Professional Documents
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AP 4.1 COLD War
AP 4.1 COLD War
US – during WW2 – invented the A BOMB --- USSR – got the technology also
Both are trying to improve their military forces
COLD WARS
Wars that were indirectly fought – fear of nuclear annihilation – everyone dies
Battle of strength and might and ideologies
US vs USSR
o Fighting thru their colonies and their ideologies, military, technology
GERMANY Com E
Divided: West Germany: US – France – Great Britain = capitalism
East Germany: USSR = communism
Cap Wuf G
Because of the industrial revolution = people should be equal due to the people before MISTREATED
Why split: US wanted to stop Germany and control Germany – but there are 2 conflicting ideologies
CAPITALISM
Have rights to get rich + democratic state + govt did not control businesses + right to own properties
Democratic state/world there is FREEDOM
COMMUNISM
Everyone should be equal
Government will provide needs believe: everything is owned by the government – no freedom of own property –
things from other places were confiscated
Powerful people / leaders = abuse people
Came from capitalism! child labor, poor working condition, low to no wages – people believed that they
should have a communist government so that everyone will be equal!
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXzODWlTWgk
BERLIN WALL
Symbol of ideological division and suppression of human rights during the Cold War
Represented the iron curtain that separated the Western and Eastern block (1961)
o Communist government of the German Democratic Republic of EAST Germany – began constructing the wall
Purpose of Berlin Wall:
(1) to stop the Western fascists from entering the socialist state of East Germany
(2) stop defections from east to west
November 9, 1989
East German regime announced: citizens had the right to cross the border
BERLIN AIRLIFT
Soviet attempted blockade so US will have shortage on food and supplies in West Berlin City
BERLIN Wall
West sector - Capitalism
East sector – communism
German refugees flowed from the East to the West – including highly skilled workers (docs, engineers, teachers) 15-20% of East
German population had left to the West
Nikita Khrushchev – leader of Soviet Union – has had enough – ordered to close Berlin Borders for good
o Difficulty in crossing – will have to apply for visa
o Officials were later on not allowed to cross the border also – to stop access for American officials to East Berlin standoff
American vs Soviet tanks JFK called Nikita to back away almost WW3
BERLIN WALL
JFK realized – better with wall than war
Ronald Reagan visited – challenged Mikhail Gorbachev to tear down wall
thawing and political changes happened
o Citizens can cross the wall – OCTOBER 30, 1990
QUESTIONS BY SIR:
1. What happened to Germany after WW2 = split into west democratic and
east communist
2. Why was there tension between the 2? Ideologies and rise of militarism
and improvement of their technology
3. Why was the Berlin Wall built? To prevent citizens from crossing over –
prevent exchange of ideas - stop people from leaving because it shows
that that territory is failing
4. Communism is not a stable government system
5. North Korea – communist
6. China – communist – but free trade and market – one child policy to
control population
Follow up: Video: The fall of the Berlin wall (sky news)
people tear down the wall
IDEOLOGY
System of beliefs or theories
Politically held by an individual or a group of visionary theorist
Set of beliefs that affect our attitude on the world
CAPITALISM COMMUNISM
Individual freedom Social equality – no rich no poor
Private property All property should be shared (public
Everyone has the right to own things property)
Right to be rich and richer than others thru No one should be rich or poor
their businesses
US USSR
❊ Believed that war savaged countries should ❊ Believed that they need to get the other
have their independence and freedom countries Controlled the EAST – made it
❊ Grant countries in EAST GERMANY as their buffer states/protect against threats
freedom ❊ Goal: Get Germany’s resources as war
❊ Goal: Strengthen economy of West Germany payments + prevent country from becoming a
contributed to the progress of Europe threat in the future
❊ Promoted democracy and capitalism ❊ Promote communism
❊ Control the wealth of Europe ❊ Use wealth of countries in Eastern Europe
to restore its economy
IRON CURTAIN
Western Bloc vs Eastern Soviet Bloc
Symbolizes the sharp divide between the countries that sided with US and USSR
The divide in Europe = BORDER: called Iron Curtain of the Soviet controlled countries - border starts from GERMANY
o Germany divided into two – EAST: Communist USSR + WEST: Capitalism France, Great Britain and USA
o Capital of Germany : BERLIN = inside the East Germany
IF YOU LIVE IN RUSSIA == you cannot get anything outside Russia!
If you are caught = imprisoned
ALLIANCES
USA WARSAW PACT
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Canada etc Countries under USSR
SEATO (South East Asia Treaty Organization) Parts of Poland – under Russia
CENTO (Central Treaty Organization) Europe
US will help the countries
Under the UN also
ARMS RACE = US and USSR COMPETED IN TERMS OF: FIRE POWER – bigger bomb, advancements, better military
ARMS RACE
Country wanted to be more superior – build better things
Video: The True Scale of Nuclear Weapons
Teacher:
Is it right to create & store of nuclear weapons? – for protection – if nuke war happens == all will DIE!
ARMS RACE
Increased development of military strength and weaponry by US and USSR (15 megaton bomb by
USSR – to show everyone their power)
Competition for maintenance maintained the balance of power between the US & USSR = decrease
possibility of nuclear war = they know if they fought with another DESTRUCTION
MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction)
Military doctrine: use of nuclear arms === no winner and no opportunity for peace agreement
o Creation of bomb shelters 50km deep! - In US ready for nuke – lately US is preparing bomb
shelters
Video: TedEd :::: Can you survive a nuclear fallout?
FOR A DESTRUCTIVE BALST TO HAPPEN – harness power of nuclear fission – atom’s nucleus is split in
tow
Process produces an incredible amount of energy Neutrons absorbed by nearby atoms split of
additional nuclei
Chain reactions produce a range of explosive yields
Teacher: if fall out happens – environment destroyed – hard time for humanity if this happens
SPACE RACE
Technological race – space technology – first to go to the moon
US and USSR compete in Science – to show supremacy to the world
Attention is turned towards space domain for future endeavors
When was this: 1960s
1970s
US – Soviet relations improved: 1975 – joint program APOLLO-SOYUZ mission
o 3 US astronauts aboard Apollo with Soviet Soyuz vehicle
o US Soviet space flight – the handshake between the commanders of both crafts – SYMBOLIZES
the improvements of US-Soviet relations in the late Cold War
Teacher:
Who is winning at first in the Space Race? == The Soviets – first one to establish a want or a need to space –
first to go to space
PROXY WARS
Misconception: no actual fighting
Reality: no direct military confrontation but armed – fighting took place in proxy wars
Participation of US and USSR that were consistent with opposing ideology
o Actual fighting – in smaller countries
KOREA (1950)
North and South Korean border: 38 Parallel or DMZ (demilitarized zone)
o North Korea = supported by Russia and China – supplied weapons and people
o South Korea = invaded by NK military threat – almost lost US + Philippines + UN helped
SKorea – won the war
When US and UN got there – pushed back N korea to Pyeongyang – why? reinforcements coming from
China helped the N – established the 38 Parallel or DMZ (demilitarized zone)
Up to now: No signing that N and S Korea war ended === military training required for citizens
BERLIN BLOCKADE
Soviets tried to get the whole Berlin
USSR tried to limit US, Brits, French – to travel to administer the sectors in West Berlin
o US flied over the wall to drop supplies build Berlin Wall
No Access in West Berlin led to the building of the Berlin Wall
October 27
Nikita sent message to JFK – USSR to remove missiles in Cuba but asked US not to invade Cuba
Later ----- second letter was send: provoked debate again – US to remove US missiles in Turkey – same
day: US jet was shot down over Cuba
o JFK prepared to attack Cuba
Later that night: Atty. General Robert Kennedy – secretly met with Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin –
said that US will really remove Turkey missiles in 6 months anyway but this was a secret
