THE RENAISSANCE

o Period of significant transformations in Europe

o Old traditions of Late medieval Period  transformed with the introduction HUMANISM

HUMANISM
o Humanist emphasized the individual as a significant factor in the progress of communities
o For humanist – emphasized the individual as a significant factor in the progress of communities
o Progress of societies was rooted on the development of the individual
o Humanists took inspiration from the Greco-Roman civilization = CLASSICAL LITERATURE
and ARTS

RENAISSANCE
 Where: Italy – where first great changes of Renaissance happened
 Humanist ideals
a. shown in paintings and sculptures made by the great masters of the Italian Renaissance
b. literary works of the period echoed the humanist perspective – humanists described,
criticized and pondered the human condition
 who took the first steps toward a new age of progress during the Renaissance = EUROPE
o humanist perspective was used as new guide  RESULT: communities of Europe can venture
between the confines of Medieval society
 old traditions gave way to insights and ventures  great changes in Western civilization
 new period of transitions and transformations

REBIRTH and REVIVAL

 Europe in Middle Ages – more concerned with politics and trading, the intellectual and cultural
developments during the 15th century gradually began to shed off the religiosity === religiosity was
largely characterized Medieval Europe

RENAISSANCE
 Period from the 15th to 16th century
 Marked with great creativity – redefined European civilization
 Built upon the social and economic foundations – established during the Medieval Period  introduced
a new mindset among the communities in Europe
 Birthplace of Renaissance: ITALY
o ITALY – center of artistic and cultural movements – redefined European culture
 Italian city-states
 thriving trade centers during the 15th century
 First to leave behind feudalism  embraced a lifestyle centered on trade and
commerce
 Prosperity of city-states resulted to: Italian city-states = as cultural and
intellectual centers of Europe

1. Powerful political dynasties (MEDICI family of Florence) + Catholic Church – became patrons of artists
and scholars
o Unique social and economic conditions in Italy in the Late Medieval Period = resulted to: initial
developments that made possible cultural transformation of the Renaissance
2. Newly emerged middle class – composed of merchants and bankers === spent their wealth on art +
hired skilled artists to make paintings and sculptures and design their homes
o Prevailing notion (thinking) of the wealthy people: Art is not for religious purpose – Art was
made to be enjoyed
EMERGENCE OF HUMANISM
 How did it happen? European scholars had growing interest in the literary works of the Greco-Roman
civilization  motivated the emergence of humanism

HUMANISM
¶ A new intellectual perspective
¶ Emphasized on the development of an individual to be capable member of society
¶ HUMANIST – advocates (followers) of humanism
o Thinking of a humanist: Learning should not be focused only in scholastic & scientific
knowledge – it should also include the development of oratory and study of human experience
thru history and moral philosophy
¶ HUMANITIES – study of Classic literature and art + history and rhetoric  studia humanitatis

Francesco Petrarcha
o Aka Petrarch
o Father of Humanism
o His interest in Greco-Roman literature  led him to rediscover CICERO
o Many of Petrarch’s writings were inspired by Cicero, Virgil and Seneca
 Mostly in Latin
o Petrarchan sonnet – unique style of lyrical poetry
 Sonnets – written in Italian – had significant influence in the development of literature in
Europe
o Also wrote essays, letters and scholarly works
o Corresponded with many intellectuals and leading Church figures
 Advocated the idea: GOD HAS GIVEN MANKIND INTELLECT & CREATIVITY –
MAN SHOULD USE THESE TO THE FULLEST

ART
¶ Made a lasting mark in the cultural heritage of Europe in the Renaissance
¶ Evident transformations: reflected in paintings – new techniques and styles – reflected the changing
perspectives in the Italian society

ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
Innovations in Art in the Early Renaissance
❊ When: 14th and mid 15th century
❊ Introduced humanistic ideals into the familiar themes of the Medieval period
a. Emergence of new generation of artists  produced masterpieces in painting, sculpture and
architecture  embodied the new techniques and styles of the Renaissance

