientiousness
C1: Competenc C2: Order C3: Dutifulness C4: Achievement striving C5: Self-discipline C6: Deliberation
The NEO PI-R is a concise measure of the five major domains of personality, as well as the six traits or facets that define
each domain. Taken together, the five domain scales and 30 facet scales of the NEO PI-R facilitate a comprehensive and
detailed assessment of normal adult personality. The NEO PI-R has useful applications in counselling, clinical
psychology, psychiatry, behavioural medicine and health psychology, vocational counselling and industrial/organizational
psychology, and educational and personality research.
Neuroticism (N) - refers to the chronic level of emotional adjustment and instability. High N identifies individuals who
are prone to psychological distress.
Extraversion (E) - refers to the quantity and intensity of preferred interpersonal interactions, activity level, need for
stimulation, and capacity for joy. High E identifies individuals who tend to be sociable, active, talkative, person oriented,
optimistic, fun loving, and affectionate.
Openness to Experience (O) - refers to the active seeking and appreciation of experiences for their own sake. High O
identifies individuals who are curious, imaginative, and willing to entertain novel ideas and unconventional values.
Agreeableness (A) - refers to the kinds of interactions an individual prefers along a continuum from compassion to
antagonism. High A identifies individuals who tend to be soft-hearted, good natured, trusting, helpful, forgiving, and
altruistic.
Conscientiousness (C) - assesses the degree of organization, persistence, control, motivation in goal-directed behaviour.
High C identifies individuals who tend to be organized, reliable, hard-working, self-directed, punctual, scrupulous,
ambitious, and persevering.

The NEO PI-R is self-administered and is available in two parallel versions. Each version contains 240 items and 3
validity items, and requires a 6th grade reading level. Form S, designed for self-reports, is appropriate for use with adult
men and women, including individuals of college age. Form R, designed for observer reports, is written in the third
person for peer, spouse, or expert ratings. Use as an alternative measure or as a supplement to self-reports from adult
clients. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Internal consistency coefficients for both Forms R and S range from

PREPARED BY: Christelle Mae S. Gangcuangco, RPm

.86-.95 for domain scales and from .56-.90 for facet scales. The NEO PI-R is validated against other personality
inventories as well as projective techniques.

16PF
The 16 PF test, Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors or Cattell 16 personality traits theory is an assessment tool used to
establish a person’s personality, usually in the form of a test consisting of a questionnaire. By means of filling in the
questions, various personality characteristics are identified and subsequently, the combination of characteristics is
provided overarching name.
According to several personality theories, the human personality consists of a number of broad characteristics or
dispositions. The founders of such theories attempted to describe each possible characteristic. Psychologist Gordon
Allport is an example of this. He identified over 4,500 words, from the English dictionary, that could be used to describe
personality traits. Later, Raymond Cattell analysed this list and reduced it to 171 characteristics, mainly by removing
terms that were redundant, double or unusual from his list. He used factor analysis; developed by Charles Spearman, to
identify characteristics that were related to each other and to see which elements were most influential or important. By
means of this technique, he was able to create a list of the 16 most important personality factors.
According to Cattell, personality traits exist on a continuum. That is, each person possesses each of these 16
characteristics up to a certain degree, but some are more applicable than others. For example, where some people have a
rich imagination, others can be very practical and realistic.
Raymond Cattell published the 16 personality factors, also known as the Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors and 16 PF test, in
1949.
16 PF TEST FACTORS
1. Emotional engagement
The desire to develop intimate relationships with others: outgoing versus reserved
2. Emotional stability
How calmly people respond to what life brings or what happens in life: calm versus stressed
3. Liveliness
How free and spontaneous a person expresses themselves: spontaneous versus restrained
4. Socially secure
The extent to which a person feels at ease in social situations: uninhibited versus shy
5. Vigilance
The extent to which someone is cautious with regard to the intentions and motivations of others: suspicious versus
trusting
6. Openness
The extent to which someone wishes to keep personal information to themselves: discreet versus openness
7. Openness to change
The extent to which a person enjoys new situations and experiences: Flexible versus connected to the familiar
8. Perfectionism
The need someone feels to trust in structure rather than leaving things to chance: controlled versus undisciplined
9. Reasoning ability
The extent to which a person is able to identify and solve numerical and verbal problems and connections:
abstract versus concrete
10. Dominance
The tendency to have influence and control over others: powerful versus submissive
11. Rule aware
The extent to which a person values rules: conforming versus non-conforming
12. Sensitivity
The extent to which emotions and feelings of others affect a person: tender versus tough

