SHARE RESEARCH IMPORTANCE AND KNOWLEDGE

Research is a systematic investigation design to extend the knowledge of what is already

known of the physical biological and social world”( University of San Diego, para.1)

On the other hand, Coryn (2007) define research in three ways:

1. Research is truth-seeking, which refers to research or investigation, of or for a body of
real things, events, or facts, or the explanation of them.
2. Research describes which involves representing or giving an account of and explains
which is about giving a reason or cause of; both of which contribute to knowledge.
3. Research is conducted and governed by those who have the requisite proficiency or
expertise, meaning research is conducted by one who is an expert in a branch of
knowledge derived from training or experience.

Research has four main types, which also signifies the different research purposes.
1. Basic Research –
The purpose of this research is to understand and explain, i.e., the research is interested
in formulating and testing theoretical constructs and propositions that ideally generalize
across time and space. It takes the form of the theory to explain the phenomenon under
investigation to contribute to knowledge. This research is more descriptive, exploring
what, why, and how questions.
Example 1.
1. Why is bullying issue in school and university campuses are increasing
Example 2.
An investigation looking at whether “stress” levels Influence how often students engage in
academic cheating.
Example 3.
A study assessing whether men or women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression.

2. Applied Research-
The purpose of this research is to help people understand nature’s problems so that human
beings can more effectively control their environment in other words, this type of research
pursues potential solutions to human and societal problems. This research is more prescriptive,
focusing on how questions.
Example 1

➤ Is Mercury poisoning affects the intellectual capacity of children?

Example 2

➤ Is violence in the media and in video games damaging children’s mental health?

Example 3

➤ A study looking to see if gender discrimination lead to depression

3. Evaluation Research (summative and formative)

➤ Evaluation research studies the processes and outcomes aimed at an attempted solution. The
purpose of formative research is to improve human intervention within specific conditions,
such as activities, time, and groups of people; the purpose of summative evaluation is to judge
the program’s effectiveness, policy, or product.
Example

➤ The research group of Grade 12. Ruby may try to investigate the effectiveness of a mobile
vocabulary application in enhancing the vocabulary skills of Junior High School students.

Sample questions for Evaluation Research:

Process evaluation
1. How often do you use our product in a day?
2. Can you report the issue from the system? 3. Were any improvement areas discovered?
Outcome evaluation
1. How satisfied are you with our products?
2. Did the program produce intended outcomes? 3. How satisfied are you using the mobile
App?

4.Action Research-
Action research aims at solving specific problems within a program, organization, or
community. Patton (1990) described the design and data collection in action research as more
informal, and the people in the situation are directly involved in gathering information and
studying themselves.
Example
Enhancing the English language spelling difficulties of Grade 7 students by assigning daily five
minutes dictation of unfamiliar words.

Basic action steps and research cycle

1. Plan a change.
2. Take action to enhance the change.
3. Observe toe process and consequences of the change.
4. Reflect on the process and consequences.
5. Act, observe, & reflect again and so on.
•propose a change
•Engage in action
•Observe results
•Reflect on action

IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE

“Research is to see what everybody else has seen and to think what nobody else has thought”-
Albert Szent-Gyorgyi
The importance of research in our daily lives
1. Research is important in our daily life because it describes what is happening around us.
Through this, we get to know what people think. What people feel, and what people
do-for example, determining the senior high school students’ attitude towards the use of
mobile phones in learning.

2. Research is important in our daily lives because it explains why things happen in certain
ways. Through this, we get to understand different situations in our lives. It helps us
identify the factors that hinder or facilitate why certain things fail-example,
determining the factors that affect development of the learners vocabulary skills.

3. Research is important as it predicts what will happen. Through this, we get to caution
ourselves in doing or not doing something: it warms us not to pursue an action and
encourages us to continue a certain act, as well. For example, a student may try to use an
existing research result about career choices before deciding what course to be taken in
college

4. Research is important because it evaluates what happened in our lives. It gives you an
idea of why things are not turning out the way you wanted. It provides areas that you
need to improve in program delivery. For example, a teacher can investigate how a
current program in a school is working.

5. Research is important because it helps us solve our problems. It provides our relevant
data to determine why people are against a certain government program; for example,
through research, we can make necessary recommendations to improve the government’s
program to suit the needs of those who are affected by the program.

CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. EMPIRICAL
2. SYSTEMATIC
3. CONTROLLED
4. ANALYTICAL
5. OBJECTIVE
6. OROGINAL WORK
7. REPLICABILITY

1. EMPIRICAL
YOUR RESEARCH MUST BE BASED ON OBSERVATIONS AND
EXPERIMENTATIONS OF THEORIES. THIS INVOLVES YOUR DIRECT
EXPERIENCES IN CONDUCTING RESEARCH. AS A RESEARCHER, YOU CANNOT
JUST DO ANY MAGIC IN COMING UP WITH DATA: YOU NEED TO EXPERIENCE
DOING IT.

2. SYSTEMATIC
YOUR RESEARCH FOLLOWS ORDERLY AND SEQUENTIAL PROCEDURES: IT
MUST BE BASED ON VALID PROCEDURES AND PRINCIPLES. YOU CANNOT JUST
JUMP TO A CONCLUSION UNDERGOING THE STEPS.