Next morning: Nikita announced missiles dismantle and remove from Cuba
OCTOBER 1962 – world escaped a nuke war because of Kennedy and Annatoly
1963
Phone hotline setup
1968
Banning of nuke testing
Promised not to supply nuke tech to other countries
1. What was the Space Race during the Cold War, and why was it important?
The Space Race was between US and USSR, who competed to prove their technological knowledge in becoming
the first nation to send man in space. The Space Race was important because it gave the two superpowers a way
for them to show their technological power and superiority, it also gave the nation who was winning the symbol of
prestige and power. Aside from this, superiority in the Space Race implied that that nation has far more advanced
military technology. The Space Race also led scientific advancements in astronomy.
2. How did countries like the United States and the Soviet Union try to outdo each other in space exploration?
Both built space ships and satellites and try to successfully launch them. They also competed in who will send man
in space first. USSR won this by sending Yuri Gagarin first. Both superpowers also built space stations.
Apollo 11 ended the Space Race since US was the first one to send man to moon – but did not end the Cold War
3. How did the Arms Race between the United States and the Soviet Union impact global politics, and how did it
eventually contribute to the end of the Cold War?
The Arms Race increased the tensions between US and USSR that led both to constant rivalry and competition.
Both countries built and stored nuclear weapons and created global fear of nuclear war. The competition between
US and UUSR also led to proxy wars, wherein smaller countries would fight for them due to the differences in
ideologies. It also led to the signing of the MAD treaty wherein the two countries knew the effects if a nuke war
will happen.
o The Cold War ended because of the arms race because this led to the collapse of USSR. Mikhail
Gorbachev’s reforms like the glasnost or openness policy and petroiska or restructuring made the process
of reform in USSR faster that ultimately led to the end of the Cold War. USSR wanted to reduce their
military spending which led to the collapse of USSR and the end of the Cold War.
o How did Arms Race contributed to the end of the Cold War? = Arms Race greatly affected USSR –
because military weapon, bombs are not easy to maintain and very expensive (people pay for those
expenses) – affected the economy of USSR
Soviet Union
_ December 25, 1991
o Mikhail Gorbachev – announced the USSR is stepping into the new world
o Soviet Union dissolved – Gorbachev stepped down
Broke up into 15 independent republics > USA now the new world superpower
1980’s
_ Soviet Union appeared powerful but not – it was splitting apart
❊ Gorbachev’s plan – USSR be like China – communist-capitalist system
❊ Ease restrictions on freedom of speech and religion
_ Gorbachev’s plan backfired easing control over people + reforms people will have new found powers
o New generations were more in tune with world events
_ Soviet economy weakened and limited people were suffering call out to regime change
_ 15 different republics under USSR inherited tensions regime changes Gorbachev doesn’t want war
allowed the 15 republics to go in their separate ways
Analyze the impact of the Cold War on a country outside of the United States and the Soviet Union.
Social The Cold War created fear How did the Cold War affect the
Impact and anxiety of the citizens society and daily lives of people?
due to the Cuban Missile
Crisis. Another is it led to People were scared and paranoid
because of the nuclear weapons that
several movements like the
came with the Cold War. Countries
Civil Rights Movements also saw the need of its citizens to
where people wanted undergo military training just to be
equality amongst women and prepared for political conflicts. It also
people of color. created political movements, civil right
movements and anti-war movements.
CAPITALISM COMMUNISM
private wealth as an indication of
property and enterprise Values private property and free inequality
enterprise economic resources as public
property should be under
control of the state
capitalist / entrepreneur =
capitalist or entrepreneur represents unequal and
Significant force in the economy considered as significant force in exploitative nature of capitalism
the economy Workers are most significant
economic work force and most
important aspect of production in
the economy
b. Soviet Union – driven by ideas of the COMINTERN – sought to spread communist and socialist thought
throughout the world
FOR SOVIETS
- Capitalist-oriented nations = threat to communism
- Communist doctrine = advocates the downfall of capitalism by minimizing the influence of the US and other capitalists
states in world affairs
- US vs USSR Tensions – evident in the final years of the WW2
o End of war changed the political landscape of Europe ----- continent were divided between the US, Britain,
France and Russia later on influenced the political developments COLD WAR
Descent of the iron curtain is due to the: spread of communism in Eastern Europe – because of Russia either occupying
or controlling many parts of the region
o 1947 – 1947 = communist governments were established in Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria
o 1948 = communists seized power in Czechoslovakia
EASTERN BLOC = due to the spread of communist regimes throughout the Eastern Europe + Russia establishing
alliances with or directly influencing communist states
WARSAW PACT = 1955 – leadership: USSR = pact that formalized the Eastern Bloc as an opposing force to the
capitalist state in the Western Europe
MARSHALL PLAN
An economic recovery program
Intended to help the war-ravaged European states
How: address the threat of economic instability in Europe
Americans believed that communists took advantage of economic turmoil in Europe to take control of
governments and societies
Maintain economic stability = one way of addressing the communist threat
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
Military alliance: Britain – France – Demark – Iceland – Italy – Belgium – Luxembourg – Netherlands
– Norway – Portugal – US – Canada ++ Greece – Spain – Turkey – West Germany
Principle: mutual support and protection of each other = AN ATTACK ON A NATO MEMBER
COUNTRY WILL COMPEL THE OTHER MMEBERS TO TAKE IMMEDIATE ACTION
o An attack on one = attack all other members !!!