PREPARED BY: Christelle Mae S. Gangcuangco, RPm

 13. Abstractness
The amount of attention that someone pays to abstract rather than concrete observations: imaginative versus
practical
14. Uncertainty
A person’s tendency to self-criticism: self-critical versus self-assured
15. Independence
The extent to which a person trusts in his own judgements and capacities and opts to work solo: self-reliant versus
dependant
16. Tension
The extent to which a person may be frustrated by different situations: impatient versus relaxed

For simplicity’s sake, the characteristics can be reduced to five global factors: extraversion, anxiety, toughness,
independence and self-control.

CATTELL’S 16 PERSONALITY FACTORS APPLIED

Because of the scientific background of Cattell and his 16FP theory, this is used in a wide range of contexts. The test is
taken and used in various industrial, organisational, research, educational and medical environments. Additionally,
(company) psychologists use it to:

1. Provide information during career counselling

2. Assist in personnel selection: promotion, coaching and career development
3. Set additional clinical diagnoses, prognosis and therapy plans
4. Identify personality factors that predict the compatibility and satisfaction of a marriage
5. Provide help in identifying academic, emotional and social problems in students and adults

PREPARED BY: Christelle Mae S. Gangcuangco, RPm

HEXACO-PI-R
Ashton and Lee have developed self- and observer report forms of the HEXACO Personality Inventory-Revised
(HEXACO-PI-R). The HEXACO-PI-R assesses the six broad HEXACO personality factors, each of which contains four
"facets", or narrower personality characteristics. (An additional 25th narrow facet, called Altruism, is also included and
represents a blend of the Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, and Agreeableness factors.)
The HEXACO model of personality conceptualizes human personality in terms of six dimensions. The HEXACO model
was developed from several previous independent lexical studies. Language-based taxonomies for personality traits have
been widely used as a method for developing personality models. This method, based on the logic of the lexical
hypothesis, uses adjectives found in language that describe behaviours and tendencies among individuals. Factor analysis
is used on the adjectives to identify a minimal set of independent groups of personality traits.

Scale Descriptions
Domain-Level Scales

1. Honesty-Humility: Persons with very high scores on the Honesty-Humility scale avoid manipulating others for
personal gain, feel little temptation to break rules, are uninterested in lavish wealth and luxuries, and feel no
special entitlement to elevated social status. Conversely, persons with very low scores on this scale will flatter
others to get what they want, are inclined to break rules for personal profit, are motivated by material gain, and
feel a strong sense of self-importance.
2. Emotionality: Persons with very high scores on the Emotionality scale experience fear of physical dangers,
experience anxiety in response to life's stresses, feel a need for emotional support from others, and feel empathy
and sentimental attachments with others. Conversely, persons with very low scores on this scale are not deterred
by the prospect of physical harm, feel little worry even in stressful situations, have little need to share their
concerns with others, and feel emotionally detached from others.
3. eXtraversion: Persons with very high scores on the Extraversion scale feel positively about themselves, feel
confident when leading or addressing groups of people, enjoy social gatherings and interactions, and experience
positive feelings of enthusiasm and energy. Conversely, persons with very low scores on this scale consider
themselves unpopular, feel awkward when they are the center of social attention, are indifferent to social
activities, and feel less lively and optimistic than others do.
4. Agreeableness (versus Anger): Persons with very high scores on the Agreeableness scale forgive the wrongs that
they suffered, are lenient in judging others, are willing to compromise and cooperate with others, and can easily
control their temper. Conversely, persons with very low scores on this scale hold grudges against those who have
harmed them, are rather critical of others' shortcomings, are stubborn in defending their point of view, and feel
anger readily in response to mistreatment.
5. Conscientiousness: Persons with very high scores on the Conscientiousness scale organize their time and their
physical surroundings, work in a disciplined way toward their goals, strive for accuracy and perfection in their
tasks, and deliberate carefully when making decisions. Conversely, persons with very low scores on this scale
tend to be unconcerned with orderly surroundings or schedules, avoid difficult tasks or challenging goals, are
satisfied with work that contains some errors, and make decisions on impulse or with little reflection.
6. Openness to Experience: Persons with very high scores on the Openness to Experience scale become absorbed in
the beauty of art and nature, are inquisitive about various domains of knowledge, use their imagination freely in
everyday life, and take an interest in unusual ideas or people. Conversely, persons with very low scores on this

PREPARED BY: Christelle Mae S. Gangcuangco, RPm

 scale are rather unimpressed by most works of art, feel little intellectual curiosity, avoidcreative pursuits, and feel
little attraction toward ideas that may seem radical or unconventional.