ARTISTS IN THE BEGINNINGS OF THE RENAISSANCE IN ART

1. Architect GIOTTO
o Found fame in Florence during the Late Medieval
Period
o Known for his frescoes – adorned the ceilings
and walls of churches and chapels in Florence
and other Italian cities like Padua and Assisi
o Introduced realism in his depiction of religious
figures (St. Francis, Jesus Christ, Virgin Mary)
o Signature techniques:
2.
a. Painted people based on his observation of
how real people looked (departure from the
idealized and 2D portrayal of the human
figure common in Medieval and Byzantine
art
b. Use of background to create the illusion of
depth and distance (copied by later artists in
their works)
MASSACIO
 o Signature technique: use of lines, position of his 5. FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI
subjects, contrast between light and darkness  o Famous for: application of linear perspective
gave 3D quality to his works concept in the design of the Dome of the Florence
o Masaccio’s works – super famous – other artists Cathedral
in Florence studied his works and copied his
techniques in making their own painting 6. LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI
o Famous for: application of Roman techniques in
3. FRA ANGELICO designing of buildings
o A Florentine artist *** in Italy ::::: revival of Romanesque architecture –
o Famous artwork: 1. SACRED ancient Roman buildings (Pantheon) – basis of new
CONVERSATION styles in architecture
.2. religious works in convents
and chapels in the Vatican 7. LORENZO GHIBERTI
o Pioneered the development of SACRED o Famous for: using perspective and naturalistic
CONVERSATION – Virgin and Child are in the representation of subjects in creating the bas
midst of a group of informally grouped of saints – relief sculptures on the bronze doors of the
as if they were conversing about their shared Baptistery of Florence Cathedral
experience of the Virgin
8. DONATELLO
4. SANDRO BOTICELLI o Famous for reviving Classical sculpture in Italy
o Florentine artist a. Bronze statue of David – first free
o Known for using symbolism and creating detailed standing nude sculpture since the
backgounds in his works classical times
o Made any artworks with religious themes b. Revived the EQUESTRIAN STATUE
o Famous artwork: The Birth of Venue and – popular during the Roman times –
Primavera = featured figures from Greek myth honored the Italian mercenary
Gattamelata

DEVELOPMENTS THAT CHARACTERIZED RENAISSANCE ART

A. Application of perspective, realistic representation of subjects
B. Focused on human form
o Expression of humanism in art reached its height in the 15 th century  emergence of
artists whose works were considered the epitome of the Renaissance style
INNOVATIONS in RENAISSANCE ART
1. Linear perspective – created the illusion of space and distance in paintings
2. Renaissance art as FRESCOES – paintings done on wet plaster – artists should work quickly and left little room for error
3. Oil painting – resulted for artists to made creations more intricate, detailed and done in lively colors
4. Chiaroscuro style – use of contrast between exaggerated light and shadow
5. Sfumato – use of softer and subtler style of painting = smoke-like style of painting
HIGH RENAISSANCE
 Can be characterized with the works of:
a. Leonardo da Vinci, b. Michaelangelo Buonarroti c. Raffaello Sanzio
Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo Raffaello Sanzio / Raphael
 Man of many talents  Versatile artist: painting and
 Artist, architect, engineer, sculpture  A contemporary and rival
writer, scientist to Leonardo and
Famous artworks
Michelangelo
1. The Pieta
Famous artworks A marble sculpture  Was also asked by Pope
1. Last Supper Shows the body of Christ lying on the lap of Julius II to create frescoes
Mural painting in the dining hall of a Mama Mary
convent in Milan Unique: because it was not part of the
for the Vatican Palace
Showed facial expressions of the Biblical narrative regarding the crucifixion of  Created a series of
Apostles Christ – it was influenced by the religious paintings that represents
Used bright colors and contrast between tradition of France and Germany
main bodies of knowledge
light and dark to create an effect of space 2. David of humanity – Theology,
in his works A marble statue (in Florence) Philosophy, Poetry and
Follows the classical style of the heroic male
2. Mona Lisa nude figure Law
Showed Da Vinci’s mastery of creating a Statue differs from early representation of
unique atmosphere in his paintings by David because it shows the preparation of Famous artworks
using lines, shading and interaction of David against Goliath = facial expression and
body posture – shows determination and 1. The School of Athens
light and shadow
Portrait of an Italian noblewoman set in readiness for battle Group of philosophers gathered in
an imaginary landscape
Enigmatic expression in the subject’s face
and otherworldly background
Da Vinci has other interest
 Notes and sketches of the human
anatomy
 Notes on maps, geometry,
inventions of flying machines
and tanks
VITRUVIAN MAN
 Most famous illustration that
features the human body based
on the works of Vitruvius
Vitruvius
 A Roman architect and engineer
(lived in the 1st century BCE)
a great hall – Raphael asked
3. Frescoes-Ceilings-Walls of
Sistine Chapel (Vatican) philosophers (Plato and Aristotle,
Commissioned by Pope Julius II Socrates, Archimedes, Pythagoras)
Depiction of scenes from the Book of Genesis to be gathered in the middle of the
– from Creation to the Great Flood
great hall
Creation of Adam
 Most famous frescoes in the Sistine Showed elements of Roman
Chapel
architecture
 He incorporated the architectural
structure of the chapel making it Perspective was used to give
look like the figures are emerging painting a sense of scale and depth
from the ceiling
The Last Judgment
 Depiction of the second coming of
Christ
 Caused a lot of controversy – nude
figures of religious personalities =
disgraceful

