09/09/2015

Basics of Naval
Architecture and Ship
Construction

Faculty of Maritime Studies – Marine Engineering Department

Basics of Naval Architecture and

Ship Construction

Lecture Notes

Dr. Ahmed Salem

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Basics of Naval Architecture and

Ship Construction

Lecture 1
Introduction- General
Definitions and Ship Types

Dr. Ahmed Salem

Basic Definitons and Ship

Geometry

Figure 1: Illustrates the main parts of a typical ship

Dr. Ahmed Salem

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Basic Definitons and Ship

Geometry

1. Hull: The structural body of a ship including

shell plating, framing, decks and bulkheads.
2. Afterbody: That portion of a ship’s hull aft of
midships.
3. Forebody: That portion of a ship’s hull
forward of midships.
4. Bow: The forward end of the ship.
5. Stern: The after end of the ship.
Dr. Ahmed Salem

Basic Definitons and Ship

Geometry

6. Port Side:The left side of the ship when

looking forward.

7. Starboard Side: The right side of the ship

when looking forward.

8. Design Waterline (DWL) or Load

Waterline (LWL): The waterline at which
the ship will float when loaded to its designed
draught.

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Basic Definitons and Ship

Geometry

9. Moulded Surface: The inside surface of the

skin, or plating, of a ship.

Basic Definitons and Ship

Geometry

10.Forward Perpendicular (FP): The vertical

line at the point of intersection of the LWL and
the forward end of the immersed part of the
ship’s hull.
11.After Perpendicular (AP): The vertical line
at the point of intersection of the LWL and the
centerline of the rudder-stock.
12.Midships ( ): The point midway between
the forward and after perpendiculars.

Dr. Ahmed Salem

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Basic Definitons and Ship

Geometry

Dr. Ahmed Salem

Basic Definitons and Ship

Geometry

13.Deck Camber: The rise of the deck of the

ship in going from the side to the centre. In
older ships the camber curve used to be
parabolic but in modern ships straight line
camber curves are used or there may be no
camber at all on decks.
14.Bilge Radius: The radius of the circular arc
forming the bilge.
15.Flat of Keel (Half Siding): The width of flat
bottom plating on each side of the centre
girder.

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Basic Definitons and Ship

Geometry

16.Deadrise (Rise of Floor): The amount by

which the line of the outer bottom plating
amidships rises above the baseline.

17.Tumblehome: The amount the top of the

side shell slopes back toward the centerline –
The distance between the point of widest
breadth and the deck at side.

Principle Dimensions

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Principle Dimensions

1. Length of Waterline (LWL): The length of the

waterline at which the ship will float when fully
loaded.

2. Length Overall (LOA): The total length of the

ship from one end to the other, including bow
and stern overhangs.

3. Length Between Perpendiculars (LBP): The

distance measured parallel to the base at the
level of the design waterline from the after
perpendicular (AP) to the forward perpendicular
(FP).

Principle Dimensions

4. Maximum Beam or Breadth (Bm): Extreme

beam (breadth), from outside to outside of the
shell plating.

5. Breadth at Loaded Waterline (BWL):

Maximum moulded breadth at the loaded
waterline.

6. Draught (T): The vertical distance from the

waterline at any point on the hull to the bottom
of the ship.

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Principle Dimensions

7. Depth Moulded (Dm): The vertical distance at

amidships from the baseline to the underside of
the plating of the main deck.
8. Freeboard (f): The vertical distance from the
waterline to the deck at side. The freeboard is
equal to the difference between the depth at
side and the draught at any point along the
ship.
9. Trim: The difference between the draughts
forward and aft.

Principle Dimensions

10.Moulded Displacement: The displacement of

a ship based on moulded dimensions.

11.Total Displacement: Moulded displacement

modified by adding the thickness of shell
plating and the volume of appendages.

12.Wetted Surface Area: The area of the

underwater hull and appendages, measured in
square meters.

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Principle Dimensions

Principle Dimensions

Lightship Weight:

The lightweight tonnage of a ship is the sum of all

fixed weights, i.e. hull, machinery, outfitting
and permanent equipment.

LS=WS+WM+WO

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Principle Dimensions

Deadweight:
The difference between the displacement and the
lightweight is the deadweight tonnage which is
the sum of the weight of cargo, fuel, lubricating
oil, fresh water, stores, passengers and
baggages, crew and their effects.

DWT=WC+WF+WLO+WFO+WPAS+WLUG+
WCREW+ WSTORE

Tonnage Measurement

Gross tonnage is the capacity of the spaces in

the ship's hull and of the enclosed spaces
above the deck available for cargo, stores, fuel,
passengers, and crew.

Net tonnage is the gross tonnage less the spaces

used for the accommodation of the ship's
master, officers, crew, and the navigation as
well as for propulsion machinery.

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Tonnage Measurement

Tonnage Measurement

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Ship Types

Ship Types
Transport Ship Types
Cargo Ships:

Ships are generally designed for a specific reason.