Facet-Level Scales
1. Honesty-Humility Domain
The Sincerity scale assesses a tendency to be genuine in interpersonal relations. Low scorers will flatter others or
pretend to like them in order to obtain favors, whereas high scorers are unwilling to manipulate others.
The Fairness scale assesses a tendency to avoid fraud and corruption. Low scorers are willing to gain by cheating
or stealing, whereas high scorers are unwilling to take advantage of other individuals or of society at large.
The Greed Avoidance scale assesses a tendency to be uninterested in possessing lavish wealth, luxury goods, and
signs of high social status. Low scorers want to enjoy and to display wealth and privilege, whereas high scorers
are not especially motivated by monetary or social-status considerations.
The Modesty scale assesses a tendency to be modest and unassuming. Low scorers consider themselves as
superior and as entitled to privileges that others do not have, whereas high scorers view themselves as ordinary
people without any claim to special treatment.
2. Emotionality Domain
The Fearfulness scale assesses a tendency to experience fear. Low scorers feel little fear of injury and are
relatively tough, brave, and insensitive to physical pain, whereas high scorers are strongly inclined to avoid
physical harm.
The Anxiety scale assesses a tendency to worry in a variety of contexts. Low scorers feel little stress response to
difficulties, whereas high scorers tend to become preoccupied even by relatively minor problems.
The Dependence scale assesses one's need for emotional support from others. Low scorers feel self-assured and
able to deal with problems without any help or advice, whereas high scorers want to share their difficulties with
those who will provide encouragement and comfort.
The Sentimentality scale assesses a tendency to feel strong emotional bonds with others. Low scorers feel little
emotion when saying good-bye or in reaction to the concerns of others, whereas high scorers feel strong
emotional attachments and an empathic sensitivity to the feelings of others.
3. Extraversion Domain
The Social Self-Esteem scale assesses a tendency to have positive self-regard, particularly in social contexts.
High scorers are generally satisfied with themselves and consider themselves to have likable qualities, whereas
low scorers tend to have a sense of personal worthlessness and to see themselves as unpopular.
The Social Boldness scale assesses one's comfort or confidence within a variety of social situations. Low scorers
feel shy or awkward in positions of leadership or when speaking in public, whereas high scorers are willing to
approach strangers and are willing to speak up within group settings.
The Sociability scale assesses a tendency to enjoy conversation, social interaction, and parties. Low scorers
generally prefer solitary activities and do not seek out conversation, whereas high scorers enjoy talking, visiting,
and celebrating with others.
The Liveliness scale assesses one's typical enthusiasm and energy. Low scorers tend not to feel especially
cheerful or dynamic, whereas high scorers usually experience a sense of optimism and high spirits
4. Agreeableness Domain
The Forgivingness scale assesses one's willingness to feel trust and liking toward those who may have caused one
harm. Low scorers tend "hold a grudge" against those who have offended them, whereas high scorers are usually
ready to trust others again and to re-establish friendly relations after having been treated badly.
The Gentleness scale assesses a tendency to be mild and lenient in dealings with other people. Low scorers tend
to be critical in their evaluations of others, whereas high scorers are reluctant to judge others harshly.
The Flexibility scale assesses one's willingness to compromise and cooperate with others. Low scorers are seen as
stubborn and are willing to argue, whereas high scorers avoid arguments and accommodate others' suggestions,
even when these may be unreasonable.

