Theories of Personality, 8th Edition (Chapter Quiz)

CHAPTER 1 c. Hypotheses generate theories, which d. valid.

_____1. The word personality comes from then result in observations. _____ 20. A valid test
"persona," which originally meant d. Observations generate hypotheses, a. is also reliable.
a. theatrical mask. which in turn generate theories. b. has a pencil and paper format.
b. soul. _____10. The ultimate value of a theory is its c. is usually unreliable.
c. the animal side of human nature. a. truthfulness. d. is also standardized.
d. that which one truly is. b. usefulness. CHAPTER 2
_____ 2. Psychologists are most likely to agree c. simplicity. ______1 The twin cornerstones of
that d. logic. psychoanalytic motivation are
a. three personality traits can explain all _____11. A theory should be open to a. sex and security.
human behavior. disconfirmation. This refers to the theory's ability b. safety and security.
b. personality refers mostly to surface to c. hunger and sex.
appearance. a. be proven. d. sex and aggression.
c. there is a single best definition of b. generate research. ______2. Freud began his self-analysis shortly
personality. c. provide guidelines for the practitioner. after
d. none of the above. d. be falsified. a. he broke off his relationship with
_____ 3. A pattern of relatively permanent traits _____ 12. A related set of if-then assumptions Fliess.
and unique characteristics that give both would constitute a b. he broke off his relationship with Jung.
consistency and individuality to human behavior a. hypothesis. c. his mother died.
is called b. philosophy. d. his father died.
a. personality. c. theory. ______ 3. As a youth and young man, Freud
b. a general trait. d. scientific experiment. was strongly motivated to
c. a specific trait. _____ 13. The subdiscipline of psychology that a. win fame by making a great
d. a genetic predisposition. looks at the personal traits of scientists is called discovery.
_____4. Which term should be most closely a. psychology of science. b. overtake his older brother Julius.
associated with the word theory? b. the science of psychology. c. practice medicine on the poor people
a. speculation c. science in autobiographical study. of Vienna.
b. taxonomy d. psychology in autobiographical study. d. become a rabbi and move to New
c. science _____ 14. Although scientists are influenced by York.
d. philosophy their personal characteristics, the usefulness of ______4. What analogy did Freud use to
______5. A theory can be defined as their work is illustrate the relationship between the ego and
a. an unverified hypothesis. a. the clarity of their observations. the id?
b. an educated guess. b. the reliability of their measuring a. rider and horse
c. a group of philosophical speculations instruments. b. groom and bride
concerning the nature of reality. c. judged by their scientific product. c. chicken and egg
d. a set of related assumptions that d. judged by their ability to create a d. hammer and anvil
generate testable hypotheses. workable taxonomy. ______5. The id serves the _____¬¬_____
______6. Which statement best reflects the _____15. A useful theory should principle.
relationship between theory and hypothesis? b. serve as a guide to action. a. pleasure
a. Theories are narrower than c. organize observations. b. reality
hypotheses. d. generate research. c. moralistic
b. A single theory may generate e. all of the above. d. idealistic
several hypotheses. _____16. An internally consistent theory _____6. Which regions of the mind have no
c. Theories flow logically from specific a. generates a single hypothesis. direct contact with the external world?
hypotheses. b. can be directly verified. a. id and superego
d. Theories can be proven; hypotheses c. can explain nearly all empirical b. id and ego
cannot. observations. c. id only
______7. A hypothesis is best defined as d. includes operational definitions of d. ego and superego
a. a classification system. its terms. ______7. Which of these is a manifestation of
b. armchair speculation. _____17. A theory that is as simple as possible both sex and aggression?
c. an unproved theory. is a. anxiety
d. an educated guess or prediction. a. internally consistent. b. narcissism
______ 8. Taxonomies are b. parsimonious. c. sadism
a. systems for classifying data. c. useless. d. love
b. principles of learning that make up a d. an operational theory. ______8. A masochist receives sexual pleasure
theory. _____ 18. An explanation of behavior in terms of from
c. guidelines for living a principled life. future goals or purposes is a. inflicting pain on others.
d. legal entities for raising revenue. a. a parsimonious theory. b. joining a credit union.
______9. What is the relationship among b. also hypothetical. c. receiving pain inflicted by others.
theory, hypothesis, and observation? c. causal. d. watching other people undress.
a. Observations are practical tools; d. teleological. ______ 9. Freud called the mouth, anus, and
theories and hypotheses are impractical. _____19. A test that yields consistent results is genitals
b. Theories generate hypotheses that said to be a. Oedipal strivings.
lead to observations that may alter the a. standardized. b. erogenous zones.
original theory. b. a norm-referenced test. c. the aim of the sexual instinct.
c. reliable. d. the aim of the aggressive instinct.
_____10. The guilt a person experiences after _____20. The anal triad consists of all these b. Carl Jung
violating personal standards of conduct is called characteristics EXCEPT c. his wife
________ anxiety. a. miserliness. d. William James
a. realistic b. aggressiveness. ______3. Individual Psychology can be
b. neurotic c. stubbornness. considered to be
c. manifest d. compulsive neatness. a. deterministic.
d. moral _____21. Freud believed that differences b. optimistic
_____11. According to Freud, anxiety is felt by between boys and girls in psychosexual c. pessimistic.
the development are due to d. neo-Freudian.
a. id. a. parental expectations. e. none of these.
b. ego. b. cultural experiences. _____4. To Adler, the one dynamic force
c. superego. c. anatomy. behind a person's activity is
d. conscience. d. hormones. a. the striving for success or
_____12. Defense mechanisms protect the ego _____22. For boys, the castration complex superiority.
against a. takes the form of penis envy. b. organ inferiorities.
a. feelings of shame. b. shatters the Oedipus complex. c. organ dialect.
b. guilt. c. comes before the Oedipus complex. d. feelings of superiority.
c. anxiety. d. all of these are correct. ______5. According to Adler, a person's final
d. public disgrace. e. none of these is correct. goal is
_____13. In Freudian theory, anxiety _____ 23. For girls, the castration complex a. set at about age 18.
a. reduces repression. a. takes the form of penis envy. b. a creation of the creative power.
b. triggers repression. b. shatters the Oedipus complex. c. death.
c. increases repression. c. comes after the Oedipus complex. d. shaped by heredity and environment.
d. is caused by repression. d. all of these. ______6. Adler insisted that personality is
_____14. After a drive or image has been e. none of these. shaped by
repressed, it _____ 24. For boys, a. subjective perceptions.
a. may remain unchanged in the a. the Oedipus complex comes before b. birth-order.
unconscious. the castration complex. c. early childhood experiences.
b. could force its way into consciousness b. the castration complex takes the form d. organ inferiorities.
in an unchanged form. of castration anxiety. ______7. According to Adler, ideas that have no
c. could be expressed in a disguised or c. the Oedipus complex is solved when real existence, yet influence individuals as if they
distorted form. they identify with their father—at around age 5 or really existed, are called
d. any of the above. 6. a. fictions.
_____15. With this defense mechanism, a d. none of these. b. fabrications.
repressed desire finds an opposite and e all of these are correct. c. hypotheses.
exaggerated expression. _____25. Freud believed that, with few d. postulates.
a. fixation exceptions, the unconscious meaning of dreams ______8. The doctrine that motivation should be
b. reaction formation is an expression of considered according to its final purpose or aim
c. sublimation a. early childhood traumas. is called
d. projection b. wish-fulfillments. a. fictional imperative.
_____16. A completely weaned child goes back c. experiences of the day before. b. Gemeinschaftsgefühl.
to the bottle after a younger sister is born. This d. feelings of inferiority. c. causation.
return to a more infantile pattern of behavior _____26. Psychoanalytic therapy is most likely d. teleology.
expresses a to include this technique. ______9. Alder believed that organ inferiorities
a. reaction formation. a. homework assignments a. cause superiority personalities.
b. fixation. b. free association b. cause inferiority personalities.
c. regression. c. interpretation of early recollections c. bestow meaning and purpose on all
d. projection. d. an active, aggressive therapist behavior.
_____17. Chad has great admiration for his _____27. During the past dozen or so years, d. stimulate feelings of inferiority.
history teacher. He attempts to imitate this psychoanalysis has received most research ____10. Gemeinschaftsgefühl is usually
teacher's lifestyle and mannerisms. This is an support from translated as
example of a. operant conditioning. a. style of life.
a. displacement. b. sociology. b. fictional finalism.
b. sublimation. c. religion. c. social interest.
c. projection. d. neuroscience. d. organ inferiority.
d. introjection. CHAPTER 3 ____11. According to Adler ______, the "sole
_____18. This defense mechanism, unlike the ______1. As a child, Adler had an intense rivalry criterion of human values" would be
others, usually results in some benefit to society. with a. social interest.
a. projection a. his mother. b. productive work.
b. fixation b. his father. c. self-interest.
c. sublimation c. an older brother named Sigmund. d. religion.
d. regression d. an older sister named Anna. ____12. A person's final goal is ultimately
_____19. To Freud, the most crucial stage of _____2. For more than 30 years, Adler carried shaped by
development is an invitation from _______ suggesting that these a. heredity.
a. infancy. two men should combine with other physicians b. early childhood experiences.
b. latency. to establish the Wednesday Psychological c. the superego.
c. genital. Scoiety. d. the creative power.
d. maturity. a. Sigmund Freud
______13. People strive toward
superiority through one of two paths. One is the
route of social interest; the other is the road of
a. success.
b. individuation.
c. exaggerated personal gain.
d. submission.
____14. Adler held that people are continually
pushed by the need to overcome inferiority
feelings and pulled by the desire for
a. love.
b. Gemeinschaftsgefühl
c. food and sex.
d. completion.
