The Silver Economy in Mazatlán, Sinaloa: A Critical
Inquiry into Retiree Migration
Resumen. La migración implica el traslado de personas, Capitalism, driven by insatiable profit-seeking,
fenómeno que se ha intensificado en la era de la globalización, undergoes continual accumulation, now through con un aumento sin precedentes en la movilidad humana. La financialization (1). This process integrates profitable agents migración de jubilados del Norte económico hacia destinos while expelling unprofitable ones, creating a dichotomy como Mazatlán, en el Sur económico, es relevante y poco between the included and the marginalized. Labor migrants estudiada. Estos jubilados buscan un clima cálido, menor costo from economically unproductive countries represent the de vida y mejor calidad de vida. Sin embargo, surgen marginalized, seeking opportunities elsewhere. (2) suggests preguntas sobre si estas decisiones son solo por placer o that the excluded in capitalism epitomize a paradoxical form influidas por factores económicos como el capitalismo financiarizado y la crisis del 2007. Esta migración ejemplifica of inclusion, where integration and expulsion highlight the la fluidez de las sociedades contemporáneas y el papel crucial excess of a universalizing power dynamic. Retired migrants, de la tecnología. Además, destaca la complejidad de los initially excluded within their home countries, assume an procesos migratorios en un contexto globalizado, donde las inclusive role upon migrating and integrating into recipient motivaciones individuales se entrelazan con fuerzas societies. económicas y sociales más amplias. The 2007 crisis, linked to personal income Palabras clave: migración en Mazatlán, Sinaloa, turismo de financialization and savings, particularly through toxic jubilados, migración de pensionados, turismo residencial en mortgage loans, undermined the interests and quality of life Mazatlán of many retirees. Consequently, many chose to liquidate debts and migrate to countries with lower living costs, Abstract. Migration, at its core, entails the displacement of extending their pensions. Between 2005 and 2010, over 13.3 individuals from one place to another, bringing with it new million foreclosure notices were issued, leading to experiences and significant changes. In the current era of approximately 9.3 million evictions, affecting around 35 globalization, this phenomenon has intensified, with an million individuals (3). This intensified capital extraction unprecedented increase in human mobility and global coincided with the collapse of personal savings in the interconnectedness. In this context, the migration of retirees United States, indicating underlying weaknesses in real from economically affluent countries to economically less accumulation (4). advantaged countries, such as in the case of Mazatlán, stands out as a particularly relevant and understudied phenomenon. Under global capitalism, capital commodifies objectives, values, and narratives, exploiting well-being for These retirees often seek in destinations like Mazatlán a accumulation (5). Retirees construct a social imaginary warmer climate, lower cost of living, and overall better quality influenced by information received through various of life. However, this movement also raises questions about channels. They choose destinations based on attainable whether these decisions are purely for pleasure or if they are quality of life and marketing narratives. Some are driven by influenced by broader economic factors, such as financialized a desire for authentic intercultural encounters or off-the- capitalism and the 2007 global crisis. The migration of foreign beaten-path tourism (6). retirees to Mazatlán exemplifies the fluidity and mobility of contemporary societies, as well as the crucial role of technology Studies on retired migrants highlight factors pushing in facilitating these displacements. At the same time, it migration, including political and economic considerations highlights the complexity of migratory processes in a and the high costs of living on a pension in the United globalized context, where individual motivations intertwine States. The choice of countries such as Ecuador, Costa Rica, with broader economic and social forces. Panama, and Mexico is influenced by proximity, English speakers, political stability, and existing infrastructure (7); Keywords: Migration in Mazatlán, Sinaloa, retired tourism, (8). pensioner migration, residential tourism in Mazatlán. Policy considerations on migration, taxes, and healthcare I. INTRODUCTION impact retirees' decisions. Restrictions on healthcare insurance portability abroad hinder access to healthcare coverage. Some retirees aspire to maintain or avail of round, tranquility, etc.), while the contexts of departure and medical insurance in countries like Ecuador, where it's economic, political, and social structures are omitted. relatively less expensive than in the United States. Therefore, as (17) comments, it is necessary to develop a perspective that goes beyond the focus on rational choice Retirees' migration decisions stem from prior and integrates structure and agency into the analysis, where experiences, recommendations, or research through various there is a thorough analysis of social processes. The channels, including the internet and publications