PREPARED BY: Christelle Mae S. Gangcuangco, RPm

 The Patience scale assesses a tendency to remain calm rather than to become angry. Low scorers tend to lose
their tempers quickly, whereas high scorers have a high threshold for feeling or expressing anger.
5. Conscientiousness Domain
The Organization scale assesses a tendency to seek order, particularly in one's physical surroundings. Low
scorers tend to be sloppy and haphazard, whereas high scorers keep things tidy and prefer a structured approach to
tasks.
The Diligence scale assesses a tendency to work hard. Low scorers have little self-discipline and are not strongly
motivated to achieve, whereas high scorers have a strong "'work ethic" and are willing to exert themselves.
The Perfectionism scale assesses a tendency to be thorough and concerned with details. Low scorers tolerate
some errors in their work and tend to neglect details, whereas high scorers check carefully for mistakes and
potential improvements.
The Prudence scale assesses a tendency to deliberate carefully and to inhibit impulses. Low scorers act on
impulse and tend not to consider consequences, whereas high scorers consider their options carefully and tend to
be cautious and self-controlled.
6. Openness to Experience Domain
The Aesthetic Appreciation scale assesses one's enjoyment of beauty in art and in nature. Low scorers tend not
to become absorbed in works of art or in natural wonders, whereas high scorers have a strong appreciation of
various art forms and of natural wonders.
The Inquisitiveness scale assesses a tendency to seek information about, and experience with, the natural and
human world. Low scorers have little curiosity about the natural or social sciences, whereas high scorers read
widely and are interested in travel.
The Creativity scale assesses one's preference for innovation and experiment. Low scorers have little inclination
for original thought, whereas high scorers actively seek new solutions to problems and express themselves in art.
The Unconventionality scale assesses a tendency to accept the unusual. Low scorers avoid eccentric or
nonconforming persons, whereas high scorers are receptive to ideas that might seem strange or radical.

Interstitial Scale
The Altruism (versus Antagonism) scale assesses a tendency to be sympathetic and soft-hearted toward others. High
scorers avoid causing harm and react with generosity toward those who are weak or in need of help, whereas low scorers
are not upset by the prospect of hurting others and may be seen as hard-hearted.

PREPARED BY: Christelle Mae S. Gangcuangco, RPm

SDS
The Self-Directed Search is based on a theory developed by John Holland, known as RIASEC theory, that both people
and work environments can be classified according to six basic types: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social,
Enterprising, and Conventional. These personality types are known together as RIASEC.

The assessment asks questions about an individual’s aspirations, activities, competencies, interests, and other self-
estimates. It takes only about 20 minutes to complete.

1. Realistic (Building)
Building jobs involve the use of tools, machines, or physical skill. Builders like working with their hands and
bodies, working with plants and animals, and working outdoors.
2. Investigative (Thinking)
Thinking jobs involve theory, research, and intellectual inquiry. Thinkers like working with ideas and concepts,
and enjoy science, technology, and academia.
3. Artistic (Creating)
Creating jobs involve art, design, language, and self-expression. Creators like working in unstructured
environments and producing something unique.
4. Social (Helping)
Helping jobs involve assisting, teaching, coaching, and serving other people. Helpers like working in cooperative
environments to improve the lives of others.
5. Enterprising (Persuading)
Persuading jobs involve leading, motivating, and influencing others. Persuaders like working in positions of
power to make decisions and carry out projects.
6. Conventional (Organizing)
Organizing jobs involve managing data, information, and processes. Organizers like to work in structured
environments to complete tasks with precision and accuracy.

PREPARED BY: Christelle Mae S. Gangcuangco, RPm

CPI
Originally developed in 1957 by Harrison Gough, the California Psychological Inventory (CPI) is a leading non-clinical
personality inventory test that evaluates interpersonal behavior and social interaction of normal individuals. The standard
434 question test is administered in 45 to 60 minutes in true-false format and is similar in design to the MMPI. Upon
scoring, the test produces measurements along 20 “folk” scales of character, along the lines of Weberian prototypical
exemplars.

After interpretation, these scores are used to classify subjects as either:

Alpha: External, Norm Favoring

Beta: Internal, Norm Favoring

Gamma: External, Norm Doubting

Delta: Internal, Norm Doubting

The scales were developed from an initial normative sample consisting of six thousand men and seven thousand women,
which while not constructed through random selection, nonetheless captured a comprehensive cross-section of society.
The reliability of the CPI has been assessed as to its internal consistency, as judged by alpha (.77 median) and test-retest
(medians: 1 year=. 68, 5 year=.56, 25 year=.58). The CPI has been shown to have predictive power in regard both to an
individual’s behavior as well as subjective judgments of him made by others. Because of its relative thrift, brevity, and
effectiveness, the CPI is widely used in business and governmental organizations.