____15. To Adler, the core of maladjustment is
a. innate physical deficiencies.
b. lack of social interest.
c. a pampered style of life.
d. a neglected style of life.
____16. Early recollections are
a. easily verified by talking to parents or
older siblings.
b. keys to understanding one's
present style of life.
c. usually unpleasant and traumatic.
d. the cause of one's style of life.
____17. According to Adler, the creative power
a. usually leads to outstanding
accomplishments.
b. shapes one's style of life.
c. is a deterministic concept.
d. is secondary to heredity and
environment in shaping personality.
____18. Adler believed that the goals of a
pathological person
a. are exaggerated and unrealistic.
b. are easily reached.
c. both of these.
d. neither of these.
____19. Pampered children
a. frequently feel neglected.
b. have received too much love.
c. become productive contributions to
society.
d. none of these.
____20. Adlerian safeguarding tendencies are
a. sometimes conscious and
sometimes unconscious.
b. completely conscious.
c. completely unconscious.
d. used only by neurotics.
____21. Safeguarding tendencies protect
exaggerated feelings of superiority against
a. anxiety.
b. guilt.
c. public disgrace.
d. an uncontrollable id.
____22. Compared with Freud, Adler
a. had a more positive view toward
women.
b. placed more emphasis on aggression.
c. relied more on dream interpretation
during psychotherapy.
d. was more likely to use hypnosis to
treat patients.
____23. Style of life is most reliably revealed
by
a. the word association test.
b. hypnosis. b. the self.
c. dream interpretation. c. individuation.
d. early recollections. d. the shadow.
____24. According to Adler, dreams e. the persona.
a. can be interpreted only by the ______4. The contents of the personal
dreamer. unconscious are called
b. express childhood sexual fantasies. a. archetypes.
c. provide information for dealing b. complexes.
with future problems. c. phylogenetic endowment.
d. can foretell the future. d. shadows.
____25. According to Adler, human personality e. myths.
is ______5. Archetypes are
a. the result of the interaction of heredity a. basic values acquired during
and environment. childhood.
b. determined by people's experiences b. images embedded in the personal
with frustration and conflict. unconscious.
c. shaped by people's interpretations c. culturally acquired complexes.
of experiences. d. components of the collective
d. motivated by a complexity and unconscious.
multiplicity of drives and needs. ______6. The persona archetype
____26. The ultimate goal of Adlerian therapy a. is symbolic of evil.
is to b. is the social role others see.
a. reduce needless anxiety. c. is in opposition to the anima.
b. increase self-confidence. d. is largely conscious.
c. increase social interest. ______7. According to Jung, a person's first test
d. decrease safeguarding tendencies. of courage is to
____27. Research suggests that early a. realize her or his shadow.
recollections b. actualize her animus.
a. may change during the course of c. recognize the hero.
psychotherapy. d. acquire self-realization.
b. are not consistent with scores on ______8. The anima is
current personality inventories. a. the inferior side of people.
c. have little or no usefulness to the b. the archetype of evil.
clinician. c. the masculine side of women.
d. tend to remain unchanged while d. the feminine side of men.
personality changes. ______9. Irrational moods in men are
____28. A major weakness of Adler's theory is represented by the
that it a. animus.
a. is not easily falsifiable. b. anima.
b. has failed to generate much research. c. mandala.
c. is anti-Freudian. d. shadow.
d. cannot explain inconsistencies in _____10. The archetype of nourishment and
behavior. destruction is the
____29. In his concept of humanity, Adler saw a. great mother.
people as b. shadow.
a. destined for a life of conflict and c. wise old man.
chaos. d. hero.
b. being driven by security and safety. _____11. The great mother archetype is most
c. determined mostly by environmental likely to be symbolized by
factors. a. a house.
d. determined mostly by genetic factors. b. a witch.
e. none of these. c. a lawyer.
CHAPTER 4 d. a baby.
______1. Jung's midlife crisis followed soon _____12. The wise old man archetype
after his break with represents
a. Adler. a. life and death.
b. Erikson. b. meaning and wisdom.
c. Freud. c. strength and courage.
d. Goethe. d. masculinity and femininity.
______2. Jung divided the unconscious psyche _____13. The hero archetype
into two parts—the personal and the a. typically has a tragic flaw.
a. preconscious. b. is sometimes part god.
b. social. c. fights against great odds to conquer
c. collective. evil.
d. universal. d. may be represented by comic book
______3. In analytical psychology, the center of characters such as Superman.
consciousness is e. all of these.
a. the ego.
_____14. The self is usually represented by this
symbol.
a. the hero
b. the mandala
c. the north star
d. the ego
e. the moon
_____15. In Jungian psychology, the self
a. is the archetype of completion and
wholeness.
b. is the center or essence of
personality.
c. includes the other archetypes.
d. all of these.
_____16. If Freud's theory is basically causal
and Adler's is essentially teleological, then
Jung's theory is
a. both causal and teleological.
b. neither causal nor teleological.
c. causal only.
d. teleological only.
_____17. In Jungian psychology, introversion
and extraversion are regarded as
a. functions.
b. attitudes.
c. archetypes.
d. complexes.
e. ego-functions.
_____18. According to Jung, extraversion is
basically
a. feminine.
b. masculine.
c. subjective.
d. objective.
e. all of these.
_____19. Introverted feeling types
a. rely on subjective evaluations
rather than the opinions of others.
b. frequently become accountants.
c. are strongly motivated
physiological needs.
d. rely on intuition and sensation.
_____20. Jung regarded thinking and feeling as
a. rational functions.
b. irrational functions.
c. rational attitudes.
d. irrational attitudes.
e. none of these.
_____21. In 1909, Jung told Freud about a
dream in which he found two ancient human
skulls in an old cave. He told Freud that the
skulls were those of his wife and sister-in-law.
Later, however, Jung accepted the skulls as
representing
a. life and death.
b. the anima.
c. sex and aggression.
d. the collective unconscious.
_____22. Jung believed that the most important
stage of life is middle life. At that time a person
should
a. move from an introverted attitude
toward an extraverted one.
b. move from an extraverted attitude
toward an introverted one.
c. actualize the rational functions.
d. actualize the irrational functions.
_____23. The process of becoming whole or
complete—that is, actualizing the various
components of personality—is called
a. active imagination.
b. individuation.
c. introspection.
d. maturation.
_____24. According to Jung, what types of
dreams originate from the collective
unconscious of the dreamer?
a. wish-fulfillment dreams
b. traumatic dreams
c. teleological dreams
d. big dreams
e. anxiety dreams
_____25. Most research on Jungian concepts
has involved the notion of
a. collective unconscious images.
b. the four basic stages of development.
c. self-realization.
d. archetypal dreams.
e. typology.
CHAPTER 5
______1. Klein suggested that the infant's first
model for interpersonal relations was
a. the mother's breast.
b. the father.
c. the self.
d. an imaginary playmate.
______2. One person psychoanalyzed by
Melanie Klein was
a. Erik Erikson.
b. Erich Fromm.
c. Anna Freud.
d. Little Hans.
e. her son Erich.
_____3. Klein had a bitter rivalry with
a. Sigmund Freud.
b. Anna Freud.
by c. her daughter Melitta.
d. all of these.
e. none of these.
_____4. Compared with Freudian theory,
object relations theory
a. places more emphasis on sexual
pleasure.
b. places more emphasis on
interpersonal relations.
c. stresses the importance of the father.
d. emphasizes the id.
______5. The person or part of a person that
satisfies the aim of an instinct is called
a. the impetus.
b. the source.
c. the object.
d. the unconscious motivator.
_____6. Like Freud, Klein believed that people
are motivated by
a. the need for self-actualization.
b. the need for homeostasis.
c. the death instinct.
d. separation anxiety.
______7. Klein's two basic psychological
positions are
a. the ideal and the real.
b. the mature and the immature.
c. the ego and the superego.
d. the paranoid-schizoid and the
depressive.
e. introjection and projection.
______8. In order to control the good breast and
to fight off its persecutors, infants use
a. their superego.
b. their id.
c. the paranoid-schizoid position.
d. the depressive position.
_____9. Klein believed that feelings of anxiety
about losing a loved object and a sense of guilt
for desiring to destroy that object were part of
a. the paranoid-schizoid position.
b. the depressive position.
c. moralistic anxiety.
d. idealistic anxiety.
____10. Klein's psychic defense mechanisms
a. protect the child against public
disgrace.
b. defend the ego and superego against
the id.
c. protect the ego against anxiety
aroused by destructive fantasies.
d. prevent unconscious fantasies from
reaching consciousness.
____11. Infants use this means of controlling
good and bad aspects of themselves.
a. the paranoid-schizophrenic position
b. the depressive position
c. projection
d. sublimation
e. splitting
____12. Compared to Freud, Klein believed
that the superego
a. is much more harsh and cruel.
b. emerged much later.
c. grew out of the Oedipus complex.
d. preceded the development of the id.
____13. Klein believed that at the end of a
successfully resolved Oedipus complex, a girl
will
a. see her mother as a rival.
b. develop positive feelings toward
both parents.
c. fantasize robbing her mother of her
babies.
d. adopt a homosexual attitude toward
her mother.
e. develop negative feelings toward her
mother and neutral feelings for her father.
____14. Klein believed that a girl fantasizes
that her father's penis feeds the mother with
babies during this period.
a. separation anxiety
b. preadolescent
c. introjective identification
d. oedipal
____15. This object relations theorist spent
much time observing normal babies as they
bonded with their mothers during the first 3 years
of life.
a. Margaret Mahler
b. Melanie Klein
c. Heinz Kohut
d. Mary Ainsworth
____16. Mahler's principal concern was with
a. the effects of the superego on a child's
development of morality.
 b. the psychological birth of the child.
c. the child's neurotic-symbiotic
relationship with its mother.
d. the narcissistic needs of the child.