like migration of retirees has been understudied in our region, International Living. Articles on retirement destinations although it has been researched in other areas such as Spain further influence their choices (5). and North Africa due to retirees from Northern Europe II. RETIREE MIGRATION IN THE ERA OF seeking a better quality of life in the Mediterranean. GLOBALIZATION: EXPLORING PATTERNS, Although this phenomenon is relatively recent, it has PERSPECTIVES, AND IMPACTS MAZATLÁN, sparked interest in the social sciences. Retiree migration, mostly from the Global North to the Global South, is poorly SINALOA understood and has received little academic attention. In the context of economic globalization over the past However, in recent years, there has been increased interest thirty years, migrations have gained significant prominence in understanding the economic, cultural, and social impact worldwide, not only from regions of the South to the North of retiree migrants. but also among regions within the South and, in recent years, from the North to the South, with specific migratory This research delves into the migration of retirees from flows such as those of retirees seeking a higher quality of the United States and Canada to Mazatlán, Sinaloa, life at the end of their working lives. Radical changes in conceptualizing the phenomenon through existing literature transportation and information technologies, along with the and qualitative interviews. Mazatlán, located in the state of aging population in wealthy countries, negative impacts of Sinaloa in Mexico, emerges as a noteworthy destination for structural adjustment economic policies in the South leading pensioners due to its combination of cultural richness and to mass migration outflows, the interdependence of North- natural beauty. With its privileged location along the Pacific South labor markets, and other factors have led Stephen Ocean, Mazatlán is renowned for its kilometers of golden Castles and his colleagues to characterize the current sandy beaches and tropical climate. The city offers a wide migratory situation as the era of migrations (9). range of activities for retirees, from relaxing on the beaches to exploring the historic downtown with its colonial Every day, more elderly individuals from developed architecture, charming plazas, and the famous Mazatlán countries decide to live in a country other than their country Cathedral. Additionally, Mazatlán boasts a vibrant culinary of birth. This new dynamism and flow of migrants from the scene where retirees can indulge in fresh seafood and economic North settling in Southern countries require a authentic Mexican cuisine. Therefore, Mazatlán represents a different theoretical analysis, as it is non-labor migration, compelling case study for understanding retiree migration non-typical for economic and social studies. Regarding and its implications in the broader context of global these retired migrants, they are considered residential mobility. tourists since they do not fit into the theoretical frameworks and archetypes of migrant workers from underdeveloped III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY countries migrating to countries with better economic This research employs a multifaceted approach to conditions. Nor are they normal tourists, as their stays investigate the phenomenon of migracion de jubilados o extend for months or even years. This ambiguity and turismo residencial en Mazatlan, Sinaloa. The preliminary discrepancy in concepts mean that the typology of the phases of the study employ snowball sampling, a method migration they undertake is currently not well defined; some invaluable for populations lacking a clear sampling theorists define it as privileged migration (10), while others framework (18). This approach capitalizes on the social classify it as residential tourism (11). Other perspectives networks of participants to obtain referrals, thereby enabling focus on "lifestyle migrations" or "life style migration" (12), the recruitment of new individuals (18). The research while others base their studies on the comforts or amenities follows a qualitative methodology, encompassing a range of that host locations provide, using the term "amenities data collection techniques (19). These methodologies migration" (13); (14). Some researchers study aging encompass: processes, "aging migration" or "aging in place," using the term to describe individuals who live in a place by their own 1.- Participant Observation: Direct engagement with choice and with the intention of aging there for as long as the research setting allows for firsthand observations of the life permits (15). Finally, others examine the link between social environment (19). the place where older adults reside and the changes they 2.-Semi-structured In-depth Interviews: In-depth bring to those communities (16). interviews with key informants delve deeper into their Most of the literature on this topic does not delve into experiences and perspectives (20). elucidating the reasons why older adults decide to leave 3.