The author of the California Psychological Inventory (CPI-434 and CPI-260) is Harrison G. Gough, Ph.D., and the
publisher is Consulting Psychologists Press, in Palo Alto, California. The average cost of the basic administration
materials, including a manual, item booklet, Interpretation guide and a packet of answer sheets is $462 and can be
purchased through the publishing company.

The California Psychological Inventory was designed as a non-clinical Personality Inventory (Saladin, p.2). The test is a
434-item instrument in true-false format, and the design format is similar to the MMPI. It can be scored either by hand or
by computer.

The California Psychological Inventory was originally designed for group administration; however, it can also be
administered individually. The test is untimed, and the average length of time for administration is 45-60 minutes.

To administer the California Psychological Inventory, an examiner must have a Level C Qualification. To obtain this level
of qualification, the examiner must have satisfactorily completed a course in the interpretation of Psychological tests at an
accredited college or university, and possess an advanced degree in a profession that provides specialized training in the
interpretation of psychological assessments.

The intended population of the California Psychological Inventory is normal individuals aged 12 and older, however, the
content is geared primarily toward students and young adults. The test requires a fourth-grade reading level unless the
items are read aloud to the respondents.

The purpose of the California Psychological Inventory is to measure and evaluate interpersonal behavior and social
interaction within normal individuals. Harrison Gough defined the purpose of the test’s sales “to forecast what a person
will say and do under defined conditions, and to identify individuals who will be described in characteristic ways by
others who know them well or who observe their behavior in particular contexts.”

PREPARED BY: Christelle Mae S. Gangcuangco, RPm

The items on the California Psychological Inventory produce scores for the following 20 folk scales: Capacity for Status,
Sociability, Social Presence, Self-Acceptance, Sense of Well Being, Responsibility, Socialization, Self-Control,
Tolerance, Good Impression, Communality, Achievement via Conformance, Achievement via Independence, Intellectual
Efficiency, Psychological Mindedness, Femininity/Masculinity Independence, Flexibility and Empathy.

The twenty scales are divided into four classes, including measures of poise, self-assurance, and inter-personal
proclivities; measures of normative orientation and values; measures of cognitive and intellectual functioning; and
measures of Role and Personal Style.

For scoring the California Psychological Inventory, the raw scores for each scale are transferred to a profile sheet. By
plotting the scores on a profile sheet, they are converted to T-scores: standard scores with a mean of 50 and a standard
deviation of 10.

The scores are interpreted and documented in three different reports, the Profile, Narrative, and Configurable Analysis.
The interpreted scores identify an individual as being one of four types: an Alpha-External, Norm Favoring; Beta-Internal,
Norm Favoring; Gamma-External, Norm Doubting; or a Delta-Internal, Norm Doubting.

The description of an Alpha-External, Norm Favoring includes personality characteristics including forceful, dominant,
ambitious, assertive, extroverted and action-oriented. The personality characteristics of a Beta-Internal, Norm Favoring
include low keyed, nurturant, responsible, stable, dependable and predictable. For Gamma-External, Norm Doubting,
characteristics include innovative, clever, adventurous, and questioning of the status quo. The common personality
characteristics of a Delta-Internal, Norm Doubting include reflective, detached, preoccupied and perceptive.

In developing the California Psychological Inventory, Harrison Gough avoided using a theory based inventory, and
instead, opted to use the approach of examining the setting in which the test is to be used and developing measurements
based on the constructs already in operational usage there. In this way, Gough proposed, the scales have general direct
relevance because they are dealing with concepts which have already attained a degree of functional validity. He referred
to the 20 scales of the California Psychological Inventory as “folk scales”. For the actual method of test and item
construction, Gough used the External Criterion method for deriving the majority of the scales, and the rational
procedures of Internal Consistency Analysis for the remainder.

In the development of the California Psychological Inventory, a normative sample was used that consisted of six thousand
men and seven thousand women. The sample cannot be considered a true random or stratified sample for various reasons;
however, the sample did include subjects of widely varying age, socioeconomic status, and geographical areas.

The procedures used in assessing the reliability of the California Psychological Inventory were internal consistency with
alpha and test-retest. The Alpha reliabilities for the 20 folk scales ranged from .62 to .84, with .77 being the median.