____17. During the separation-individuation
stage, Mahler said, children begin to
a. develop feelings of personal
identity.
b. despair of reuniting with the mother.
c. develop normal autism.
d. blame their mother for weaning them.
____18. Kohut was most interested in the
a. physiological needs of infants.
b. effects of the Oedipus complex.
c. process by which the self evolves
d. acquisition of language and its role in
higher mental processes.
____19. According to Kohut, the needs to
exhibit the grandiose self and the idealized
parent image are called
a. masochistic needs.
b. sadistic needs.
c. self-esteem needs.
d. narcissistic needs.
____20. Bowlby's theory assumes that
a. psychologically healthy infants have
emotionally detached mothers.
b. infants who are loved too much by
their mother will have difficulty forming adult
relationships.
c. the mother-child bonding becomes
a model for the child's future friendships.
d. all of these.
____21. According to Bowlby, protest is the
first stage of
a. the oedipal period.
b. identity.
c. separation anxiety.
d. the anal period.
____22. Ainsworth found that secure infants
will
a. strongly protest when their mother
leaves the room.
b. approach their mother when she
returns to the room.
c. grow up to have great difficulty with
interpersonal relationships.
d. relate more positively to their father
than to their mother.
CHAPTER 6
______1. Which of these statements most
accurately reflects one of Horney's neurotic
needs?
a. "I need an emotionally strong
person to tell my troubles."
b. "it's okay with me if someone else is
the life of the party."
c. "I feel comfortable whenever I'm in an
emotionally close relationship."
d. "It's easy for me to accept my own
mistakes and personal flaws."
_____ 2. Horney believed that most neuroses
are the result of
a. unhealthy interpersonal relations.
b. an unresolved Oedipus complex.
c. unwise parenting.
d. underdeveloped ego strength.
_____3. The life of Horney has several c. dangerous.
parallels to that of _____; for example, both were d. competitive.
the youngest children of older fathers, and both ____13. According to Horney, neurotic
had older siblings who were favored by the behavior is a protection against
parents. a. feelings of inferiority.
a. Carl Jung b. basic anxiety.
b. Alfred Adler c. public disgrace.
c. Margaret Mahler d. exaggerated guilt.
d. Melanie Klein ____14 Which of these is NOT one of
______4. Horney's early professional writings Horney's three neurotic trends?
were strongly influenced by a. moving against people
a. Freud. b. moving away from people
b. Adler. c. moving with people
c. Jung. d. moving toward people
d. Sullivan. ____15. Children who feel isolated from others
_____ 5. Horney criticized psychoanalysis for are likely to develop the neurotic trend of moving
its a. away from others.
a. concept of feminine psychology. b. with others.
b. overemphasis on clinical research. c. against others.
c. underemphasis on clinical research. d. toward others.
d. concept of the three levels of mental ____16. The compliant person is most likely to
life. adopt the neurotic trend of
_____6. Horney believed that cultural a. moving toward people.
conditions are largely responsible for the b. moving with people.
development of c. moving against people.
a. basic trust. d. moving away from people.
b. basic mistrust. ____17. Each neurotic trend has a normal,
c. basic anxiety. healthy analog. A friendly, loving person has
d. basic psychoses. successfully solved the trend of moving
______7. According to Horney, people are ruled a. against others.
by safety and b. toward others.
a. sex. c. with others.
b. fear. d. away from others.
c. satisfaction. ____18. Horney regarded the idealized self-
d. anxiety. image and self-hatred as
______8. Horney believed that a competitive a. interpersonal conflicts.
and hostile society encourages b. psychosexual conflicts.
a. hatred. c. psychosocial conflicts.
b. love. d. intrapsychic conflicts.
c. isolation. e. principal ingredients in the syndrome
d. superiority and success. of decay.
_____9. Horney believed that people ____19. Contrary to Freud, Horney held that
overvalue love as a means of satisfying the need the Oedipus complex is
for _____. a. universal.
a. self-esteem b. found only in males.
b. competence c. found only in females.
c. superiority d. the result of anatomy.
d. affection e. the result of cultural factors.
______10. According to Horney, most ____20. The ultimate goal of Horneyian
neurotic individuals therapy is
a. are no longer motivated to find love. a. the elimination of basic anxiety.
b. seek love in a self-defeating b. the solution of basic conflicts.
fashion. c. the recovery of unconscious instincts.
c. experience decreases in hostility. d. growth toward self-realization.
d. develop enhanced self-esteem e. the solution of day-to-day problems.
through their search for love. ____21. Ashley feels alienated from her
____11. Horney defined basic anxiety as a femininity and wishes that she were a man.
feeling of being Horney would say that Ashley's desires originate
a. separated from the mothering one. from
b. isolated and helpless in a a. her experiences with cultural
potentially hostile world. privileges for men.
c. threatened by one's enemies. b. penis envy.
d. incompetent in a world where others c. oedipal strivings.
appear to be competent. d. lack of a close relationship with her
____12. Horney believed that modern society mother.
is too
a. liberal.
b. conservative.
CHAPTER 7 _____9. When existential needs are not a. tend to be sadistic in their relations
_____ 1. As an adolescent, Erich Fromm satisfied, people will with others.
a. aspired to be a famous general in the a. become motivated by human needs. b. devalue that which belongs to
German army. b. become motivated by essential others while overvaluing that which they
b. assumed that people in his native land needs. possess.
were less belligerent than those in enemy c. develop extraordinary willpower. c. usually possess a strong mother
nations. d. none of these. fixation.
c. made two unsuccessful attempts to ____10. According to Fromm, the freaks of the d. are characterized by necrophilia and
commit suicide. universe are the loss of self-identity.
d. none of these. a. people. _____20. A person with moral hypochondrias
_____ 2. Fromm believed that the rise of b. women. a. is overly concerned with physical
capitalism has contributed to c. planets. symptoms.
a. the growth of personal freedom. d. snakes. b. is overly concerned with
b. a greater degree of happiness among _____11. In Fromm's view, people with basic psychological symptoms.
people. anxiety c. suffers from the syndrome of decay.
c. feelings of anxiety, isolation, and a. suffer from the burden of freedom. d. is preoccupied with guilt.
powerlessness. b. express their anxiety by moving _____21. Which of these is NOT part of
d. higher levels of community cohesion. toward people. Fromm's syndrome of decay?
_____3. Which of these people was NOT an c. eventually suffer a psychotic break. a. malignant narcissism.
important influence on Fromm's thinking? d. represent a small minority of all b. moral hypochondrias.
a. Sigmund Freud people. c. incestuous symbiosis.
b. Thomas More e. all of these. d. necrophilia.
c. Karl Marx _____12. Authoritarianism may take these two _____22. In his concept of humanity, Erich
d. Johann J. Bachofen forms. Fromm emphasized
e. Karen Horney a. power and destruction a. neuroses.
_____4. One of Fromm's basic assumptions is b. sadism and masochism b. differences between humans and
that people have been torn away from a union c. love and hate other animals.
with nature, and lacking adequate animal d. effective and ineffective c. similarities between women and men.
instincts, they must rely on reason. This _____13. The spontaneous activity of a healthy d. the human need to achieve self-
condition is called individual represents actualization.
a. the rational imperative. a. positive freedom. CHAPTER 8
b. the human dilemma. b. essential freedom. _____ 1. Throughout his adult life, Erik Erikson
c. manifest destiny. c. existential chaos. identified with ____, a nation where he lived for
d. transcendence. d. transcendence. only a few months of his life.
_____5. According to Fromm, the four basic _____14. The two components of positive a. Germany
elements in the process of love are knowledge, freedom are b. The United States
care, respect, and a. work and love. c. The United Kingdom
a. responsibility. b. thought and action. d. Norway
b. affection. c. faith and hope. e. Denmark
c. interest. d. desire and restraint. _____ 2. In contrast to Freud, Erikson
d. cooperation. _____15. Freud's anal character is similar to a. placed more emphasis on
_____6. Transcendence is the need for Fromm's ______ character. unconscious motivation.
humans to a. hoarding b. placed more emphasis on the ego.
a. seek self-realization in a basically sick b. marketing c. de-emphasized social and historical
society. c. exploitative influences on personality.
b. rise above their passive and d. receptive d. all of these.
accidental existence. _____16. Which nonproductive character is a ______3. Erikson built on Freud's theory by
c. move beyond their human nature and product of modern commerce? a. elevating social factors over
into the realm of superhumans. a. hoarding biological ones.
d. feel restless and anxious with the b. exploitative b. emphasizing the id as the key to
realization that they are constantly c. marketing personality development.
geographically mobile. d. receptive c. accepting Jung's idea of a collective
____7. Rootedness is the need for humans to _____17. Biophilia is unconscious.
a. remain fixed in the relationship with a. the psychic illness of the modern age. d. none of these.
parents. b. a passionate love of life. e. all of these.
b. rise above their passive and c. the principal component of the _____4. According to Erikson, which of these
accidental existence. syndrome of decay. is the most important aspect of the ego?
c. feel at home again in the world. d. an erotic desire to hoard one's a. self-conscious ego
d. return to their pre-human past. childhood toys. b. perceived ego
e. feel restless and anxious with the _____18. Fromm believed that c. ego identity
realization that they are forever geographically psychopathology stems from d. realistic ego
mobile. a. unconscious guilt. _____5. During childhood, Erikson said, the
____8. Fromm believed that a frame of b. modes of assimilation. ego
orientation is necessary in order for people to c. modes of socialization. a. develops from the superego.
a. achieve personal identity. d. lack of rootedness. b. is weak and flexible.
b. achieve group cohesiveness. _____19. People who suffer from malignant c. is dormant.
c. make their way through the world. narcissism d. does not exist.
d. rise above their animal nature. _____6. To Erikson, the ego develops
 a. within a social structure.
b. independent of historical factors.
c. most rapidly during adulthood.
d. only after the id stops developing.
