I.

REPORTED SPEECH : (60 min)

1. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :

Direct speech Indirect speech

Direct speech is when we report the exact words that Indirect speech is used when we want to repeat what
someone says
someone else had said, we usually use a special
Reporting clause BEFORE the direct speech : formulation called reported speech.

Inverted commas If compared to direct speech, we omit the following

things to be reported as a speech :
They said, ‘’They are going to the library now.’’
Quotation marks / speech marks.
Full stop
Reporting The pronouns
comma Capital letter
clause The tense : tense change
Time expressions : change thenm accordingly.

If the reporting clause is before the direct speech : They said that they were going to the library then.
 We write a comma (,) before the direct speech.
 We write the exact words inside the inverted commas or Adding Tense Time
the quotation marks. that change change
 The first letter is a capital letter.
 We write a full stop (.) before the closing inverted
commas.

Reporting clause AFTER the direct speech : Full stop

‘’They are going to the library now,’’ they said.

Inverted commas
Reporting
comma clause
Capital letter

If the reporting clause is after the direct speech :

 We write the exact words inside the inverted commas

(speech marks / quotes / quotation marks).
 The first latter is a capital letter.
 We write a comma (,) beofre the closing inverted
commas.
 We write a full stop (.) at the end of the reporting clause.

2. HOW TO CONVERT A SENTENCE FROM DIRECT SPEECH TO INDIRECT SPEECH /

REPORTED SPEECH:
a. Change the pronouns
b. Backshift the tense.
c. Change the time and place expressions.

Changes in pronouns

Direct speech Indirect speech

 I He / she
Subject Pronouns you I / she / he / we / they
we They
me him / her
Object Pronouns you him / her . us / them
us them
my His / her
Possessive adjective your my / his/ her / our/ their
our their
Possessive Pronouns mine His / hers
yours Mine / his/ hers / ours/ theirs
ours theirs
this that
Demonstrative Pronouns
these those

Changes in tense :

Direct speech Indirect speech

Present Simple Past Simple
Present Continous Past Continous
Past Simple Past Perfect
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Will future Would + bare infinitive
can could
May Might
Have to / must Had to
imperative To infinitive

Reported statements with no change of tense :

When the reporting verb is present, present perfect, or future, there is no change of tense in the reported statement:
 He says he isn't going.
 He'll say he isn't going.
 He's said he isn't going
Important Word Changes :

Indirect speech /reported

Words Changed into Direct speech
speech
She says that everybody was
here there She says, ‘Everybody was here’’
there.
They say that it’s ten o’clock
Now then They say, ‘’It’s ten o’clock now.’’
then.
They said respectfully that the
Sir respectfully They said, ‘’Sir, the time is over.’’
time was over.
They said, ‘’Madam, the time was They said respectfully that the
Madam respectfully
over.’’ time had been over.
You said, ‘’ I am going to Moscow You said that you were going to
Today That day.
today.’’ Moscow that day.
He said that he had visited
He said, ‘’ I visited Oxford University
Yesterday The previous day Oxford University the previous
yesterday.’’
day.
The following day We said, ‘’we are going to London We said that we were going to
Tomorrow
or the next day. tomorrow. London the next day.
She said, ‘’she’s going to see him She said that she was going to
Tonight That night
tonight.’’ see him that night.
Good morning
/good
afternoon / good greeted She said, ‘’good morning, Sir David.’’ She greeted Sir David.
evening / good
day..etc

Examples of Indirect Speech / reported speech.

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

She says, “I eat an apple a day.” She says that she eats an apple a day.

He will say, “My brother will help her.” He will say that his brother will help her.

We said, “We go for a walk every day.” We said that we went for a walk every day.

You say, “I went to London yesterday.” You say that you went to London the previous day.

He said, “My father is playing cricket with me.” He said that his father was playing cricket with him.

They said to her, “We have completed our They said that they had completed their homework.
homework.”

She said, “I bought a book.” She said that she had bought a book.

He said to me, “I will not give you any medicine He said to me that he would not give me any medicine
without prescription.” without a prescription.

Rafiq said, “I shall leave for London tomorrow.” Rafiq said that he would leave for London the next day.

I said to her, “When do you do your homework?” I asked her when she did her homework.