TSCS-2
PREPARED BY: Christelle Mae S. Gangcuangco, RPm
The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale - Second Edition (TSCS-2) measures self-concept in children, adolescents and adults.
It provides 15 scores to show how respondents see themselves in school or work settings. There are separate child and
adult forms available. The child form provides norms for children aged 7 to 14 years and the adult form can be used with
individuals aged 13 and above. The TSCS-2 can be administered with individuals or groups and administration takes 10-
20 minutes.
The first 20 items on each form serve as a Short-Form version providing a quick summary of self-concept. Additionally,
the scoring procedures have been simplified in the second edition of the TSCS, taking just 10 minutes to hand-score.

Scores for the TSCS-2 include:

Self-Concept Scores:
Physical
Moral
Personal
Family
Social
Academic/work
Supplementary Scores:
Identity
Satisfaction
Behaviour
Summary Scores:
Total self-concept
Validity Scores:
Inconsistent responding
Self-criticism
Faking good
Response distribution

RORSCACH INKBLOT TEST

PREPARED BY: Christelle Mae S. Gangcuangco, RPm
The Rorschach inkblot test is a type of projective psychological test created in 1921 by a Swiss psychologist named
Hermann Rorschach. Often utilized to assess personality and emotional functioning, it is the second most commonly used
forensic test after the MMPI-2. One 1995 survey of 412 clinical psychologists by the American Psychological Association
revealed that 82% used the Rorschach inkblot test at least occasionally.
How Does the Rorschach Inkblot Test Work?
In order to understand how the inkblot tests work, it is important to understand how what it consists of and how it
is administered.
The Rorschach test consists of 10 inkblot images, some of which are black, white, or gray and some of which are
color.
 A psychologist or psychiatrist who has been trained in the use, scoring and interpretation of the test shows each of
the ten cards to the respondent. During the test, the subject is provided with each of the ten cards, one by one.
 The subject is then asked to describe what he or she thinks the card looks like.
 Test-takers are allowed to hold the cards in any position they may want, whether it is upside down or sideways.
 The respondents are free to interpret the ambiguous image however they want.
 They may also respond in any way that they want. They may say that they see one thing, several different things,
or even nothing at all.
 Test-takers can focus on the image as a whole, on certain aspects of the image, or even on the white space that
surrounds the image.
 Once the subject has provided a response, the psychologist will then ask additional questions to get the subject to
further elaborate on his or her initial impressions.
 The psychologist also rates the reactions on a large number of variables such as whether the subject looked at the
whole image. These observations are then interpreted and compiled into a profile of the individual.
How Are Inkblot Interpreted?
So what exactly do interpreters of the Rorschach test look for when they are analyzing responses to the inkblots?
The actual content of the responses is one thing, but other factors are essential as well. Some of the things that interpreters
are looking at include:

 How respondents describe the image. Certain responses are common on each card, so scorers include a code
that identifies such responses.
 How long they take to respond. Taking a very long time before offering a response might indicate that the
respondent is "shocked" by what they see.
 Factors are known as determinants, which can include location, form, color, and shading, that generate a response.
 Extra or unrelated comments. Any additional comments that are made that are no part of the main response.
 The popularity or originality of the responses given. Some responses are quite common, while others may be
much more unique. Highly atypical responses are notable since they might indicate disturbances in thought
patterns.

SZONDI TEST
The ‘Szondi-Test’ is a psychological test. It was developed by Hungarian geneticist and psychoanalyst Leopold Szondi
(1893-1986). The test identifies psychological traits within patients, such as depression or mania. This example was used
by controversial psychiatrist and medical author Dr Ann Dally (1929-2007) within her private practice. The test consists

PREPARED BY: Christelle Mae S. Gangcuangco, RPm

of 48 headshots that show distinct facial expressions. The patient is shown a row of eight images and instinctively chooses
the two friendliest people. They then choose the two unfriendliest from the remaining six images, then the two most
unpleasant faces from the remaining four. The psychologist notes the number on the reverse of each picture and analyses
the result.
The test is based on a theory called genotropism. This argues similar people attract each other as ‘like attracts like’. The
patient highlights certain character traits that apply to them by selecting images they subconsciously identify with
themselves.
DRIVE THEORY AND DRIVE DIAGRAM
In contrast to Freud's work, Szondi's approach is based on a systematic drive theory and a dimensional model of
personality. That is, Szondi means to enumerate all human drives, classifying and framing them within a comprehensive
theory.