______7. Some societies hold that they are
special and somehow more important than other
societies. Erikson referred to this belief as
a. an ethnocentric imperative.
b. a Napoleonic complex.
c. a narcissistic illusion.
d. pseudospecies.
______8. Erikson believed that healthy
development rests on
a. a conflict between syntonic and
dystonic tendencies.
b. a conflict between masculine and
feminine elements.
c. an unresolved Oedipus complex.
d. a resolved Oedipus complex.
e. a strong superego.
______9. The epigenetic principle states that
a. some societies believe themselves to
be special.
b. the ego develops from the dying id.
c. the ego develops in a sequence,
with each stage emerging from and being
built on a previous stage.
d. central to individual development are
those traits and tendencies inherited from our
ancestral past.
_____10. Erikson believed that ___ is the basic
strength of infancy
a. hope
b. faith
c. will
d. love
e. industry
_____11. The psychosocial crisis of early
childhood is
a. basic trust versus basic mistrust.
b. intimacy versus isolation.
c. industry versus inferiority.
d. autonomy versus shame and
doubt.
e. compromise versus cooperation.
_____12. Erikson's early childhood stage
corresponds with which of Freud's stages?
a. oral
b. anal
c. phallic
d. genital
e. oedipal
_____13. According to Erikson, ____ is a feeling
of self-consciousness and of being looked at or
exposed.
a. shame
b. guilt
c. doubt
d. threat
e. exhibitionism
_____14. To Erikson, the original model for
human playfulness is
a. the mother-child bond.
b. the Oedipus complex.
c. thumb-sucking.
d. basic mistrust.
e. basic trust.
_____15. The basic strength of the play age is ______4. In his theory of motivation, Maslow
_____. assumed that
a. fidelity a. people in different cultures have
b. purpose different basic needs.
c. care b. motivation is nearly always conscious.
d. autonomy c. people are motivated by one need at
e. playfulness a time.
_____16. Will is the basic strength of d. people are continually motivated
a. infancy. by one need or another.
b. early childhood. e. all of these are correct.
c. the play age. ______5. Maslow's concept of a hierarchy of
d. adolescence. needs assumes that
_____17. Heidi is beginning to make new a. higher needs have prepotency over
friends of her age. For the first time in her life, lower needs.
she has developed a relationship with adults who b. lower needs have prepotency over
are not in her family. Heidi is in which of higher needs.
Erikson's stages? c. love needs are more basic than
a. early childhood physiological needs.
b. adolescence d. cognitive needs must be satisfied
c. infancy before aesthetic needs become motivators.
d. genital period e. aesthetic needs are prepotent over
e. school age cognitive needs.
_____18. The genital-locomotor psychosexual ______6. When safety needs are not satisfied,
mode marks this stage. a person will be motivated by these needs.
a. infancy a. physiological
b. play age b. safety
c. adolescence c. love and belongingness
d. young adulthood d. neurotic
e. early childhood e. cognitive
_____19. The psychosocial crisis of the school _____ 7. During his early professional career,
age is Maslow was influenced mostly by
a. autonomy verses shame and doubt. a. Erik Erikson.
b. trust versus mistrust. b. Harry Harlow.
c. identity versus identity confusion. c. Sigmund Freud.
d. industry versus inferiority. d. Carl Jung.
_____20. Generalized sensuality characterizes e. Carl Rogers.
the psychosexual stage of ______. ______8. Safety needs are usually strongest for
a. adolescence a. children.
b. young adulthood b. men.
c. adulthood c. women.
d. old age d. hungry people.
e. preadolescence e. mountain climbers.
CHAPTER 9 ______9. Maslow said that basic anxiety is
______1. As a young man, Maslow experienced experienced when people
a fortuitous event that changed his life. This a. fail to satisfy physiological needs.
event happened when he b. feel alienated from other people.
a. met Alfred Adler. c. fail to satisfy safety needs.
b. first kissed his cousin Bertha d. develops a fear of being and doing
Goodman. their best.
c. made the Dean's honor roll at Cornell. e. are motivated by metaneeds.
d. converted from Judaism to _____10. A person who has never received love
Protestantism. is likely to
_____ 2. Maslow regarded his mother as a. devalue it.
a. a very religious person. b. be strongly motivated to attain it.
b. a kind and genteel person. c. experience basic anxiety.
c. a mystic who could forecast future d. be motivated by esteem needs.
events. _____11. Feelings of self-worth, confidence,
d. a self-actualizing person. and competence were considered by Maslow to
e. none of these. be
______3. During childhood and adolescence, a. unnecessary for self-actualization.
Maslow was b. esteem needs.
a. shy and socially backward. c. self-actualization needs.
b. pampered by his mother. d. love and belongingness needs.
c. overly combative with his older _____12. According to Maslow, neurotic needs
brothers are activated
d. more interested in sports than in a. only when satisfied.
books. b. only when frustrated.
c. whether or not they are satisfied.
 d. when love and belongingness needs
are frustrated.
_____13. With regard to needs, which of these
statements would Maslow endorse?
a. Safety needs must be satisfied more
fully than physiological needs.
b. People are usually conscious of their
underlying needs.
c. The order of needs may be
reversed in certain cases.
d. One need must be completely
satisfied before another can become a
motivator.
e. If people cannot satisfy their love
needs, then they can skip to the level of esteem
needs.
_____14. According to Maslow,
a. some behavior is not motivated.
b. all behavior has a cause.
c. both of these.
d. neither of these.
_____15. Maslow believed that people who fail
to satisfy self-actualization needs
a. embrace the M-values.
b. suffer from metapathology.
c. become neurotic.
d. embrace the B-values.
_____16. It is NOT true that instinctoid needs
a. spring from a modern industrialized
society.
b. result in pathology when frustrated.
c. are unique to humans.
d. can be modified by learning.
e. are persistent rather than
temporary.
_____17. According to Maslow, metamotivation
a. is characterized by coping rather than
expressive behavior.
b. is the need for peak experiences.
c. represents the motives of self-
actualizing people.
d. is associated with D-values.
e. represents the motives of neurotic
people.
_____18. Which of the following was NOT listed
by Maslow as a characteristic of self-actualizing
people?
a. social interest
b. autonomy
c. need for privacy
d. acceptance of self, others, and nature
e. people-centered
_____19. Maslow said that self-actualizing
people
a. feel lonely when they are alone.
b. experience anxiety when faced with
the unknown.
c. desire to inform, convert, and instruct
others.
d. experience a more efficient
perception of reality.
_____20. Maslow called B-love
a. brotherly love.
b. love for the essence of another
person.
c. motivated by love and belongingness
needs.
d. motivated by the peak experience.
e. burdensome love.
_____21. The fear of being one's best is
a. the Jonah complex.
b. the fear of failure.
c. the Moses complex.
d. metapathology.
e. desacralization.
_____22. Maslow insisted that scientists should
a. be unbiased.
b. discover truth.
c. be willing to desacralize science.
d. be willing to resacralize science.
_____ 23. Bauer and McAdams found that older
participants, compared with college students,
tended to report needs of
a. safety.
b. extrinsic goals.
c. love and belongingness.
d. intrinsic goals
CHAPTER 10
_____ 1. At the height of his career, Rogers
engaged in a series of debates with
a. George Kelly.
b. Carl Jung.
c. B.F. Skinner.
d. Albert Bandura.
______2. As a young boy, Rogers
a was shy and frequently teased by
his older brothers and sisters.
b. spent 2 years in a detention home for
wayward boys.
c. wanted to be a physician.
d. held deep-seated animosity toward
his mother.
______3. Rogers described the formative
tendency as the tendency for
a. humans to form intimate interpersonal
relationships.
b. matter to evolve from simpler to
more complex form.
c. people to strive toward self-
actualization.
d. people to return to an inorganic state.
______4. Rogers believed that all behavior
relates to one's
a. enhancement needs.
b. ideal self.
c. safety needs.
d. actualizing tendency.
______5. Healthy people evaluate their
experiences as good or bad according to this
criterion.
a. the self-concept
b. perceived self
c. reflected appraisal of others
d. the actualizing tendency
______6. In Rogerian theory, the actualization
tendency
a. is synonymous with the formative
tendency.
b. has the same or nearly the same
meaning as self-actualization.
c. refers to the person's organismic
experiences.
d. refers to the tendency to actualize the
perceived self.
______7. Inner tension arises, Rogers said,
when a conflict exists between the
a. self-actualization tendency and the
organismic self.
b. emotion and cognition.
c. the values of others and one's own
values.
d. the formative tendency and the
actualization tendency.
______8. A discrepancy between the self-
concept and the ideal self results in
a. ego defense mechanisms.
b. safe-guarding tendencies.
c. the person of tomorrow.
d. incongruence.
_____9. Taylor's parents praise her whenever
her behavior meets with their standards.
However, they punish Taylor when her behavior
fails to meet with their approval. From this
information it appears that Taylor is experiencing
a. low self-esteem.
b. conditions of worth.
c. disorganization.
d. high self-esteem.
_____10. Tyler has a negative view of himself.
To increase his self-concept, his parents and
teachers continually praise and compliment him.
Rogers believed that such praise and
compliments are most likely to
a. enhance Tyler's self-esteem.
b. reinforce Tyler's negative behavior.
c. be easily accepted into Tyler's self-
concept.
d. be distorted by Tyler.