BERLIN WALL
- A reminder of the divisions that characterized the political landscape of Europe throughout the Cold
War
PROXY WARS
Korean War
-
Vietnam War
- US supported South Vietnam from the threat of communist rebels
1979
Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan to protect a newly established communist government
-
1980
- Communist fought MUJADHIDEEN (anti-communist fighters)
Mujahideen were getting substantial support from US and its ally Pakistan
1M Afghan civilians were killed + millions fled and became refugees
1989
USSR withdrew – why: due to international criticism and continued resistance from the Afghan rebels === BUT USSR still
continued its support to the Afghan government
1980s
- Nicaragua – became the battleground in the Cold War
- Civil war = between communist SANDINISTAS (USSR) vs anticommunist CONTRAS (supported by US)
ESPOINAGE
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA – US)
Committee for State Security (KGB – Russian)
MI-6 – British Intelligence Agency
MOSSAD – Israel
Focus of agencies:
Acquire intelligence regarding nuclear technology
RUSSIANS
Want to acquire knowledge on nuclear research of the West
LATER:::::
Intelligence agencies – engaged in a more sophisticated activities
1. Spread of disinformation to influence political events in certain countries
2. Organizing rebellions or coups against the government
3. Recruit of individuals to spy on their governments
4. Conducting assassination of key individuals
5. Implemented signals intelligence == refers to the interception and analysis of communication
National Security Agency (NSA) – US
RUSSIA and the COMMUNIST BLOCK after STALIN
JOSEPH STALIN
His death (1953) marked a significant change in the direction of the Communist government in Russia
NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV
Came to power in 1955
Implemented a program of DE-STALINIZATION
o Aim: to decrease the cult of personality that grew around the Russian leader Joseph Stalin
Criticized Stalin’s policies diminish powers of Russian police + political dissidents were allowed to
return from exile
Called for cooperation and a PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE between US and SOVIET
UNION
First leader to visit US – showed the improving relations between US and USSR
o 1960s – a US spy plane was shot down in the border of Turkey and USSR cancel the summit
with US President Dwight Eisenhower in Paris
Changed Russian policies
o Effect: Communist countries in Eastern Europe became more politically independent
o Some countries rebelled against Soviet Union 1956: Poland and Hungary
Polish government – implemented more liberal policies + relaxed controls over industry
and agriculture + more freedom to the Catholic Church
Hungary – became center of protests – led by students, workers, intellectuals, soldiers
resulted to expulsion of Russian troops from the country + became an institution of a
more liberal government
Few months later: Soviet sent troops to BUDAPEST – overthrew the new
government established communist government Hungary was again under
Russian control
Czechoslovakia – 1968 – PROTESTS led to government reforms Russia used its
military powers put down protests and restore control
LEONID BREZHNEV
Became the leader of USSR – 1964
Sought for improvements in Russian industries
o 1970s – Russia – leading producer of STELL and ENERGY RESOURCES (oil and coal) ===
still with economic problems
Economic problems:
a. Shortage of basic commodities (clothing, food, consumer goods)
b. Slow agricultural development Russia imported agricultural products from others
Focused on military spent resources to increase its army and navy + weapons
Reiterated Russia’s right to intervene in any socialist or communist states if their governments face any
danger
IN AFRICA
o Another battleground between US and USSR
o 1957 – GHANA – won its independence
KWAE NKRUMAH – became the first president
Had leftist leanings – openly friendly with the USSR and communist China
o 1966 – Nkrumah visited North Vietnam and China – his government was toppled by a military coup
New government of Ghana – ruled by military council – stopped the diplomatic relations with
communist countries – aligned itself with the Western Bloc
o CONGO CRISIS
1960 – 1965 – another proxy war
Congolese Prime Minister PATRICE LUMUMBA – asked aid from Russians to end the conflict
GENERAL MOBUTO SESE SEKO – launched a coup removal of Lumumba from power
Expelled the communist and established a military dictatorship in Congo
Renamed Congo to ZAIRE (1971)
1975 – civil war in Angola – communist vs anti-communist groups – intervention of Russia,
Cuba, US and South Africa
IN MIDDLE EAST
o Cold war greatly defined by the rise of Arab nationalism
o Throughout the region – monarchies were toppled by nationalist elements
1952 – EGYPT = KING FAROUK – deposed by military officials new government led by
GENERAL GAMAL ABDEL NASSER
1958 – IRAQ = nationalist revolution – overthrew the king
LIBYA – monarchy was deposed by a military coup – leader: COLONEL MUAMMAR GADDAFI
o Region was not spared from ideological struggles of the Cold War
Gen Nasser of Egypt – espoused Arab socialism – friendly with Russia and the Eastern Bloc
1969 – Marxist elements gained control of South Yemen renamed; People’s Democratic Republic
of Yemen
US sought to contain the spread of communism in the Middle East established alliances
with countries (Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan)
USSR – established relations with Egypt, Syria, Libya, South Yemen
o Western nations – intervened in political developments in the Middle East
In IRAN = US and Britain – made a coup in 1951 – removal of MOHAMMAD MOSSADEGH from
power installed REZA PAHALVI as leader (Shah of Iran)
Effect: prompted Mossadegh’s to nationalize the oil industry of Iran == THREAT TO
BRITISH ECONOMIC INTERESTS
1961 – US-backed Pahlavi – overthrown by a popular revolution into power was GRAND
AYATOLLAH RUHOLAH KHOMEINI
Effect: WAR Iran vs Iraq – 1980 to 1988
o SADDAM HUSSEIN – Iraq’s leader – gained support of many Western powers ==
extreme measures were employed by the Iraqi Army in war used chemical
weapons that targeted civilians Iraq lost Western support intervention of the
United Nations
KOREAN WAR
Resulted after the WW2 divided nation in Korean peninsula
Upon surrender of Japan (1945) – Korean peninsula was divided between the Russian forces (occupied the North) and
American forces (occupied the South) gave rise to rival governments in N and S Korea
1950 – North Korean military invaded South Korea
o Invasion was successfully resisted thru a joint effort between US and the UN military forces
1953 – armistice was signed end of fighting
Effects of Korean war:
(A) convinced the US the need to intervene military areas of conflict
(B) cemented American support for Taiwan (Taiwan – seen as important strategic ally of the US in the Asia-Pacific
region) effect: isolation of Communist China in the world affairs (US used its influence to deny Communist
China recognition in the United Nations) effect: strengthen relationship USSR and China
IN THE WEST
- Revival and consolidation of opposition against communism
- 1980s – US President Ronald Reagan + UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher = led the opposition to
communism
- Pope John Paul II = lent his considerable influence against communism
o SOLIDARITY MOVEMENT = (Poland) = advocated worker’s rights and democracy
at this time: Russia – experiencing economic crisis due to the high military spending and
weak agriculture and industry + overseas interventions caused its economic weakening
- 1985 – MIKHAIL GORBACHEV – leader of Russian government = the one who transformed the
Russian government – how:
(1) Perestroika
Allowed private ownership of business and foreign investment
(2) Glasnost
Openness and transparency – to curve the corruption and abuse that was rampant in
the communist government
(3) Engaged the US in talks that reduced their nuclear arsenal led the USSR to adopt a policy
of non-intervention in Eastern Europe
Neo
Terrorism
Territorial disputes
Genocides
Cps
❊ Economic crises
❊ Epidemics & pandemics
GLOBALIZATION
(ttg)
Seen as both an opportunity & challenge by many nations
Reality is borderless!