3. CONTROLLED
IN RESEARCH, ALL VARIABLES, to EXCEPT THOSE TESTED/ EXPERIMENTED ON,
ARE KEPT CONSTANT.

4. ANALYTICAL
THE DATA YOU HAVE GATHERED MUST BE ANALYZED CRITICALLY SO THAT
THERE IS NO ERROR IN COMING UP INTERPRETATIONS.

5. OBJECTIVE
AS A RESEARCHER, YOUR RESEARCH MUST BE UNBIASED AND LOGICAL. ALL
FINDINGS MUST BE LOGICALLY BASED ON EMPIRICAL DATA, WHICH ARE BASED
ON REAL-LIFE SITUATIONS.

6. ORIGINAL WORK
THIS IMPLIES THAT THE RESEARCH REQUIRES EFFORT TO GET AT THE
RESEARCHER’S INVESTIGATION AND PRODUCE THE DATA NEEDED TO COMPLETE
THE STUDY.
7. REPLICABILITY
THE RESEARCH FINDINGS, RESEARCH DESIGN, AND PROCEDURES CAN BE
REPEATED TO ENABLE THE RESEARCHER TO ARRIVE AT VALID AND CONCLUSIVE
RESULTS.

REPLICABILITY
• IT MEANS THAT IT CAN BE USED AGAIN IF SIMILAR CIRCUMSTANCES PREVAILS.
• RESEARCH IS REPLICABLE
• OTHERS CAN REPEAT IT AND GET THE SAME RESULTS.
• WHEN RESEARCHERS REPORTS WHAT THEY HAVE FOUND THROUGH THEIR
RESEARCH, THEY ALSO DESCRIBE IN DETAIL NOW THEY MADE THEIR
DISCOVERIES, THIS WAY, OTHER RESEARCHERS CAN REPEAT THE RESEARCH TO
SEE IF THEY CAN REPLICATE THE FINDENGS.

THE RESEARCH PROCESS

• DEFINE RESEARCH PROBLEM (PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION)
•REVIEW THE LITERATURE (REVIEW THE RELATED LITERATURE (
•FORMULATE HYPOTHESIS (FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS)
•DESIGN RESEARCH ( RESEARCH DESIGNING)
•COLLECT DATA( DATA COLLECTION)
• ANALYZE DATA( DATA ANALYZATION)
• INTERPRET AND REPORT(DATA INTERPRETATION)

ETHICS OF RESEARCH
1. Honesty
2. Objectivity
3. Integrity
4. Carefulness
5. Openness
6. Intellectual Property
7. Confidentiality
8. Response Publication
9. Social Responsibility
10. Legality
11. Non- Discrimination
12. Human Subjects Protection
1. HONESTY
Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results, methods and
procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not
deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public
2. OBJECTIVITY
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other research aspects where objectivity
is expected or required. Avoid or minimize bias or self-deception
3. INTEGRITY
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity, strive for consistency of thought and
action.
4. CAREFULNESS
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the
work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities,
5. OPENNESS
Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Share your findings, especially with your
informants/respondents.
6. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished
data, methods, or results without permission. Give proper acknowledgment or credit for all
research contributions. Never plagiarize.
7. CONFIDENTIALITY
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication,
personnel records, trade or military secret records, and patient.
8. RESPONSIBLE PUBLICATION
Publish to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your career. Avoid wasteful and
duplicative publication
9. SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public
education, and advocacy.
10. LEGALITY
KNOW AND OBEY RELEVANT LAWS AND INSTITUTIONAL AND GOVERNMENTAL
POLICIES
11. NON-DISCRIMINATION
AVOID DISCRIMINATION AGAINST COLLEAGUES OR STUDENTS BASED ON SEX,
RACE, ETHNICITY OR OTHER FACTORS NOT RELATED TO SCIENTIFIC
COMPETENCE AND INTEGRITY.
12. HUMAN SUBJECTS
WHEN RESEARCHING HUMAN SUBJECTS, MINIMIZE HARM AND RISKS, MAXIMIZE
BENEFITS; RESPECT HUMAN DIGNITY, PRIVACY, AND AUTONOMY; TAKE SPECIAL
PRECAUTIONS WITH VULNERABLE POPULATIONS; AND STRIVE TO DISTRIBUTE
THEBENEFITS AND BURDENS OF RESEARCH FAIRLY.

TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN

Case Study: Focuses on a single case or a few selected cases. It provides detailed, in-depth
information about a particular individual, group, or event.
 Example: Studying the effects of a specific teaching method on student performance in a
particular school.

Ethnography: Involves studying a culture or a group of people by participating in their activities

and observing their behavior.
Example: Living in a rural community to understand the lifestyle and social dynamics.

Phenomenology: Aims to understand how people experience a particular phenomenon. It

focuses on the subjective experiences and perspectives of individuals.
Example: Studying the lived experiences of cancer survivors.

Historical Analysis: Involves analyzing historical events or trends to understand how they have
influenced the present.
Example: Studying the impact of past economic policies on current economic conditions.

Grounded Theory: Focuses on developing a theory based on the data collected, rather than
testing a pre-existing theory.
Example: Studying the process of how individuals cope with the loss of a loved one to develop
a theory of grief.