_____11. According to Rogers, the two basic
human needs are
a. sex and safety.
b. self-actualization and self-
enhancement.
c. power and submission.
d. maintenance and enhancement.
_____12. Rogers believed that, for
psychologically healthy individuals,
a. the self and experience are
congruent.
b. denial of organismic functioning is
essential.
c. the ideal self replaces the real self.
d. an incongruence exists between their
organismic self and their ideal self.
_____13. Which statement is consistent with
Rogers' theory?
a. Self-regard is originally dependent on
self-concept.
b. Once achieved, self-regard can
exist independently of others' opinions and
attitudes.
c. Self-regard is symptomatic of
malignant egoism.
d. Self-regard stems from the negative
appraisals received from others.
_____14. An unawareness of a discrepancy
between self and experience leads to
a. psychological health.
b. anxiety.
c. threat.
d. vulnerability.
e. guilt.
_____15. According to Rogers, the two primary
defensive strategies are ______.
a. repression and denial
b. repression and reaction formation
c. denial and distortion
d. repression and regression
_____16. Rogers believed that a person with a
disorganized personality may at times behave
consistently with organismic experience and at
other times consistently with
a. the ideal self.
b. others' expectations.
c. the shattered self-concept.
d. the actualizing tendency.
_____17. Rogers hypothesized that empathy,
unconditional positive regard, and congruence
are
a. necessary and sufficient
conditions for therapy.
b. necessary but not sufficient conditions
for therapy.
c. sufficient but not necessary conditions
for therapy.
d. neither necessary nor sufficient for
therapy.
_____18. In the Chicago studies,
a. clients who received no therapy
experienced the same level of growth as did the
clients in the therapy group.
b. clients who received no therapy
received no psychological growth.
c. Carl Rogers was the sole therapist.
d. all the therapist were graduate
students.
_____19. Clients are better able to listen to
themselves when the therapist possesses
a. sympathy for them.
b. empathy for them.
c. conditions of worth toward them.
d. a professional attitude toward them.
_____20. Rogers hypothesized that persons of
tomorrow would
a. mistrust others.
b. be free of psychological conflict.
c. be open to their experience.
d. reach a high-level stage where
continued change was unnecessary.
_____21. In the Chicago studies, Rogers and
his associates found that
a. clients who received client-centered
therapy became fully functioning.
b. empathy, unconditional positive
regard, and congruence were neither necessary
nor sufficient.
c. clients who received client-
centered therapy improved, but they did not
reach an "average" level of psychological
functioning.
d. clients who received cognitive
behavior therapy showed no gain.
_____ 22. Which statement is most consistent
with Rogers' concept of humanity?
a. People have a natural tendency to
move toward actualization.
b. People move inevitably toward
actualization.
c. People move inevitably toward self-
actualization.
d. People are free to become what they
will.
CHAPTER 11
______1. Although Rollo May's writings were
somewhat philosophical in tone, his views
originated from his experience as a
a. lawyer.
b. physician.
c. scientific researcher.
d. soldier in World War II.
e. psychotherapist.
______2. May said that healthy people
a. retreat from their destiny.
b. deny their freedom.
c. challenge their destiny.
d. deny death.
______3. Kierkegaard, like most existentialists,
suggested a balance between
a. life and death.
b. freedom and responsibility.
c. hope and despair.
d. consciousness and unconsciousness.
e. Yin and Yang.
______4. May believed that people acquire
freedom of action, in part, by
a. expanding their self-awareness.
b. relying on other people.
c. using the tools and technology of
modern society.
d. denying nonbeing.
e. becoming self-actualizing.
______5. May would accept the statement that
a. essence precedes existence.
b. subject and object operate as a
single entity.
c. responsibility precedes freedom.
d. freedom takes precedence over
responsibility.
_____ 6. The term Dasein expresses
a. the ultimate form of love.
b. the world of things or objects.
c. the essential unity of person and
environment.
d. nonbeing.
______7. The terms Umwelt, Mitwelt, and
Eigenwelt refer to
a. existential dread.
b. mechanisms of escaping from
freedom.
c. mechanism of escaping from
responsibility.
d. a person's being-in-the-world.
______8. The personality theories of Sullivan,
Maslow, Rogers, and others that emphasize
interpersonal relations deal mostly with ______.
a. Umwelt
b. Mitwelt
c. Eigenwelt
d. Dasein
______9. Our relationship to self and our ability
to grasp who we are best describes ______.
a. Umwelt
b. Mitwelt
c. Eigenwelt
d. nonbeing
_____10. Various compulsive behaviors and
addictions can be seen as manifestations of
a. Mitwelt.
b. nonbeing.
c. normal anxiety.
d. neurotic anxiety.
e. destiny.
_____11. May defined anxiety as
a. a feeling of separation from the
natural world.
b. an awareness that our existence or
some value identified with it may be
destroyed.
c. the imaginative playing with the
possibility of some act or state occurring.
d. a fear of nonbeing and an attraction to
nothingness or death.
_____12. The guilt that arises from our inability
to accurately perceive the world of others is
associated with ______.
a. Umwelt
b. Mitwelt
c. Eigenwelt
d. neurotic anxiety
e. intentionality
_____13. May defined intentionality as
a. the desire to achieve self-fulfillment.
b. the feeling of threat that leads to a
realization of Dasein.
c. the acceptance of ontological guilt.
d. the structure that gives meaning to
our experience and allows us to make
decisions about the future.
_____14. May regarded care as the source of
a. love and will.
d. eros and philia.
c. philia and agape.
d. Dasein and nothingness.
_____15. May defined love as:
a. "a delight in the presence of the
other person and an affirmation of his value
and development as much as one's own"
b. "the capacity to organize oneself
toward a prized partner"
c. "the imaginative playing with the idea
that another is an object of affection"
d. "agape minus eros"
e. "philia minus eros"
_____16. According to May, an authentic
person must unite love with
a. sex.
b. imagination.
c. wish.
d. agape.
e. will.
_____17. Philia is defined as
a. love without care.
b. care without love.
c. will without wish.
d. an intimate, nonsexual friendship.
e. a sexual, nonintimate relationship.
_____18. May believed that freedom grows
from an understanding of one's
a. authenticity.
b. will.
c. intentionality.
d. responsibility.
e. destiny.
_____19. According to May, a denial of destiny
leads to
a. nonbeing.
 b. psychopathology.
c. freedom.
d. freedom and responsibility.
e. guilt and shame.
_____20. May contended that contemporary
people of Western civilization have an urgent
need for
a. religion.
b. peace.
c. unity.
d. individuality.
e. myths.
_____21. People use myths to
a. transcend the immediate situation.
b. expand self-awareness.
c. search for identity.
d. all of these.
_____22. In The Cry for Myth, May suggested
that one myth is powerful today because it
contains elements of existential crises common
to all of us. This is the story of ______.
a. Oedipus
b. Moses
c. Hercules
d. Job
e. Jonah
CHAPTER 12
______1. Allport's personality theory is marked
chiefly by its emphasis on
a. unconscious motivation.
b. personality types.
c. early childhood experiences.
d. uniqueness of the individual.
______2. This term best describes Allport's
approach to the study of personality.
a. eclectic
b. theoretical
c. trait and factor
d. behavioristic
______3. In his study of personality, Allport
emphasized
a. cultural influences.
b. the normal healthy person.
c. group characteristics.
d. factor analytic techniques.
______4. According to Allport, people are
motivated by
a. a variety of drives.
b. the need for self-actualization.
c. the need to reduce tension and seek
pleasure.
d. the need for relatedness with others.
______5. Allport insisted that the basic units of
personality are
a. common traits.
b. cardinal traits.
c. types.
d. personal dispositions.
_____6. According to Allport, the
psychologically mature person would
a. have a unifying philosophy of life.
b. lack a sense of humor.
c. be motivated mostly by unconscious
needs.
d. none of these.
e. all of these.
______7. Allport recognized these two kinds of
traits:
a. primary and secondary
b. source and surface
c. common and individual
d. proactive and reactive
_____8. Personal dispositions
a. are also referred to as common traits.
b. make various stimuli functionally
equal.
c. initiate and guide the behavior of
individuals.
d. all of these.
e. none of these.
_____9. Cardinal dispositions
a. are found in everyone.
b. cannot be hidden.
c. are also called central personal
dispositions.
d. are common traits.
e. have been extensively studied in the
psychology literature.
____10. Secondary dispositions
a. cannot be hidden.
b. are not central to the person yet
occur with some regularity.
c. are those 5 to 10 personal
dispositions that characterize most people.
d. are common traits.
e. are too weak to initiate action.
_____11. This term is LEAST descriptive of
Allport's approach to personality.
a. personal disposition
b. morphogenic
c. types
d. functional autonomy
_____12. Stylistic traits
a. are intensely felt.
b. guide action.
c. are usually cardinal traits.
d. are common traits.
_____13. The proprium is Allport's term for
a. those behaviors and
characteristics that people regard as central
to their lives.
b. the conscious portion of the ego.
c. the unconscious portion of the ego.
d. those behaviors and characteristics
that people regard as belonging to the periphery
of their lives.
_____14. According to Allport, people are
motivated mostly by
a. unconscious forces originating in
childhood.
b. the need for competence and
superiority.
c. both the need to adjust and the
need to grow.
d. both sex and aggression.
_____15. When motives change to self-
sustaining interests, Allport would say that they
have become
a. extinct.
b. needs.
c. habituated.
d. functionally autonomous.
e. secondary drives.
_____16. Which of these did Allport NOT
recognize as a criterion for an adequate theory
of motivation?
a. the contemporaneity of motives
b. the pluralistic nature of motives
c. a single master motive that unifies
all behavior
d. the cognitive processes of planning
and attention
_____17. Propriate functional autonomy is
Allport's
a. master system of motivation.
b. concept of unconscious motivation.
c. explanation for pathological
behaviors.
d. term for self-actualization.
e. concept of factor analysis.