Cargo ships are designed to carry specific cargo
and can be distinguished by the type of cargo
they carry, especially since the means of
handling the cargo is often highly visible.

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Ship Types
Cargo Ships are generally one of the following types:

• Bulk Cargo such as coal, wheat, cement, grain or

any item moved in bulk quantities.

• Break bulk cargo is cargo that may be affixed to

a pallet. Palletized cargo is organized in such a way
as to facilitate the loading into the ship.

• Containerized cargo is cargo enclosed into a

standardized shipping container.

Ship Types
Cargo Ships are generally one of the following types:

• Liquid Cargo such as oil, molasses, chemicals are

carried in bulk in large tank ships.

• Refrigerated Cargo such as fruits, vegetables,

meat, fish and dairy.
• Roll on/ Roll off specialized ships.
• Flo/ Flo specialized ships.
• Live Cargo cattle and other livestock.

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Ship Types
Transport Ship Types
General Cargo Ships

A general cargo ship is a ship with open cargo holds

loaded vertically through hatches in the upper deck.
The holds may be divided by intermediate decks
called tween decks.

Ship Types
General Cargo Ships

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Ship Types
Transport Ship Types

Container Ships – Container Ships are classified

as unit-load ships because freight is carried in
huge boxes of standard size called containers.

Ship Types

Container Ships

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Ship Types
Transport Ship Types

Bulk Carriers (Bulkers) – Bulk Carriers carry

bulk cargo such as ore, coal, pulp, rock,
cement, scrap metal, grain, flour, rice,
fertilizers, sugar or any cargo that travels in
bulk.

Ship Types
Bulk Carriers (Bulkers)

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Ship Types
Transport Ship Types

Oil Tankers – Crude oil is carried in oil tankers

or in bulk and oil carriers (OBO ships).

Categorizing Ships
Oil Tankers

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Ship Types
Transport Ship Types

LPG and LNG Carriers – Along with the great

increase in numbers and size of tankers have come
specialized uses of tankers for products other than oil.

Ship Types
LPG Carrier

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Ship Types
LNG Carrier

Ship Types
Transport Ship Types

Roll-on/Roll-off ships – Roll-on/Roll-off (or

Ro/Ro) ships are ships that have specially designed
ramps to allow cargo to be driven on board. A car
carrier is a good example, but roll on / roll off also
relates to trucks, ferry type ships and other ships
providing landing ramps for the cargo.

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Ship Types
Roll-on/Roll-off ships

Ship Types
Transport Ship Types

Passenger Ships – Passenger ships are vessels

that carry passengers either on an overnight cruise or
day only cruise.

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Ship Types
Passenger Ships

Ship Types
Non-Transport Ship Types

Fishing Vessels – Fishing Vessels are vessels

used to catch fish from seas, oceans, lakes or
rivers. There are different types of fishing
vessels: Trawlers, Seiners, Longliners, Whalers,
among others.

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Ship Types
Fishing Vessels (Stern Trawler)

Ship Types
Fishing Vessels (Longliner)

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Ship Types
Non-Transport Ship Types

Tugs – The service ships are mostly tugs or towing

vessels whose principal function is to provide propulsive
power to other vessels.

Ship Types
Tugs

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Ship Types
Non-Transport Ship Types

Research Ships – Many universities, oil

companies, water resource boards and governments
own and operate research ships. Small research ship
may provide platforms for any type of oceanographic
endeavour and the large research ships.

Ship Types
Research Ships

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Ship Types
Non-Transport Ship Types
Icebreaker – Icebreakers are usually wide in order to
make a wide swath through ice, and they have high
propulsive power in order to overcome the resistance of
the ice layer.

Ship Types
Advanced Marine Vehicles

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Ship Types
Advanced Marine Vehicles

Fast Ship Pentamaran container ship

Ship Types
Advanced Marine Vehicles

Hydrofoils – Hydrofoil configurations can be divided

into two general classifications, surface piercing and
submerged foil, which describe how the lifting surfaces
are arranged and operate.

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Ship Types
Hydrofoils

Surface-Piercing (Left) & Fully-Submerged (Right) Foil Configurations

Ship Types
Hydrofoils

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Ship Types
Advanced Marine Vehicles
Air Supported Vessels – An Air Cushion Vehicle
(ACV) or hovercraft is a craft that is entirely supported
by air pressure, in close proximity to the surface. It is
suitable for use over water or land.

Ship Types
Advanced Marine Vehicles
WIG – WIG is an abbreviation of Wing-In-Ground effect.
A WIG craft can be seen as a crossover between a
hovercraft and an aircraft. It flies just above the
surface, usually the water surface therefore others use
the term WISE or WISES (Wing In Surface Effect Ship).

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Representing the Hull Form

Representing the Hull Form

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Representing the Hull Form

Representing the Hull Form

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Representing the Hull Form

The Half-Breadth Plan

Representing the Hull Form

The Sheer Plan

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Representing the Hull Form

The Body Plan

Representing the Hull Form

Lines Plans

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