E – challenge nations to figure
out new ways to ensure that they will address the
Pan of globalization and
challenges and opportunities
seek new ways towards progress
CHALLENGE OF DECOLONIZATION AND NEOCOLONIALISM
End of WW2 – Allied Forces tasks:
(1) Ensure that global peace and security are preserved
(2) Ensure the recognition of the sovereignty of each state
UNITED NATIONS
October 24, 1945
Countries of the world came together and made the UN
DECOLONIZATION
Process where the colonizer withdraws from its colonies and recognizes their independence
Issues: (1) APARTHEID (2). NEOCOLONIALISM
ASIAN COUNTRIES
Struggle for independence prior to the outbreak of WW2
End of war. Some colonies won their independence from their colonial masters
o Philippines – first to gain independence in 1946
o India and Pakistan – independence in 1947
o Indonesia – independence in 1949 - Netherlands failed to restore their colonial rule there
o British Malaya – independence in 1957
o Singapore – independence in 1963
APARTHEID
Opposed by a coalition of African politicians and activists led by NELSON MANDELA and Anglican bishop
DESMOND TUTU
Resulted to divided South African society: White Europeans + non-white Africans
Caused: discrimination and abuse + conflicts between whites vs non-whites
NEOCOLONIALISM
Refers to the colonial powers retaining significant influence in their affairs of their former colonies despite their
independence
Example:
o Congo, Belgium - retained their economic influence over the country – did not hesitate to intervene militarily
in times of conflict
o Britain – have political and cultural ties with its former colonies thru the establishment of the
COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS
o US – Philippines – US exert economic and political influence thru treaties that allowed US to exploit the
country’s natural resources and maintain US military bases in Philippine territory
2.) RUSSIA
Threat in Eastern Europe – why: invasion and annexation of the Crimean peninsula (2014)
o Action was widely condemned by international community
Russian interference is suspected in several political events throughout the world (2016 US elections)
Brexit referendum in the UK led to the country’s continual exit from the EU / European Union
3.) CHINA
Its growing economic and military influence = security concern
Activities in the West Phil Sea = violation of the international law = territorial rights and maritime
activities in the region
o 2013 = Philippines submitted a claim vs China in the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA =
to address claims about maritime territory based on the international law) 2016 – PCA
declared China had no basis in claiming territories in the West Phil Sea China REFUSED
to recognize the ruling continued with its activities in the disputed territory
2018 – US and China = became involved in a trade war – claim: unfair practices and intellectual
property theft by China Trade war has negatively affected economies of both countries +
international economy also felt the impact of the trade conflict
20th century: Spanish flu – spread worldwide – affected 500M === 50M deaths
(4) Human corona virus – 2000 = Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)
❊ Flulike symptoms + respiratory distress + infection + death
a. SARS 2003 outbreak – 30 countries – China, HK, Taiwan, Canada, Singapore
b. Middle East = MERS – Middle East Respiratory Syndrome – 2012 – from Saudi Arabia to South
Korea, US, Turkey, UK, Germany, Philippines
c. 2019 – COVID-19 = declared a global public health emergency in January 2020 – fast lethal
spread kasi = 37M cases 1M deaths ===== quarantine procedures + lockdowns were
implemented to curb the spread of the virus
FACTORS THAT INCREASED THE RISK OF DISEASES TO REACH DIFF PARTS OF THE WORLD
QUICKLY
1. Globalization in trade & industry = esp in transportation and tourism
2. Disruption in communities caused by conflict or natural disasters migration of large group of people
spread of disease
3. Limited or lack of resources to respond to pandemics unequal access to treatment and lifesaving
interventions for infected people
(4) SECRETARIAT
❊ the executive body of the UN
❊ head: Secretary-General
❊ sets the agenda of the organization and implements decisions of various UN bodies
❊ provides information, research and facilities to the UN
Regional organizations
❊ Enables states to address concerns that affect their region
o Member states have common historical and cultural roots + common patterns of development
regional organizations pave the way for political and economic integration
WORLD BANK
❊ International financial institution that provides loans to countries to aid in the implementation of
economic and infrastructure programs
TRADE BLOCS
❊ Are established by trade agreements
❊ Impose common trade policies among participating countries
**** Trade blocs and free trade areas ==== lead to further economic integration among countries – HOW?
Opening of borders + adoption of a common monetary and financial policy and common currency
❊ Most notable trade blocs:
1.) EU (European Union)
2.) NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) – established a free trade that includes US,
Canada, Mexico and the ASEAN Free Trade Area
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATON
Characterize by the:
01. transmission and exchange of ideas and cultural influences
02. improved communication thru new media (internet)
03. increased migration
04. multiculturalism
POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION
resulted in the emergence of supranational organizations and institutions
member countries surrender certain powers and control to a designated authority
other indications of globalized politics: International aid efforts to address disasters and the emergence
of military coalitions in times of conflict
GLOBALIZATION
has led to many opportunities for the development of countries
o critics: “growing economic, cultural and political integration = rise to several challenges and
issues”
Can cause about social and political change – less beneficial means
o Example:
2013 – revelations of various governments using surveillance to gather information from
their citizens led to calls to regulation of government surveillance powers + increased
security to protect private information
3.) Internet can be a battleground among individuals and groups who advocate certain political and
social agendas
a. WIKILEAKS – organization that publishes classified information from governments
b. ANONYMOUS – “Hacktivist” groups
II ADVANCEMENTS
Caused a better standard of living for people throughout the world
01. Advances in medical research = treat illnesses (gene therapy) – led to advances in the treatment of
HIV and cancer
o Genetic engineering – used in agriculture – develop better yielding corps, pest-resistant food and
new medicine
02. Biotechnology – brought ethical issues about responsible use of technology in altering human genes
and long-term effects of biotechnology on humans
03. Robotics – transformed industries – manufacturing – use of robots rather than employing human
labor
Led to concerns of future human employment
Also led to several innovations
Use of software (retail industry and service sector)
Industries, govt and institutions – digitally interconnected = result: improve
exchange of information and more effective collaboration
CHALLENGE:
Cybercrime – illegal intrusions into networks, illegal access to information, use of
malicious software to disrupt businesses or sabotage industries
o 2013 – US based – cyberattack from Syria, Iran, North Korea
Disable of services, spread of malicious software (virus and
malware) can disable computer networks or make them
vulnerable to intrusions
Challenges:
01. Cybercrimes
02. Climate change
_ A significant concern for the global community
_ KYOTO PROTOCOL
o Provided a framework for the gradual reduction of global CO2 and other greenhouse gas
emissions
o Signed by 192 countries
o Problem: some highly-industrialized countries (US, Canada) rejected the treaty
o 2015 – UN climate change conference in Paris – proposed new agreement – set new