We said to him, “Are you ill?” We asked him if he was ill.

You said to me, “Have you read the article?” You asked me if I had read the article.

He said to her, “Will you go to the Peshawar Radio He asked her if she would go to the Peshawar Radio Station.
Station?”

She says, “Who is he?” She says who he is.

Rashid said to me, “Why are you late?” Rashid asked me why I was late.

II. CONDITIONALS (30 min) :

 TYPE OF
USAGE / FORM EXAMPLES
CONDITIONALS

USE :
We use the zero conditional to talk about things that are If I drink too much coffee, I can't sleep at
Zero generally true, especially for laws and rules. night.
conditional FORM : Ice melts if you heat it.
REAL SITUATION

When the sun goes down, it gets dark.

IF /WHEN+PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT SIMPLE.

USE :
If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we'll go to the
We use the first conditional when we talk about future
beach.
situations we believe are real or possible.
When I finish work, I'll call you.
FORM :
First I'll leave as soon as the babysitter arrives.
IF /WHEN+PRESENT SIMPLE, FUTURE SIMPLE.
conditional I don't want to stay in London unless I
get a well-paid job.
IT IS ALSO COMMON TO USE THIS STRUCTURE
I'll give you a key in case I'm not at home.
WITH UNLESS, AS LONG AS, AS SOON AS OR IN
You can go to the party, as long as you're
CASE INSTEAD OF IF.
back by midnight.

PRESENT USE : condition in theory possible to fulfil

FUTURE
The second conditional is used to imagine present or
future situations that are impossible or unlikely in reality.
FORM :
if we had a garden, we could have a cat.
IF PAST SIMPLE, WOULD + BASE VERB.
Second If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a big
house in the country.
conditional
Exceptions
UNREAL SITUATION

I wouldn't worry if I were you.

(Hypothetical or
unlikely If I were you, I ‘d tell her the truth.
situtaions) ‘’To be’’ in the past simple with the subject
pronouns (I/he/she/it)

Was If +I / he / she / Were

PAST USE : condition not possible to fulfil - too late

The 3rd conditional is used to refer to situations in the
past. An action could have happened in the past if a
If I had found her address, I would have
certain condition had been fulfilled. Things were different
sent her an invitation.
Third then, however. We just imagine, what would have
If John had had the money, he would
conditional happened if the situation had been fulfilled.
have bought a Ferrari.
FORM :
IF PAST PERFECT, WOULD HAVE + P.P OF THE VERB

Exercise 1 :
Write these sentences in reported speech, using the words given.
 1. 'I'm waiting for Nancy.’’ (she said)
2. "She has gone on holiday." (he said)
3. ‘please close the window.’ (the teacher said)
4. 'I don't like the idea.' (he said)
5. "Where is my hat?’’ (he asked her)
6. 'The car isn't at my house.’’ (she said)
7. ‘I have been to France,’’ (John said)
8. 'The washing machine's broken.' (he said)
9. 'I'm working.' (he said)
10. 'We're worried about Peter.' (they said)

Exercise 2:

A. PUT EACH SENTENCE BELOW IN THE CORRECT COLUMN TO WHICH IT BELONGS :

1. If she had driven carefully, she wouldn’t have had an accident.
2. If you stand in the rain, you get wet.
3. If it rains, we will cancel the trip.
4. If I were you, I wouldn’t play hockey.
5. The teacher will not be happy if we forget our homework again.
6. If you listened carefully, you would know about it.
7. If Sarah had not eaten so much junk food, she could have been in the school.
8. She would be very happy if her friends came.
9. If you mix water with electricity, you get shocked.
10. They would have flown to Canberra if they had had more money.

Conditional type 0 Conditional type I Conditional type II Conditional type III

B. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES.

 Type III : You-------------------------- (to get) wet if it -------------------------- (to rain).

 Type I : They -------------------------- (to fly) to Canberra if they -------------------------- (to have) more money.

 Type II : If I -------------------------- (to study), I -------------------------- (to pass) the test.

 Type III : I -------------------------- (to believe) you if you -------------------------- ( not / to lie) to me before.

 Type III : Daniel -------------------------- (to be) home on time if the bus -------------------------- (to come).