Szondi drive system is built on the basis of eight drive needs, each corresponding to a collective archetype of instinctive
action. They are:

 the h-drive need, (named after hermaphroditism, which represents the needs for personal or collective love,
tenderness, motherliness, passivity, femininity, bisexuality)
 the sadist drive need
 the e-drive need (named after epilepsy, which represents coarse emotions such as anger, hatred, rage, envy,
jealousy and revenge, which simmer until they are suddenly and explosively discharged as if in a seizure, to the
surprise and shock of other people).
 the hysteric drive need
 the katatonic drive need
 the paranoid drive need
 the depressive drive need
 the maniac drive need

TAT

PREPARED BY: Christelle Mae S. Gangcuangco, RPm

The Thematic Apperception Test is a type of projective test that involves describing ambiguous scenes. It was developed
by psychologist Henry A. Murray and artist and lay psychoanalyst Christina D. Morgan during the 1930s. The test is one
of the most widely researched and utilized psychological tests in use today.

The Thematic Apperception Test, also known as TAT, involves showing respondents ambiguous pictures of people and
asking them to come up with an explanation for what is happening in the scene. The purpose of the test is to learn more
about the respondents' thoughts, concerns, and motives based on the stories they create to explain the vague and often
provocative scenes depicted in the pictures.

Subjects are asked to tell a story explaining what is happening in the picture including the events that led up to the scene,
what is happening in the scene, what each of the characters is thinking or feeling, and what happens next.

The complete version of the TAT includes 31 picture cards depicting a variety of ambiguous social scenes that may
include men, women, and/or children. Murray originally recommended using approximately 20 cards and selecting those
that depicted characters similar to the subject. Many practitioners today utilize between 5 and 12 cards, often selected
because the examiner feels that the scene matches the client's needs and situation.2

This format allows the practitioner to utilize their best judgment when selecting scenes in order to determine which might
be most likely to elicit useful information from the respondent.
How Is the Thematic Apperception Test Used?

The Thematic Apperception Test can be utilized by therapists in a number of different ways. Some of these include:

 Therapists may use the test to learn more about a client. In this way, the test acts as something of an icebreaker
while providing useful information about potential emotional conflicts the client may have.
 Helping clients express how they are feeling. The TAT is often used as a therapeutic tool to allow clients to
express feelings in a non-direct way. A client may not yet be able to express a certain feeling directly, but they
might be able to identify the emotion when viewed from an outside perspective.
 Exploring themes and issues that relate to the client's life and experiences. Clients dealing with problems such as
job loss, divorce, or health issues might interpret the ambiguous scenes and relating to their unique circumstances,
allowing deeper exploration over the course of therapy.
 Assessing clients for some psychological conditions. The test is sometimes used as a tool to assess personality or
thought disorders.
 The TAT has also been put to use as a forensic tool. Clinicians may administer the test to criminals to assess the
risk of recidivism or to determine if a person matches the profile of a crime suspect.

The test has also been used as a career assessment tool. The is sometimes used to determine if people are suited to
particular roles, especially positions that require coping with stress and evaluating vague situations such as military
leadership and law enforcement positions.

HAND TEST
PREPARED BY: Christelle Mae S. Gangcuangco, RPm
The Hand Test is a simple projective technique widely used to measure action tendencies—particularly acting-out and
aggressive behavior—in adults and children. Nonthreatening and easy to administer, it’s an ideal starting point in any
diagnostic personality evaluation.
Using pictures of hands as the projective medium, the test elicits responses that reflect behavioral tendencies. The client is
shown 10 picture cards, one at a time, showing line drawings of a hand in various positions. The client’s task is to explain
what each hand is doing.
To score the test, you simply classify responses according to clear-cut quantitative and qualitative scoring categories.
Quantitative score - reflect overt behavior
 Aggression
 Exhibition
 Communication
 Dependence
 Acquisition
 Tension
 Withdrawal
Qualitative scores reflect underlying feelings and motivations.

The Hand Test effectively measures reactions that are close to the surface and likely to be expressed in overt behavior. It
is highly useful in educational, correctional, neuropsychological, and medical settings.