greenhouse gas reduction beginning 2020
_ Solution: renewable energy resources (solar power) + hybrid cars
2. What new challenges did global community face after the Cold War?
_ New challenges that the global community faced after the Cold war are the following:
a. Neocolonialism – colonial powers still influence on their colonies despite the independence of
previous colonies
b. Internal conflicts that challenged peace and security in many parts of the world that required
decisive actions from the global community
1) Terrorism
2) Territorial disputes
3) Genocides
c. Economic crises
d. Epidemics and pandemics
o Challenges = Most affected: Africa and Asia – internal conflicts: ethnicity and religion
3. What challenges were face by the former colonies upon their independence?
a. APARTHEID
❊ caused by the divided South African Society into white Europeans and non-white Africans
❊ resulted to discrimination and abuse that caused resentment and conflict between whites and
non-whites
b. NEOCOLONIALISM
❊ Previous colonial powers are still influential in the affairs of their former colonies despite
their independence
❊ Colonial mentality – favor of other country’s stuff over locally made ones
APARTHEID
Racist problem :::: Africa = whites and nonwhites
VIDEO:
Neocolonialism (Philippines)
Neo = new + colonialism
US exerted influence economically and controlling the government
US military bases + disputes + US came to help
o Not their affair = some politicians hated the US
o Indirectly controlling their country
Economic policies
Trading
More advantages to western countries compared to previously colonized country
o US-Philippines = best example for Neocolonialism
Military bases (Subic and Clark military bases)
DECOLONIZATION
o Refers to the process wherein the colonizer withdraw from its colonies and recognizes their
independence
Perfect example: US – Philippines – US has more advantage compared to the benefits of Philippines
o Subic and Clark Pampanga – US military/naval/air bases
o Trading: US has more control over trading with the Philippines (lower taxes)
VIDEO: How did South African Apartheid happen and how did it finally end?
APARTHEID b. allies in African National Congress
A strict policy of segregation that barred the country’s black c. Pan-Africanist Congress
majority from skilled, high-paying jobs, quality education, etc
1974: govt announced: subjects in school will be taught in March 21, 1960
Afrikaans protests a lot of killings Policemen massacred demonstrators at a PAC rally ANC and
o AFRIKAANS – language used by the nations’ white PAC were outlawed
ruling elites
December 1961
South Africa Nelson Mandela + ANC + Communist Party activists created
1600s – Dutch & British settlers colonized Africa displacement the resistance’s armed wing conflict violence
of local populations
Black Africans segregated to native reserves end of 20th 1960s
century – 70% of population was living in 13% of Africa’s land Economic growth – National Party said that this is due to
o Deprived of traditional livelihoods Apartheid success reality: due to further exploitation
o Tried to escape the overpopulated regions (13% African (employers hire black for positions affluent white workers didn’t
land) began to migrate to “white-controlled areas” want to fill in) prosperity flow disproportionately to the ruling
worked there for low wages white minority govt turned a blind eye
1948 – labor exploitation – primary driver of South Africa’s National Party – leveraged global anti-communist sentiment
economy
o Economist argument: for growth to be continuous – 1963
need a stable, educated and urbanized African labor Nelson Mandela + 10 others = tried – reason: advancing
force communism and training recruits in guerilla warfare 8
Ruling party – accepted this BUT the rival sentenced to life in prison + 2 in exile
national party did not === their reason:
black workforce will threaten the white STEVE BIKO
ruling class == campaign name. Leader of student activist group who continued to fight
APARTHEID – afrikaan word for SOWETO MASSACRE protests nationwide killed 600
separateness protestors Biko taken into police custody and killed in a brutal
On election: national party won assault
displacement of africans – back to reserves o Result: International community wanted to end
Under Apartheid :::: black Apartheid + some countries enacted trade embargoes
workers = temporary visitors in into South Africa + state launched a reform process
the white areas creation of separate parliaments for the whites,
o Cant go to restricted zones nonwhites, and Indian populations
o Trade unions - no official recognition Exclusion of African majority led to
o Abolished mixed race universities nationwide riots
o Mixed marriages not allow
FW de KLERK
o Segregated recreational areas
Long time supporter of Apartheid
o Non-whites were purged from voter’s roll
When he came into power said that the only way to ensure white
survival was to end the apartheid policy
POLITICAL GROUPS WHO LED RESISTANCE AGAINST REGIME – all
were restrained Released Mandela + called for constitutional negotiations 4 yrs
a. Communist party later – mandela became the first black president of South Africa
Exploitation – African labor improved economy
NEOCOLONIALISM THEORY
Decolonized colony will still have influence from previous colonizer politically and economically
Ruing of a country indirectly
Indirect colonization (thru influences) vs direct colonization (actual colonizing)
SOUTH AFRICA
Discrimination, unfair = apartheid
Black vs white
o Black as temporary visitors = living in African reserves (small parts of Africa)
o Black fighting for their rights
How did it end? NELSON MANDELA = fought for equality and peace but was imprisoned
o NELSON MANDELA – became the first black president
SADDAM HUSSEIN
❊ Stable leader from 1979 – ruled with an iron – reckless fist in 1990
❊ Wanted to get Kuwait for its oil reserves
❊ Claimed that Kuwait was really part of Iraq and was unfairly carved out as a separate country by the
League of Nations
o TRUTH: Kuwait – became independent before Iraq’s sovereignty
Still – Saddam seized Kuwait – August 8, 1990 international uproar == US with
loudest voice UN Security Council declared: if Saddam’s forces don’t withdraw from
Kuwait military force will be used
❊ January 16, 1991 – offensive vs Iraq began
o STAGES OF GULF WAR
1. Operation Desert Shield – began before the International Coalition was brought
together when Saddam first invaded Kuwait
❊ US troops rushed to Saudi Arabia --- world’s largest oil exporter ===
why? to prevent possible attack
❊ After UNSC declaration of war – US force invaded Kuwait
2. Operation Desert Storm – January 17, 1991
❊ Massive bombing campaign – target: Iraqi aircraft , Anti-air defenses, oil
refineries, communication lines, weapon factories, bridges, roads
❊ US weapons used: Stealth bombers cruise missiles and smart bombs
3. Operation Desert Sabre
❊ Aim: finish the job in one month
❊ Began Feb 24, 1991
❊ US led forces retook Kuwait capital and force the entire Iraqi army to
retreat back to Iraq (Iraq lost 30,000 US lost 292 soldiers)
US Pres George W Bush – didn’t depose Saddam – he did not believe in regime change – it wouldn’t be
popular with America’s allies
In the wake of the war:
o Kurdish and Shiite Iraqis – rose up against Saddam – Saddam brutally crushed their rebellions
(UN accused Saddam of using chemical weapons against his own civilians)
Saddam was forced to allow UN in Iraq
Saddam barred inspectors in 1997
US goal – remove Saddam from power snowballed into US invasion of Iraq
2003 – Saddam was captured, tried, convicted, executed by the new Iraqi government in 2006
o RED GUARDS – large number of young people who came out and joined the largely
terroristic organizations – used to publicly humiliate and assault (sometimes murder) political
enemies of Mao and the Communist party.