_____18. Allport assumed that people who
attend church regularly may have
a. an extrinsic religious orientation.
b. an intrinsic religious orientation.
c. both of these.
d. neither of these.
_____19. Research has suggested that people
who score high on the Extrinsic scale of the
Religious Orientation Scale
a. are more prejudiced than those
who score high on the Intrinsic scale.
b. have less anxiety and better personal
functioning than people who score high on the
Intrinsic scale.
c. do not attend church regularly.
d. attend church more regularly than
people who score high on the Intrinsic scale.
_____20. Allport's theory of personality is
basically
a. optimistic.
b. reactive.
c. causal.
d. trait-oriented.
CHAPTER 13
______1. Personality psychologists are more
likely to attribute behavior to_________.
a. day to minute situation
b. enduring traits
c. cognitive displacement
d. overt emotionalism
______2. A trait is best described as
a. a cluster of surface factors.
b. a temporary attitude toward a person
or event.
c. a relatively permanent disposition
of a person.
d. an environmentally determined
hypothetical construct that shapes an
individual's behavior and thought.
_____3. Mathematically, the technique of
reducing a number of variables to a smaller
number is called
a. induction.
b. the experimental method.
c. variance.
d. factor analysis.
_____4. Today most researchers who study
personality traits agree that __, and only __, and
no fewer than __ dominant traits continue to
emerge from factor analytic techniques.
a. 3
b. 5
c. 7
d. 16
_____5. Which of the following statements is c. a taxonomy. d. artistic interest
true? d. a theory. _____5. Which of the following statements is
a. Traits are of two kinds—dispositional _____15. Factor C in the Five-Factor theory is true?
and hypothetical. a. consistency. a. Traits are of two kinds—dispositional
b. Traits are more permanent than b. cooperation. and hypothetical.
states. c. conscientiousness. b. Traits are more permanent than
c. Traits represent a broader concept d. compromise. states.
than factors. _____16. People who score low on c. Traits represent a broader concept
d. Traits cannot be extracted through the ______________ tend to be quiet and reserved. than factors.
use of factor analysis. a. intelligence d. Traits cannot be extracted through the
_____6. Hans J. Eysenck insisted that only __ b. psychoticism use of factor analysis.
major factors can be discerned by a factor c. compromise _____6. Which label best fits Hans Eysenck?
analytic approach. d. extraversion a. psychologist
a. 3 _____17. According to McCrae and Costa, the b. psychoanalyst
b. 5 ultimate contributor to personality is c. physician
c. 16 a. biology. d. sociologist
d. 18,000 b. self-concept. _____7. In Eysenck's theory, superfactors are
______7. Cattell and McCrae and Costa both c. childhood experience.. also called
used an (a) _________ of gathering data. d. the ability to adapt to new a. source traits.
a. deductive method experiences. b. personal dispositions.
b. comparison method _____18. A person's view of what he or she is c. states.
c. intuition method like is called _____. d. types.
d. inductive method a. self-concept. _____8. According to Eysenck, introverts and
______8. Cattell’s famous personality scale is b. objective biology. extraverts are different in many respects. The
called the _______. c. external influences. most important difference is
a. NEO-Personality Inventory d. characteristic adaptations. a. psychological health versus
b. FIRO-B _____19. According to McCrae and Costa, the psychological disturbance.
c. MBTI Big Five factors comprise a person's b. subjectivity versus objectivity.
d. 16 PF Scale a. characteristic adaptations. c. their way of viewing the world.
______9. The advocates of the Five-Factor b. objective biography. d. level of cortical arousal.
Theory favor the _______ rotation of factor c. basic tendencies. _____9. People who score high on the
analysis. d. external influences. psychoticism (P) scale are
a. orthogonal ____20. The theories of McCrae and Costa a. egocentric, aggressive, and
b. triangulated and of Eysenck rate hostile.
c. oblique a. high on biological determinants of b. empathetic, caring, and cooperative.
d. hexagonal personality. c. obsessive-compulsive, hysterical,
_____10. McCrae and Costa’s Five-Factor b. high on teleology. and suggestible.
Model (FFM) can both ______ and _____ c. low on their ability to generate d. introverted, quiet, and thoughtful.
behavior. research. _____10. People who score high on the
a. forecast, foretell d. high on free will vs. determinism. neuroticism (N) scale are
b. predict, explain CHAPTER 14 a. egocentric, aggressive, and hostile.
c. identify, analyze ______1. Eysenck identified traits through the b. emotionally overreactive.
d. measure, hypothesize use of c. suffering from a psychological
_____11. The Five Factors have been found a. twin studies. disorder.
across cultures and show some permanence b. factor analysis. d. vulnerable to illness even when they
with _____. c. intuition. experience little stress.
a. race d. ability tests. _____11. According to research reported by
b. age ______2. A trait is best described as Eysenck, sick people who react to their illness
c. gender a. a cluster of surface factors. with anger and aggression are most likely to die
d. sexual orientation b. a temporary attitude toward a person from
_____12. The fifth factor of the Big Five is or event. a. cancer.
_______ and describes people who are ordered, c. a relatively permanent disposition b. heart disease.
controlled, organized, ambitious, achievement of a person. c. AIDS.
focused, and self-disciplined. d. an environmentally determined d. unintentional injuries (accidents).
a. conscientiousness hypothetical construct that shapes an _____12. Eysenck's P factor stands for
b. agreeableness individual's behavior and thought. a. psychoticism.
c. neuroticism _____3. Mathematically, the technique of b. personality.
d. extraversion reducing a number of variables to a smaller c. proactive.
_____13. The A in McCrae and Costa's theory number is called d. probability.
stands for a. induction. _____13. The key for Eysenck was that the
a. anxiety. b. the experimental method. individual differences in people’s personalities
b. aggression. c. variance. were due to _________.
c. agreeableness. d. factor analysis. a. ethnicity
d. activity. _____4. Which of the following would be a b. environment
_____14. Currently, the Big Five can most bipolar trait? c. biology
accurately be called a. height d. nurture
a. a model. b. extraversion/introversion _____14. Eysenck’s encounter with the fascist
b. an armchair speculation. c. general intelligence right and his later battles with the radical left
suggested to him that the trait of__________, a. Freud and Jung d. need of belongingness
was equally prevalent in both extremes of the b. Darwin and Spencer _____14. Buss argues for essentially the same
political spectrum. a. egomania c. Aristotle and Plato five personality dimensions (Big Five) but with
b. narcissism d. Tooby and Cosmides slightly different terminology. Which is not one of
c. greed _____5. The essence of Buss’s theory of Buss’s categories?
d. authoritarianism personality revolves around adaptive problems a. surgency/extraversion/dominance
_____15. Eysenck’s second wife, Sybil Rostal, and their_____________. b. conscientiousness
was a _________. a. fundamental attribution errors c. agreeableness
a. great homemaker b. solutions or mechanisms d. neuroticism/psychoticism
b. superb secretary c. functional dynamics _____15. __________ involves the disposition
c. beautiful quantitative psychologist d. fundamental situational errors to experience positive emotional states and to
d. excellent accountant _____6. The term ___________ refers to the engage in one’s environment and to be sociable
_____16. People who score low on process of evolution by natural selection has and self-confident.
______________ tend to be quiet and reserved. produced solutions to the two basic problems of a. Agreeableness
a. intelligence life keyed on by Darwin and Buss. b. Conscientiousness
b. psychoticism a. mechanisms c. Surgency
c. compromise b. artificial selection d. Openness
d. extraversion c. surgency _____16. A second dimension of personality,
_____17. Which of the following is not one of d. natural selection ______________, is marked by a person’s
Eysenck’s criteria for identifying factors? _____7. ___________ mechanisms are willingness and capacity to cooperate and help
a. inductive method of investigation internal and specific cognitive, motivational, and the group on the one hand or to be hostile and
b. social relevance personality systems that solve specific survival aggressive on the other.
c. psychometric evidence and reproduction problems. a. conscientiousness
d. heritability a. Survival b. openness/intellect.
_____18. Which is not one of the four levels of b. Adaptive c. emotional stability
hierarchy behavior organization recognized by c. Physical d. agreeableness/hostility
Eysenck? d. Psychological _____17. The third adaptive personality system
a. spontaneous acts _____8. In Buss’s theory there are ____ revolves around response to danger and threat
b. specific acts specific main classes of mechanisms. and is referred to as ____________.
c. habitual acts a. five a. emotional stability/neuroticism
d. types b. four b. agreeableness/hostility
_____19. Which one of the following is not one c. three c. conscientiousness
of Eysenck’s superfactors? d. two d. surgency
a. extraversion _____9. Psychological mechanisms relevant _____18. The fourth adaptive personality
b. neuroticism to personality can be grouped into _______ main system revolves around one’s capacity and
c. introversion categories. commitment to work and is the core
d. psychoticism a. three characteristic of _______________.
_____20. Which of the following is not one of the b. two a. conscientiousness
personality assessments created and developed c. four b. emotional stability
by Eysenck? d. five c. agreeableness
a. MMPI _____10. Psychological mechanisms relevant d. openness
b. MPI to personality can be grouped into all the _____19. The fifth adaptive personality system
c. EPI following categories, except: is the evolved strategy of ____________
d. EPQ a. goals/drives/motives. involves one’s propensity for innovation and
CHAPTER 15 b. nature/nurture. ability to solve problems.