- Documentary and Indirect Documentary their country of origin. The reasons are overlooked under a Approaches: Analysis of relevant documents and records discourse of supply and the virtues that destination sites supplements the data collected (21). possess (beaches, low housing costs, good climate all year The research begins with a case study approach, southern countries (34). Despite limited literature, retiree dissecting the configuration of each case to illuminate migration presents avenues for future research into this broader phenomena (22). This approach allows for in-depth emerging dynamic (35). By using "Utopia" as a framework, exploration of the Saraguro canton and its unique approach we can critically examine retiree migration, acknowledging to sustainable tourism. The ultimate goal is to generate its potential benefits and challenges (30). knowledge applicable to other contexts. This necessitates an in-depth exploration of multiple cases within the broader V. CONCLUSIONS study (21). The migration of retirees from North America and As stated by (23), applied research addresses specific Western Europe to Mazatlán over the past decades is issues within particular circumstances. This study focuses understood as a strategy adopted by retirees primarily from on the challenges and opportunities related to tourism the United States and Canada, and subsequently from other development in Mazatlán, a location with growing tourist countries, seeking an improved quality of life in Mexico. potential. The research in Mazatlán leans towards This movement has grown over time, now representing over descriptive research, characterized by a systematic 6.5% of the local population, thereby generating a local description and analysis of observed phenomena (19). This economy focused on meeting the needs of these migrants, approach aims to capture the current state of tourism ranging from tourist services to healthcare. development in Mazatlán. While this migration may have positive economic Combining direct and indirect observation allows for impacts, such as job creation, it also entails inflationary data collection through personal observation and analysis of effects and significant social, cultural, and political changes existing materials (19). This entails visiting Mazatlán and in the receiving community. Local residents may feel engaging with both tourists and business owners to gain an displaced or lose control over their environment as the understanding of the local tourism environment. Indirect influence of retired migrants becomes more evident. This observation includes the analysis of oral and written challenge underscores the need for inclusive public policies testimonials from individuals who have interacted with that promote harmonious coexistence between the new Mazatlán tourists. Content analysis, a systematic approach migrant community and traditional residents. for interpreting communication products, is utilized to For many of the interviewed migrants, the decision to analyze collected data (24). This method allows for retire in Mazatlán is based on economic considerations, as it objective, systematic exploration of the manifest content of allows them to maintain or enhance their quality of life due communication, aligning with Berelson's qualitative content to lower living costs and the ability to maximize their analysis perspective (25). Non-probabilistic sampling is pensions. Additionally, the availability of quality healthcare employed to select participants for in-depth interviews services and appropriate medical infrastructure are exploring their perspectives on silver economy tourism in determining factors for those seeking adequate medical care Mazatlán (19). These interviews, based on Allen-Perkins during their retirement. approach, delve into the informants' experiences with tourism or migrant perspectives (26). However, migration is not limited solely to economic aspects. It also entails cultural changes, where migrants IV. UTOPIAN ASPIRATIONS IN RETIREMENT adapt their values and behaviors to those of the receiving MIGRATION: community. Some migrants find a new quality of life by integrating into communities that foster cultural and social Thomas More's "Utopia" (1516) offers a vision of an activities different from those they were accustomed to in equitable and just society, serving as a lens to understand their countries of origin. the migration of retirees to Mazatlán, Sinaloa (27). In "Utopia," resources are shared equitably, resonating with Further research is needed to fully understand the retirees seeking a better quality of life and lower living costs motives and implications of this retiree migration. The lack (28). However, retirement migration raises concerns about of precise data hinders the accurate evaluation of its inequality and access to resources, reflecting broader economic and social impact. However, factors such as social societal disparities (29). Interaction between retirees and security, financial crises, and low living costs influence the locals can enrich culture but may also pose integration decision to migrate. Ultimately, retiree migration to challenges (30). Mazatlán and other southern destinations is a complex phenomenon that requires a holistic approach. It is essential Retirees' migration to Mazatlán embodies an imaginary to consider not only economic aspects but also social, of an ideal retirement, where dreams of seaside living and cultural, and political factors to develop effective public socializing come true (31). 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