RWANDA
African country that suffered a horrific campaign of mass murder
Neighbor vs neighbor deaths of over 1/10 of population
After a decade...
Rwanda – from independent republic with a Hutu government
o HUTU argued – Hutu is the majority group so it deserves exclusive access to political power
Excluded Tutsi minority – appointed offices based on population + banned the return of
Tutsi from the country’s economic, social and political problems
Tutsi – discontent with their life in exile – small group of Tutsi insurgents invaded
Rwanda
Beginning of a violent civil war
Lasted for 3 years – resolved with formal peace accord
War’s aftermath: rife with insecurity === treaty intensified political polarization
2012
Trial ended – 1.7M convicted
Effect: for some: restore dignity others reminder of the past that they were desperate to leave behind
DISCUSSION:
APARTHEID
Discrimination and racism in their country
If people stood up killed
Rallies – students and children brutally killed
International community condemned in Africa
Surprise: Nelson Mandela was set free ended the Apartheid
2. Research and summarize the formation of al-Qaeda. When and where was al-Qaeda founded, and who
were its key leaders?
Al Qaeda was founded by Osama bin Laden and other militants in the late 1980s during the Soviet-
Afghan War.
o Ayman al-Zawahiri – became the leader of Al Qaeda after Osama bid Laden’s death
o Other key figures: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and Abu Musab al-Zarqawi.
It began as a network to support and coordinate the efforts of foreign fighters who had come to
Afghanistan to fight against the Soviet Union.
Over time, it evolved into a global terrorist organization with the goal of waging jihad against perceived
enemies of Islam.
3. How did the events of September 11, 2001, impact the United States and the world? List at least three
significant effects.
The 9/11 Attack had a big impact on the US and the world. It led to a change in the global security
policies, increased surveillance measures and people’s awareness increased on terrorism threats.
The events of 9/11 also paved the way for the sense of unity and resilience in the face of adversity,
while also raising questions about the civil liberties and the balance between security and freedom.
a. Increased security measures: The attacks led to a heightened focus on national security, resulting in
the implementation of stricter security measures at airports, government buildings, and other critical
infrastructure. The creation of the Department of Homeland Security and the passage of the USA
PATRIOT Act were direct responses to the attacks.
b. Global War on Terror: The U.S. launched a military campaign in Afghanistan to dismantle Al-Qaeda
and remove the Taliban regime that harbored them. This marked the beginning of the Global War on
Terror, which expanded to include military interventions in Iraq and other countries.
c. Shift in foreign policy: The attacks reshaped U.S. foreign policy, leading to a more aggressive
approach to combating terrorism and promoting democracy in the Middle East. The invasion of Iraq
in 2003 and the subsequent Arab Spring movements were influenced by the events of 9/11.
4. Explore the concept of radicalization. What factors may contribute to individuals becoming radicalized and
joining terrorist organizations like al-Qaeda?
Radicalization is the process by which individuals or groups adopt extreme beliefs, ideologies, or
behaviors that deviate significantly from societal norms.
It involves a gradual shift towards more radical or extremist views, leading individuals to support or
engage in violent or disruptive actions.
Factors contributing to radicalization can include social, political, economic, or religious grievances, as
well as exposure to radical propaganda or charismatic leaders.
Radicalization can occur in various contexts, such as political extremism, religious fundamentalism, or
terrorist ideologies.
Factors that can contribute to individuals becoming radicalized and joining terrorist organizations like Al Queda:
a. Ideological beliefs: Individuals may be drawn to extremist ideologies that promote violence as a means
to achieve political or religious goals. Radicalization can occur when individuals become convinced that
their beliefs justify violent actions.
b. Social alienation: Feelings of marginalization, discrimination, or exclusion from mainstream society can
make individuals vulnerable to radicalization. Terrorist organizations may offer a sense of belonging
and purpose to those who feel disconnected from society.
c. Personal grievances: Personal experiences of injustice, trauma, or perceived oppression can fuel
feelings of anger and resentment, leading individuals to seek revenge or retribution through violent
means.
d. Propaganda and recruitment tactics: Terrorist organizations like Al-Qaeda use sophisticated
propaganda techniques to recruit and radicalize individuals. Online platforms and social media play a
significant role in spreading extremist ideologies and connecting potential recruits with like-minded
individuals.
e. Economic and political instability: Socioeconomic factors, political unrest, and lack of opportunities can
create environments where extremist ideologies thrive. Individuals facing economic hardship or political
repression may be more susceptible to radicalization as a way to address their grievances
5. Investigate the response of the United States and other countries to the September 11 attacks. What
measures were implemented to enhance security and combat terrorism?
The response to the 9/11 attack involved a combination of legislative, security, diplomatic, and military
measures to enhance security and fight terrorism both domestically and internationally
Other countries (including the NATO allies) offered support and assistance to the US in its efforts to
combat terrorism
o There was a GLOBAL PUSH to ENHANCE SECURITY MEASURES and INTELLIGENCE
SHARING to prevent future attacks
o Some countries joined US in military operations in Afghanistan as part of the Global War on
Terror
a. The USA PATRIOT Act: Enacted in October 2001, this legislation expanded the powers of law
enforcement agencies to investigate and prosecute terrorism-related activities. It allowed for increased
surveillance, enhanced information sharing between agencies, and the detention of suspected
terrorists.
b. Enhanced airport security: The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) was created to strengthen
security measures at airports, including the implementation of passenger screening protocols, baggage
checks, and the use of advanced screening technologies.
c. International cooperation: The U.S. formed alliances with other countries to combat terrorism through
intelligence sharing, joint military operations, and diplomatic efforts. The formation of coalitions such as
the Global Coalition to Defeat ISIS and NATO's involvement in Afghanistan are examples of
international cooperation in response to the attacks.
d. Military interventions: The U.S. launched military campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq to dismantle
terrorist networks and remove regimes that supported terrorism. These interventions aimed to disrupt
terrorist activities and promote stability in the region.
6. Research one example of a major terrorist attack that occurred in a country other than the United States
in the early 2000s. Provide a brief overview of the attack and its impact.
7. How did the rise of al-Qaeda and the events of 9/11 shape global perceptions of Islam and Muslims?
Discuss any stereotypes or prejudices that emerged as a result.