______1. Which of following theorist laid the c. emotions. a. agreeableness
foundation for the modern theory of evolution? d. traits. b. conscientiousness
a. Sigmund Freud _____11. Two goals and motives that act as c. openness
b. Charles Darwin evolved mechanisms are - d. emotional stability
c. Hans Eysenck a. survival-ability and dominance. ____20. Which statement is most true for the
d. Carl Rogers b. power and intimacy. evolutionary theory of personality as it relates as
______2. Which one of the following is not one c. politics and economics. a guide for practitioners in psychology:
of the types of selection focused on by d. belongingness and social-ability. a. The theory is more abstract and
evolutionary theorists? _____12. Buss (1991) starts with the pure than concrete and applied.
a. artificial selection assumption that motivation, emotion, and b. The theory is more concrete and
b. natural selection personality are adaptive in that they solve applied than abstract and pure.
c. seminal selection problems of _______________. c. The theory is more abstract and
d. sexual selection a. survival and reproduction concrete than pure and applied.
_____3. The evolutionary process of natural b. introversion and extroversion. d. The theory is more pure and concrete
and sexual selection and chance results in ____ c. psychoticism and neuroticism. than abstract and applied.
distinct outcomes. d. narcissism and frotteurism. CHAPTER 16
a. two _____13. Buss argues that the five main ______1. Which term best describes B. F.
b. five dimensions of personality (Big Five) can be best Skinner?
c. six thought of as a way of summarizing the a. determinist
d. three ____________. b. psychotherapist
_____4. Who were the first thinkers to argue a. human dynamic c. cognitive psychologist
for an evolutionary perspective of psychological b. strategies of personhood d. sociologist
thought and behavior? c. social landscape
______2. While in college, Skinner aspired to
become a
a. professional baseball player.
b. writer.
c. psychologist.
d. lawyer.
_____3. Thorndike's law of effect states that
responses to stimuli that are followed by a
satisfier tend to be
a. ignored.
b. stamped in.
c. stamped out.
d. extinguished.
_____4. John Watson argued that the goal of
psychology is
a. to determine the drives that motivate
behavior.
b. to study sensation, perception, and
imagery.
c. to study behavior subjectively; that is,
through introspection.
d. to study behavior objectively.
______5. According to Skinner, internal mental
states such as thinking, foresight, and reasoning
a. do not exist.
b. exist, but should not be used to
explain behavior.
c. exist and should be used to explain
behavior.
d. do not exist, but nevertheless can be
used to explain human behavior.
e. are solely responsible for human
behavior.
______6. After Skinner's younger brother died,
his parents
a. blamed Skinner for the child's death.
b. separated and later divorced.
c. did not want to let Skinner go.
d. insisted that Skinner return to Harvard
and work toward a PhD.
______7. Skinner believed the most crucial
aspect of science is
a. measurement.
b. hypothesis testing.
c. explanations of natural phenomena.
d. valuing empirical observation.
______8. Shaping complex behavior through
operant conditioning usually includes this
procedure.
a. classical conditioning
b. punishment
c. cognitive mediation
d. successive approximation
______9. Any aversive condition that when
removed from a situation increases the
probability that a given behavior will occur is a
a. negative reinforcer.
b. positive reinforcer.
c. reward.
d. negative punishment.
e. positive punishment.
_____10. Skinner favored reward over
punishment largely because
a. reward is more humane than
punishment.
b. punishment is more expensive.
c. the effects of punishment are less
predictable.
d. the effects of reward are less
predictable.
_____11. Allyson rubs her knee to reduce pain.
This behavior is most likely an example of
a. classical conditioning.
b. social control of behavior.
c. punishment.
d. positive reinforcement.
e. negative reinforcement.
_____12. A bricklayer is paid a given amount of
money for every brick laid. This procedure most
closely approximates which schedule of
reinforcement?
a. fixed-ratio
b. variable-ratio
c. fixed-interval
d. variable-interval
_____13. Extinction of a response will occur
earliest when learning occurs under this
schedule of reinforcement.
a. continuous
b. variable-ratio
c. fixed-interval
d. variable-interval
_____14. Which of these would be the best
example of a conditioned reinforcer?
a. sleep
b. relief from a headache
c. praise
d. oxygen
_____15. A slot machine pays off on this
schedule.
a. continuous
b. fixed-ratio
c. fixed-interval
d. variable-interval
e. none of these
_____16. According to Skinner, human
personality is partially shaped by
a. natural selection.
b. unconscious motivation.
c. our expectation of future goals.
d. basic needs such as hunger, safety,
and sex.
_____17. A unified repertoire of responses is
Skinner's definition of
a. operant conditioning.
b. classical conditioning.
c. human personality.
d. the perceived self.
_____18. Which of these concepts would
Skinner see as an explanatory fiction?
a. drive
b. ego
c. self-realization
d. all of the above
_____19. Skinner saw creative behavior as
resulting from
a. mutations.
b. genetic intelligence.
c. sublimations.
d. uniquely human qualities of
perseverance.
_____20. According to Skinner, the act of
blocking out unpleasant thoughts is an example
of
a. repression.
b. suppression.
c. negative reinforcement.
d. extinction.
_____21. According to Skinner, unhealthy
behavior
a. can be traced to congenital
deficiencies.
b. does not exist.
c. is a means of coping with excessive
social control.
d. is the result of permissive training
during childhood.
_____22. In his philosophy of science, Skinner
a. opposed hypothetical-deductive
methods.
b. favored a Taoistic approach.
c. opposed scientific research.
d. favored the use of large groups of
subjects.
e. advocated longitudinal studies.
CHAPTER 17
______1. Bandura believes that human
functioning is a product of the mutual interaction
of environment, person, and
a. heredity.
b. learning.
c. cognition.
d. behavior.
______2. Bandura's social cognitive theory
takes _____ perspective.
a. a behavioral
b. a learning theory
c. an existential
d. an agentic
______3. Bandura first became interested in
clinical psychology when he
a. entered graduate school at Stanford
University.
b. worked on the Alaska highway
after graduation from high school.
c. met Skinner at the 1972 APA
convention.
d. entered graduate school at the
University of Iowa.
_____4. Bandura believes that learning
a. can occur in the absence of a
response.
b. is facilitated by the unconscious mind.
c. and performance are identical.
d. is not facilitated by reinforcement.
_____5. According to Bandura, there are two
major types of learning—observational and
a. modeling.
b. instinctive.
c. developmental.
d. enactive.
e. conditioning.
____6. Modeling is enhanced when the
person being modeled is
a. a low-status person.
b. attractive.
c. speaking a foreign language.
d. a social isolate.
e. a child.
_____7. According to Bandura, reinforcement
a. is necessary for learning.
b. is cognitively mediated.
c. is environmentally determined.
d. has extrinsic value.
______8. According to Bandura, the essence of
humanness is
a. human agency.
b. imitation
c. aggression.
d. memory.
______9. The primary component of Bandura's
P factor is
a. cognition.
b. probability.
c. performance.
d. environment.
______10. Chance encounters enter the triadic
reciprocal causation paradigm at this point.
a. environment
b. behavior
c. person
d. any or all of these
_____11. According to Bandura, if behavior
were completely controlled by the environment,
it would be
a. solely the result of chance.
b. less consistent and more varied.
c. rigid and stilted.
d. solely the result of imitation.
_____12. People's expectations that they are
capable of performing a behavior that will
produce desired outcomes in any particular
situation is called
a. outcome expectancy
b. self-efficacy
c. distortion of consequences
d. the self-system
_____13. Which technique is LEAST likely to
increase a person's self-efficacy?
a. verbal persuasion
b. increased emotional arousal
c. vicarious experiences
d. performance accomplishments
_____14. Carlos has great confidence in himself
as a hairdresser. However, the economy in his
city has recently turned downward, and few
people can afford a hairdresser. When Carlos
applies for a job at Mr. Dan's Hair Salon, he will
likely have high _______ and low _______.
a. self-efficacy;outcome expectations
b. self-efficacy; self-confidence
c. reward expectancy; self-efficacy
d. anxiety; motivation
_____15. Which of these is MOST likely to
increase self-efficacy?
a. verbal persuasion
b. increased emotional arousal
c. decreased emotional arousal
d. performance accomplishments
_____16. Low self-efficacy and an
unresponsive environment are MOST likely to
result in
a. a high level of performance.
b. apathy and feelings of
helplessness.
c. decreased locus of control.
d. increased optimism and self-
confidence.
_____17. The personal efficacy of many people
working together to bring about social change is
called
a. collective efficacy.
b. disengagement of internal control.
c. disengagement of external control.
d. outcome expectations.
______18. Taylor, like most people,
relies on auto mechanics, air conditioning
repairmen, network news, and hundreds of other
people who enhance her lifestyle. In so doing,
Taylor is making use of
a. collective efficacy.
b. proxy efficacy.
c. self-efficacy.
d. self-regulation.
______19. A set of cognitive structures
used to evaluate behavior describes Bandura's
concept of
a. observational learning.
b. modeling.
c. the self system.
d. the ego.
e. the superego.
______20. According to Bandura, the
first requirement for self-regulation is
a. self-observation.
b. modeling.
c. a responsive environment.
d. motor production.
e. reinforcement.
_____21. Which of the following would be an
example of disengagement of internal control?
a. A student skips class, and then tells
the instructor that she had to attend her
grandmother's funeral.
b. A child is punished for playing with his
genitals and consequently represses the
experience.
c. A conscientious doctor performs
an illegal operation, but justifies her actions
to herself by saying the surgery was
necessary to save a life.
d. A store clerk shoplifts merchandise,
feels guilty, and returns it before anyone notices.
_____22. Bandura believes that personal
conduct is controlled by
a. an autonomous internal agent called
the ego.
b. environmental stimuli.
c. reinforcement.
d. the triadic reciprocal causation
paradigm.