HTP
PREPARED BY: Christelle Mae S. Gangcuangco, RPm
House-Tree-Person (HTP) Test is a technique developed by John Buck, an early clinical psychologist in 1948, which was
later updated in 1969. This, and such other contributions from him are remarkable, especially on the background of his
meager and scattered formal training in psychology.
HTP is a projective personality test, wherein a person responds to a given stimuli, and the responses give clues about the
person's hidden emotions or internal conflicts. The individual taking the test is asked to draw primary objects like a house,
tree, and a person; that's why the name. These drawings render a measure of self-perceptions and attitudes inherent in a
personality.
The HTP test is adhered to, along with other techniques, in cases where there is likelihood of brain damage, other
neurological disorders, or to evaluate brain damage in patients of schizophrenia.
It can be taken by anyone who is 3 years old or above. The test consumes around 150 minutes. The person taking the test
is first asked to draw, and then is later questioned based on his/her illustration. Usually, the first phase of drawing is
colored using crayons, and then pencil is used for the next phase. The instructions given to the test-taker are quite short
and simple. "Draw me as good a house as you can", states it well. Once the picture of a house is completed, the test-taker
is asked to draw a tree, and later a person.
Questions
After the test-taker draws objects, the administrator poses some questions to him/her. These help in knowing the reasoning
behind how an individual perceives himself and his surroundings.
- Is it a happy house? What is the house made of? Who stays in the house? What is it like at night? Do people visit the
house?
- Is the tree alive? What kind of a tree is it? How old would that tree be? Who waters the tree?
- How does that person feel? Is that man/woman happy? How old is that person?
Interpretation
The interpretation of the HTP test is said to be a difficult task. The older version included both, quantitative and
qualitative elements for interpreting results. However, the quantitative assessment methods are no more considered
appropriate, with the progress in testing methods. So, interpretation relies heavily on subjective reading of the pictorial
representations. Every sketch can symbolize many ideas: the level of satisfaction with the house at present, degree of
rigidity of the subject's personality, contact with reality, fears or obsessions, intra-personal balance, the person's
subconscious picture of his/her development, etc.
Emotional strengths or attributes like self-esteem and confidence can be reflected from how dark or light the lines in the
drawing are. Flexibility or rigidity of a personality and the strength of ego can easily be deciphered from the details of the
drawing.
Here are some primary attributes associated with these three illustrative objects of a HTP test.

House
 Roof: The intellectual side of a person. It is associated with fantasizing and ideation too. Too little focus on the
roof may suggest fears of ghosts in the attic.
 Wall: An indication of how strong one's ego is.
 Doors and Windows: The relation of the person with the world outside. It hints at the receptiveness, interaction
with others, and perception about the environment.
 Size: If the house is small, it might mean a rejection of one's life at home.
 Pathways: Those leading directly to the door exemplify accessibility and openness, unlike when there is no
pathway, indicating a closed, solitary, and distant state of mind. A fencing around the house could be a sign of
defensiveness.
Tree
 Tree Trunk: The inner strength of an individual might be suggested from the tree trunk drawn. A slender trunk
and large branches may suggest a need for satisfaction. Dark shadings of the trunk suggest anxiety about one's
self.
 Branches: These might also hint towards an individual's relation with the external world. A tree drawn without
branches might indicate less contact with other people.

PREPARED BY: Christelle Mae S. Gangcuangco, RPm

Person
Observations about where the person is placed on the page, the amount of detail shown from the drawing, etc., are part of
significant interpretations. The person drawn of the same gender is usually taken to be the test-taker himself or herself.
 Arms and Hands: Position of the hands, open of closed fists, and specific gestures, if any, indicate behavioral
traits.
 Legs and Feet: Drawing or not drawing feet, and the stance or the overall body posture is reflected from little
strokes of lines, helping gauge inherent emotions like fear.
 Face: A lot of details concentrated on the face of the person drawn can be representative of one's desire to present
oneself in an acceptable/satisfactory/adequate social light.

This test is not considered to be reliable or valid by many, as it is mainly a subjectively scored personality test. There also
are variations in how the test is administered: in one or two phases, all drawings on single or separate sheets of paper,
asking to draw two different persons (one of each gender), either using crayon or pencil (not both), different questions
asked, etc.

PREPARED BY: Christelle Mae S. Gangcuangco, RPm