The rise of Al-Qaeda and the events of 9/11 significantly shaped global perceptions of Islam and
Muslims.
o Unfortunately, these events led to the emergence of stereotypes and prejudices against
Muslims, often associating the entire religion with terrorism and violence.
o Muslims around the world faced increased discrimination, Islamophobia, and profiling based on
their faith.
Some common stereotypes that emerged include the following:
o The belief that all Muslims are terrorists or sympathizers with extremist ideologies,
o that Islam promotes violence and oppression
o that Muslims are inherently incompatible with Western values.
o These stereotypes have led to negative attitudes towards Muslims in various aspects of life,
including employment, education, and social interactions.
8. Explore the role of technology in modern terrorism. How have advancements in technology influenced
the tactics and strategies of terrorist groups like al-Qaeda?
Advancements in technology have significantly influenced the tactics and strategies of terrorist
groups like Al-Qaeda. Terrorist groups were able to improve their tactics in response to the changing
security measures which makes it harder for the government and law enforcement agencies to stay
alert and vigilant in fighting modern terrorism
Technology has provided these groups with new tools and platforms to communicate, recruit, plan
attacks, and spread propaganda.
Some ways in which technology has impacted modern terrorism include:
a. Communication and coordination: Terrorist groups now use encrypted messaging apps, social
media platforms, and the dark web to communicate securely and coordinate their activities. This
has made it more challenging for law enforcement and intelligence agencies to monitor and
disrupt their operations.
b. Propaganda and recruitment: Technology has enabled terrorist groups to produce and
disseminate propaganda videos, online magazines, and social media content to recruit new
members and radicalize individuals. The internet has become a powerful tool for spreading
extremist ideologies and inciting violence.
https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/remembering-september-11
https://www.britannica.com/topic/al-Qaeda
https://www.britannica.com/event/September-11-attacks
https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/strategy-modern-terrorism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radicalization
https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/global-impact-911-twenty-years
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9606324/
https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/terrorism/277307
9/11 DISCUSSION (Sir Concepcion)
Today: Strict regulations and measures before entering airports and boarding planes
No water / liquids allowed
No sharps allowed
A lot of xrays and scanners to check
WHY: to prevent 9/11 from happening again – hijackers easily boarded plane (they also got US visas
quickly)
World Trade Center
High building – 105 floors high
Bldg. 7 – where government offices are – target of hijackers on the plane
After the attack – did not rebuild anymore = TODAY: known as the GROUND ZERO – memorial
place of those people who died because of the 9/11 attacks – fire fighters, policemen, civilians
Effects of 9/11 attacks
a. Strict measures to non-US citizens when entering US (hard to get US Visa; strict checking in
airports)
b. A lot of casualties
c. People were traumatized
d. Fear that all Muslims are hijackers/terrorists - all people that came from the Middle East are all
hijackers and terrorists
*** an official said : it took him 10 months to get a meeting with white house regarding the information that
they got that Bin Laden will attack US -- he got a meeting one week before the 9/11 attack – US government
response: NOTHING
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FeasKVBFySw
WAS THE WTC DETONATED WITH BOMBS?
Theories regarding the fall of the Twin Towers
- Controlled demolition theory – done by TRUTHERS
Fall of the Twin Towers is somewhat similar to the tested building by Truthers
Weeks before bombing – WTC’s elevators were fixed – conspiracy: people planted explosives/termite
bombs – Truthers said: it is not that kind of demolition
DISCUSSION: 4/5/24
CHALLENGES OF THE PRESENT WORLD:
TERRORISM
Terrorism
Anyone who uses violence to change something in or out of the country
Terrorist groups – use of violence NOT TALKING
Why are most terrorist groups Muslims? in the QURAN (Muslim Bible) – anyone who is
not a Muslim is an enemy of Allah should instill pain to remove the enemies of Allah –
Muslims take the book literally! == Christian Bible – asked believers not to eat pigs because it is
considered dirty animal – not taken literally – for Muslims = it is a sin against Allah to consume
pigs so they do not eat it – they take it literally
Usually ISLAMIC GROUPS (Muslims)
a. SHIA
b. SUNI Fighting with one another
One group separated from the other
o One group follows the KORAN = Jihad – Holy war
o Other group Extremist group also follow koran if not
Muslim - killed
HOW TO BECOME A TERRORIST?
Convert first to Islam
Believe in extremist religion
Any race, gender, age can be a terrorist as long as convert to Islam and believe extremist religion
ISIS (2016)
Terrorist group from SYRIA
Tried to change and remove the government
US supplied their weapons!!!!
HAMAS started it all [5M years ago – attacked people in the concert – a lot died]
1945 – Hitler = hated Jews – got them killed
HAMAS
Goal = kill all Jews in Israel
From Palestine
Now: First t attack (Israel vs Palestine) – 5 months ago – shooting in a concert – a lot died – Israel retaliated
ISRAEL vs PALESTINE
Who started it: Who do we support? Palestine? Israelite? Brits? == NO ONE – everyone is at fault
o 1945: killed Jews – England gave Jews Israel == Palestine were displaced
HOW: 1945 (HITLER) – a lot of Jews were displaced because of Hitler forced to leave
UN gave part of ISRAEL back to the JEWS (at that time, Palestinians occupy that land)
Israel – group of people in the Middle East
o Israelites: Believed that they should be the only ones to occupy the Holy Land (Israel Jerusalem)
exiled the Palestinians (Muslims) WAR – Israelites won Palestinian area became smaller and
smaller creation of HAMAS with a goal to eradicate the Israelites declaration of War Israel vs
Palestine
As a student – How can you help? PRAY for peace between Palestine and Israelites (this is the only thing to
do) – to create an avenue for peace / step down
o Educate both sides – so that both will be enlightened with the benefits of peaceful living
VIDEO: Brief History of Israel – Palestine Conflict – TRT World Neighboring Arab countries did not like the displacement and
land take over after the Declaration of Independence
Palestine: 1946 vs 2023 = drastic change – involved the killing of WAR (Arab Israeli War)
thousands of Palestinians and displacement over the course of 7 decades o Israel won – grab the land intended for the
Palestinian State under the unpartitioned plan
WHY DID PALESTINE LAND SHRINK? HOW DID IT EXPAND TO land gets divided into 3:
THE STATE OF ISRAEL? 1. Jordan – occupies the west bank
- Palestine – was part of the Ottoman Empire (1900s) 2. Jerusalem – in the east
o Muslims and Christians live alongside in harmony in 3. Egypt – occupies the Gaza
the European continent o State of Israel take 78% of historical Palestine
- ZIONIST MOVEMENT including the West
o By Theodore Herzel (1896) – aim: create an
independent Jewish state in the Middle East on the
Palestinian land SIX DAY WAR
o 1st wave: migration of Jews after WW1 Result: Palestine fully occupied by Israel despite the absence
Ottoman Empire collapse + fall of of a formal peace treaty
Palestine under British rule Conflict: Israelis start settling to Gaza and West Bank
BRITAIN: BALFORD DECLARATION Palestinian struggle gave rise to PLO
= Jewish state in Palestine – result: PLO goal: liberate Palestine from Israel by any means
number of Jewish settlers conflict with
Arabs and Jews violence
ISRAEL
- Has already been bombing Palestine before
- Only Jewish country in the country – all are Muslims
- Muslims – has the most advance military system in the world
TODAY:
How come media/news agencies only show the Israel side?