_____23. The study by Bandura, Ross, and
Ross involving young children and a Bobo doll
found that
a. children exposed to an aggressive
cartoon character were more aggressive than
children not subjected to an aggressive model.
b. children exposed to an aggressive live
model were more aggressive than children not
subjected to an aggressive live model.
c. both of these was true.
d. neither of these was true.
______24. The ultimate goal of social-
cognitive therapy is
a. self-regulation.
b. self-actualization.
c. an increase in self-efficacy.
d. uncovering hidden conflicts.
______25. Which statement is most
consistent with Bandura's concept of humanity?
a. People are most strongly motivated to
increase self-efficacy.
b. Human personality is formed mostly
by the forces of biology.
c. People must successfully navigate
the stages of development in order to become
psychologically healthy.
d. Humans have the capacity to
become many things, within the limits set by
biology.
CHAPTER 18
______1. Rotter's theory assumes that
a. most human motivation is
unconscious.
b. motivation is goal directed.
c. natural selection determines
behavior.
d. people are primarily motivated to
reduce tension.
______2. An event or condition that moves a
person toward a goal would express Rotter's
concept of
a. the purposive postulate.
b. empirical determinism.
c. metamotivation.
d. dynamic dualism.
e. the empirical law of effect.
______3. Which of these is NOT one of Rotter's
four variables of prediction?
a. expectancy
b. locus of control
c. the psychological situation
d. reinforcement value
e. behavior potential
______4. Behavior potential in any situation is a
function of reinforcement value and
a. interpersonal trust.
b. need value.
c. expectancy.
d. internal locus of control.
______5. Behavioral potential can be predicted
when reinforcement value is held constant and
a. expectancy is also held constant.
b. expectancy varies.
c. drive strength is held constant.
d. drive strength varies.
______6. Rotter called a person's subjective
perception of the value of an event
a. the empirical law of effect
b. generalized expectancy
c. external reinforcement
d. internal reinforcement
e. negative reinforcement
______7. Rotter's basic prediction formula
states that behavior potential is a function of a
person's expectancy that behavior will be
followed by reinforcement in a particular
situation and by
a. one's physical comfort.
b. need potential.
c. reinforcement value.
d. freedom of movement.
______8. The basic prediction formula is most
useful for making specific predictions. To make
more generalized predictions, Rotter introduced
the concept of
a. needs.
b. cognition.
 c. goals.
d. reinforcement value.
_____9. Which of these is NOT included
among Rotter's list of needs?
a. physical comfort
b. dominance
c. esteem
d. love and affection
e. independence
_____10. The specific concept of expectancy is
analogous to this term in the general prediction
formula.
a. need potential
b. need value
c. freedom of movement
d. reinforcement value
_____11. The extent to which a person prefers
one set of reinforcements to another is called
______.
a. need potential
b. the law of effect
c. need value
d. interpersonal trust
_____12. In the general prediction formula,
need potential is a function of freedom of
movement and
a. expectancy.
b. reinforcement value.
c. interpersonal trust.
d. need value.
_____13. The Internal-External Control Scale
measures
a. interpersonal trust.
b. generalized expectancies.
c. two types of people.
d. freedom of movement and need
value.
_____14. The Interpersonal Trust Scale
measures
a. belief that people are naturally good.
b. belief that we live in the best of all
possible worlds.
c. belief in behavior-outcome
expectancies.
d. belief that one can rely on other
people.
_____15. Low freedom of movement and high
need value are most likely to produce
a. a favorable outcome.
b. guilt.
c. conflict.
d. performance accomplishments.
e. shame.
_____16. Compared with Bandura and Rotter,
Walter Mischel placed more emphasis on
a. unconscious motivation.
b. self-efficacy.
c. generalized expectancies.
d. interpersonal trust.
e. delay of gratification.
_____17. Mischel's consistency paradox states
that
a. human behavior is quite consistent
from childhood to old age.
b. human behavior is much less
consistent than most people realize.
c. most people regard behavior as
relatively variable whereas empirical evidence
suggests that it is quite consistent.
d. most people regard behavior as
relatively consistent, whereas empirical
evidence suggests that it is quite variable.
_____18. Mischel assumed that behavior
a. is consistent from one situation to
another.
b. is shaped by the interaction of
person variables and situations variables.
c. is determined by genetic factors and
personal variables.
d. is a hypothetical construct and thus is
beyond scientific analysis.
_____19. Mischel and Shoda's system that
accounts for variability across situations as well
as stability of behavior within the person is called
a ______.
a. consistency paradox system.
b. cognitive-affective personality
system.
c. trait and factor system.
d. variable disposition system.
_____20. Mischel and Shoda use the term
behavioral signature of personality to refer to
a. a person's pattern of variability of
behavior.
b. personality as revealed
graphology.
c. a set of stylistic traits that guide
behavior.
d. a set of motivational traits that
generate behavior.
_____21. Which of these is NOT one of
Mischel's person variables?
a. locus of control
b. competencies
c. expectancies
d. encoding strategies
_____22. Mischel and Moore found that children
who were encouraged to imagine real rewards
while viewing pictures of rewards
a. were able to wait the entire test time
for their rewards.
b. could not wait as long for the
rewards as children who were exposed to
pictures of rewards.
c. could not wait as long for the rewards
as children who were exposed to the actual
rewards.
d. could not wait as long as children who
were exposed to no rewards.
_____23. Rotter's concept of humanity
assumes that people
a. are motivated by their view of
events more than by the events themselves.
b. are motivated by unconscious needs.
c. react to events rather than interacting
with their meaningful environments.
d. have unlimited free will.
e. are motivated primarily by past
experiences.
_____24. Mischel's cognitive-active personality
system conceptualizes humans as
a. being motivated mostly by personal
dispositions.
b. being goal-directed and active, not
passively reactive.
c. primarily motivated by past
experiences with rewards.
d. shaped largely by an interaction of
variable personality traits and the situation.
CHAPTER 19
______1. Kelly's college education may have
influenced his later writings, which are sprinkled
with
a. agricultural references.
b. show business references.
c. biblical references.
d. musical references.
e. classical mythology.
______2. Kelly's personal construct theory
should be viewed as
a. a metatheory.
b. a psychoanalytic theory.
c. an existential theory.
d. a behavioral theory.
e. a factor analytic theory.
______3. Kelly compared a person's attempts to
interpret and explain events to those of
a. a scientist.
b. a psychotherapist.
c. an animal.
d. an engineer.
by ______4. Kelly believed that his theory, like all
others,
a. is a metatheory.
b. should explain unconscious
motivation.
c. is subject to change and revision.
d. should be limited to "normal"
behavior.
e. should be based on nomothetic
research methods.
______5. Kelly's assumption that present
interpretations are subject to revision and
change is called
a. scientific determinism.
b. constructive alternativism.
c. theoretical empiricism.
d. alternative constructivism.
e. empirical constructivism.
______6. Kelly explicitly assumed that
a. the universe exists.
b. all reality is subjective.
c. the universe is beyond human
understanding.
d. all people are motivated to rise above
their peers.
______7. Facts, according to Kelly,
a. are immutable.
b. determine our perceptions.
c. carry meaning for us to discover.
d. are discovered by scientists and
disseminated to nonscientists.
e. are discovered by scientists and then
disseminated to other scientists.
______8. Personal constructs are best defined
as
a. subjective opinions held without
substantiating evidence.
b. events that are shaped by personal
biases.
 c. alternative ways of looking at the _____17. Kelly defined a role as
world. a. a facade we erect to prevent others
d. transparent templates or patterns from seeing who we really are.
that help people make sense out of the world. b. a pattern of behavior resulting from
______9. All personal constructs, Kelly said, our understanding of the constructs of
have at least others.
a. one comparison and one contrast. c. the extent to which we accurately
b. two comparisons and one contrast. construe the constructions of others.
c. one comparison and two contrasts. d. an invalid personal construct in need
d. two comparisons and two contrasts. of the validation of another.
_____10. Kelly's fundamental postulate _____18. Kelly compared psychologically
assumes that unhealthy people to
a. present behavior is guided by past a. incompetent scientists.
experiences. b. bankrupt businesses.
b. people guide their actions by the c. a dry riverbed.
ways they predict the future. d. physically unhealthy people.
c. all behavior, without exception, is e. used Christmas trees.
completely determined by and pertinent to one's _____19. Kelly defined threat as
phenomenal field. a. any incidental modification of a
d. personal constructs are convenient personal construct.
for an infinite range of events. b. the awareness of an immediate and
_____11. Kelly's construction corollary basic change to the core structure.
assumes that people c. any action or behavior inconsistent
a. construe similar events in an with one's core role experience.
identical fashion. d. failure to develop a core role.
b. construe similar events in very _____20. In order to facilitate clients' discovery
different ways. of hidden aspects of themselves, Kelly used
c. interpret past events by their recurrent a. hypnosis.
themes. b. dream interpretation.
d. may do any of these depending on the c. fixed-role therapy.
situation. d. early recollections.
_____12. The notion that people differ from one
another in their construction of events best
describes Kelly's _____ corollary.
a. choice
b. experience
c. organization
d. individuality
e. dichotomy
_____13. Which of Kelly's corollaries explicitly
assumes an ordinal relationship among
constructs?
a. organization
b. dichotomy
c. fragmentation
d. construction
e. individuality
_____14. The assumption that personal
constructs are limited to a finite number of events
reflects this corollary.
a. choice
b. commonality
c. fragmentation
d. range
e. organization
_____15. Permeable constructs
a. hold no information.
b. permit change.
c. restrict adaptation.
d. cannot be anticipated.
_____16. Which of Kelly's corollaries assumes
that people can hold seemingly incompatible
beliefs?
a. choice
b. organization
c. fragmentation
d. dichotomy
e. individuality