- Because Jews are powerful in the media side
- Israel – control media – so media does not show Palestine side
Discussion of Video:
Britain created the conflict – the separation
In reality: who started it> Israel – they oppressed Palestinians
What do we know: Hamas started it – the concert incident
Territories of Palestinians were always bombarded by Israel way back – NOT IN THE NEWS
Lesson: know what is right and what is wrong – peace is the only solution
DISCCUSSION 4/11/2024
HOW DID THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY COUNTER TERRORISM
Why are most terrorist groups Muslims? in the QURAN (Muslim Bible) – anyone who is not a
Muslim is an enemy of Allah should instill pain to remove the enemies of Allah – Muslims take the
book literally! == Christian Bible – asked believers not to eat pigs because it is considered dirty animal –
not taken literally – for Muslims = it is a sin against Allah to consume pigs so they do not eat it – they
take it literally
TERRORISM GROUPS
Africa Philippines
- Al-Shabaab - Abu Sayyaf (1970s-1980s – 2000s)
- Wanted change in Muslim Mindanao (lower part of the Philippines –
Afghanistan Mindanao)
- Taliban - Not conquered by Spaniards – from the start they have been governing
themselves
Islamic State - Now: Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) – still part of the
- ISIS Philippines - still part of the Philippines
COUNTER STRIKE (game): TERRORIST vs COUNTER TERRORIST
_ US and UN applied many ways to counter terrorism
o US – has the Department of Counter Terrorism
_ Roles:
o UN – checks everything especially in terms of terrorism globally
o US – Keeps track and connect with other countries on what is happening in the countries’
society why? because US doesn’t want them to be involved – solve immediately
COUNTER TERRORISM
Video: WHAT IS COUNTER TERRORISM == National Museum of American Diplomacy
Preventing terrorism is as important as countering them o Talk to multilateral partners = groups and
a. Counter violent extremism – precursor to countering organizations that help bring the people and
terrorism the govt together
o Prevent someone from becoming a terrorist o Talk to interagency partners = other groups
Craft a solution to a violent crime in the govt that is also working on
and terrorism understand why it counterterrorism and countering violent
led someone to terrorism and extremism
violent extremism o Dept of Justice Federal Bureau of
No one becomes a terrorist Investigation (FBI) National
overnight - no one Counterterrorism Center (NCC) Dept of
becomes radicalized Homeland Security (domestic level/within
overnight the country) Dept of Education, Health
Usual cause: Violation of and Human Services ....
fundamental human rights
o Solution: engage: talk to them and make MILITARY = shapes the end of the spear they respond to
sure that you show them that you are there terrorists
for them – listen to them What we want: a place where military doesn’t have
to respond because we prevented terrorism
b. Engagement
o Engagement is a two way street CHALLENGES
Show other the good practices 1. Terrorist groups misusing the internet – terrorists
Learn from them also advances from one platform to another quickly
2. Working with private sectors (social media sectors)
c. Talk to governments and the civil society o Help these sectors to understand that their
o Civil society = individuals who are working platforms do not become an access for
locally to ensure that the good practices that terrorists
are talked about can be shared at a very local
level COUNTER TERRORISM – long way to go – we need to
apply changes so that it wont happen
VIDEO DISCUSSION:
What is the first solution that we should do:
a. Don’t do violence influence other to do violence
b. Research on the reason why they did it and talk to them
o Reaching out and collaborating with other countries and organizations
o Military if part – BUT LAST RESORT
- TODAY: Social media = hacking + spread of fake information
VIRUS vs BACTERIA
Virus Bacteria
- Always harmful - Can be beneficial or harmful
- Nonliving organism - Living organisms
- Grows and reproduce inside the host cell - Single cell can generate energy
ONLY - Can move and produce its own food
- Systemic - Bigger compared to virus
- Infect a host cell make host sick - Bacteria with body just a local infection
- Influenza - Pneumonia (Tuberculosis – virus version)
Measles, covid, AIDS, small pox, chicken Tetanus (from rust)
pox Food poisoning
- Medicine: antivirals - Medicine: antibiotic
- Prevention: vaccination
HIV AIDS
Human Immunodeficiency Virus The last stage of HIV infection
Virus that causes HIV infection Advances to AIDS
Damages the immune system by killing CD4 As # of HIV increases = # of CD4 decreases
cells HIV medicines can stop the HIV infection
Attacks the WBC (WBC – protection form from advancing to AIDS
disease) Without HIV meds = HIV AIDS in about
Treatable in the early stages 10 years
How do you get HIV: Sexually transmitted, ART or Anti-Retroviral Treatment – can
use of unsterile syringe; chimpanzee prevent HIV from spreading, and prevent HIV
consumption from advancing into AIDS
CD4 cells
Part of the immune system
Loss of CD4 cells = hard for body to fight off
infections
II.
Discuss how disease like HIV/AIDS, Ebola, influenza and coronaviruses (SARS, MERS, and COVID-19) have
affected the world today, including their impact on people’s health and daily lives.
Answer:
The world faces the threat of diseases like HIV/AIDS, Ebola, influenzas and COVID. These diseases cost lives,
disrupted the livelihood of nations, and greatly affected the vulnerable sections of the society (the poor people).
These diseases also led to significant economic lost because treatments like vaccines are very expensive.
Countries stopped trading to contain the disease which led to economic losses. Individuals who were affected
with such diseases were discriminated and placed in social isolation to prevent the spread.
Describe what actions countries and communities have taken to fight these diseases and how these efforts have
helped in controlling them and keeping people safe
Answer:
Regional and international health organizations were formed to address the epidemics and pandemics.
Preventive measures and treatment by various national govts in cooperation with the WHO World Health
Organization to contain the spread of diseases. Quarantine procedures, lockdowns and stopping trade were
implemented to curb the spread of diseases. People were educated about the diseases to reduce its spread.
Vaccination campaigns were also done to provide protection. Governments also tried to make their healthcare
system stronger by allotting a bigger budget. Countries also monitored if their actions towards the prevention of
the disease is working. The most important action of the countries was there was cooperation with different
nations to control and stop the disease across their countries.