DEVELOPMENTS IN LITERATURE
 Influenced by Petrarch’s works
 Incorporation of humanist ideals and Classical influences in their works

1. Divine Comedy
o Aka La Divina Comedia by Dante Alighieri
o Style: epic poetry
o A three-part epic poem – about fictional events thru Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven
o Based on St. Thomas Aquinas’ concepts of the afterlife
o Has inclusion of Greek elements – River Styx, Cerberus, Minotaur

2. The Decameron
o Written by Giovanni Boccaccio
o Book collection of stories centered on a group of people who journeyed from Florence to a
secluded villa in the Italian countryside to escape the Black Death
o Character stay in the villa ::: each character told a story based on a theme
o Portrayed in a realistic manner (both in behavior and speech)
 Referred to many contemporary problems experienced by Italians
 Problems:
o Corruption of clergy
o Tension between nobility and middle class
o Challenges faced by traders in their travels
o Boccaccio’s approach – reminiscent of Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales
 Inspired by Classical and Eastern writings
 Used of allegory and symbolism – influenced by Dante Alighieri
 Employed satire in criticizing the Catholic church in some of the more comedic stories in
his book

3. The Book of the Courtier

o Written by Baldasarre Castiglione
 Nobleman and diplomat
o Guide to courtly life in Italy
o Recounted conversations among members of the court of the Duke of Urbino
  For Castiglione – a courtier should be brave and chivalrous but also be learned in Classical
literature and rhetoric
 Emphasis on rhetoric as an important tool in the conduct of political affairs was based on
the writings of Cicero
 Aim of every gentlemen of the court should be public service, one must cultivate his
talents and abilities to that end
 Castiglione’s POV on women – favorable – he devoted a considerable amount of
discussion on the equality between men and women

***** Historians applied humanist ideals in describing and analyzing past events
 Works of Leonardo Bruni and Niccolo achiavelli – introduced a novel perspective in the study of history and
politics during the Renaissance
4. History of the Florentine People
o Written by: Leonardo Bruni = FIRST MODERN HISTORIAN
 Historian that reshaped the study of history
o A 12 volume history of Florence
o Instead of using the Medieval perspective of viewing history as the unfolding of God’s plan on
Earth which started with the Creation and will culminate with the Second Coming - Bruni
regarded the study of history in more secular terms
o BRUNI considered history as the study of human progress and proposed to divide human history
into three periods
a. Period of Antiquity – period of progress – exemplified by the Greco-Roman
civilization
b. Middle Ages – Period of decline
c. Modern Period – new age of progress in the 15th century
 Bruni’s work
o Reflected the awareness of the humanists of the great transformations occurring in Italy during
their time and their optimistic attitude regarding the development of human society

5. NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI
o FATHER OF POLITICAL SCIENCE
o Historian, politician, diplomat from Florence
o Laid the foundations for the study of modern politics
o A public official who witnessed first-hand the political struggles among the city-states of Italy and conflicts
among the regional powers of Europe
o An ambassador to Rome
o Personally witnessed the brutal methods used by the Borgias (Italian political dynasty led by Pope Alexander
VI and son, Cesare Borgia)
 Borgias – rose to prominence in European politics in the 16th century
o Also served as a short-lived republican government that overthrew the Medicis in 1494
o 1512 – returned to power in Florence  imprisoned and tortured  retired from political pursuits  devoted
his life to intellectual pursuits – particularly in the study of politics
o Famous literary work: The Prince – Machiavelli’s experiences and reflections on the nature of politics and the
characteristics of rulers, his treatise on the development of states and politics
o Described the different natures of states based on the history and respective societieds
 Discussed different means and methods by which rulers came to power in different states
 Cited examples from ancient history and contemporary politics to support his views and conclusions
o His views in politics were a radical departure from the Medieval idea of a ruler guided by religious morals
o Highlighted the immoral and wicked means employed by rulers to gain power and maintain authority
o Objective description of motivations and actions of politicians during his time – Father of Political Science
o MACHIAVELLIAN – entered the modern English language to refer to acquiring power and authority thru
unethical means
RENAISSANCE BEYOND ITALY
 Cultural transformation in Italian culture – made its way beyond the Italian border
o France, Germany, the Low Countries (Netherlands and Belgium), Spain, Eastern Europe
o 16th century – Renaissance spread to Britain, Scandinavia, Russia
 Factors that helped the Spread of Renaissance:
a. aided by the decline of feudalism
b. waning influence of the Catholic Church
c. emergence of strong states ruled by powerful monarchs (monarchs were often active patrons
of arts and science  encouraged the development of the arts, literature, and sciences
d. invention of movable type printing press by Johann Gutenburg = resulted to rapid spread of
knowledge throughout Europe
 Bible – printed first
 Literary and scientific works
 Effects of movable type printing press:
1. Enabled writers and scientist to quickly distribute their works
2. Renaissance literature were written in vernacular  ordinary towns
people and middle class had access to knowledge and ideas  sparked
new interest in learning in Europe  paved way for further
developments in the arts and sciences

THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE AND CHRISTIAN HUMANISM

 Humanist ideals of Italian Renaissance underwent changes as it reached the European communities
north of the Alps
 NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
o New artistic styles and cultural changes that were adopted into the local cultures
o Where: France, Germany, Low Countries – new cultures of these countries – collectively known
as Northern Renaissance

CHRISTIAN HUMANISM
1. Infusion of religious elements into humanism  gave rise to CHRISTIAN HUMANISM
o Art and literature of Northern Renaissance = combination of religious and secular motifs
o Artists adopted the new techniques of Italian masters + use them to portray religious and Biblical
themes in their words
2. Universities in Northern Europe adopted the study of Classics + emphasized the teachings of the Bible
+ traditions of the Catholic Church

ARTISTIC INNOVATIONS OF THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE

❊ Artists perfected the technique of oil painting
o Oil paints – widely used in Italian Renaissance
o German and Flemish painters – used oil paint in creating masterpieces with lively colors and
great detail – subjects: religious – if not religious – landscapes or portraits
Famous Northern European painters:
1. Jan Van Eyck 2. Arnolfini Portrait – used
 Prominent northern European painter layers of paint to create
 With his bro, Hubert = collaborated on the different intensities of color
artwork on the GHENT ALTARPIECE and employed an unusual
 other works: perspective to give the
1. Virgin and Child with Canon illusion of space
van der Paele – included the 3. The Anunciation – placed
person who asked him to the Virgin Mary and
paint Archangel Gabriel in a
 Medieval setting thru the a. His Knight, Death and the Devil
depiction of the background – explored the theme of morality
and other details like and employed the image of the
clothing knight as the symbol of fortitude
 Rendered his painting subjects with in the face of temptation (Devil)
realistic manner – avoided the idealized and the passing of time (Death)
representation of the human body which b. St Jerome in His Study – used
was common in Italian art icons or objects related to
 Often commissioned by the royalty to Biblical and philosophical
paint their portraits themes and the lives of saints
 Subjects were depicted in a dignified c. Melacolia I – presented symboli
manner but did not try to hide their representations related to the
physical imperfections disciplines of science, math,
geometry, and architecture
2. Peiter Breughel the Elder
 Flemish painter 4. Hieronumus Bosch
 Employed realism same to Van Eyck  Employed symbolism
 Known for The Conversion of Saul –  Painter from Netherlands
depiction of Paul prior to his conversion as  Triptychs – artwork on panels
he was traveling to Damascus with an o Employed rich symbolism, fantastic
army that portrayed a Medieval European images, imaginary landscapes –
setting --- showed a detailed landscape and ranged from the dream-like to the
relevance of the Biblical events in nightmarish
contemporary times a. Garden of Earthly Delights
b. The Temptation of St
3. Albrecht Durer Anthony
 German artist
 Renown for adopting the new technology 5. Hans Holbein the Younger
of printing with his drawings etched on  German painter
wood or metals  Combined Gothic and Renaissance styles in
o Resulting work can be printed on his works
paper  The Ambassadors – notable for the detailed
 Themes: morality, theology, knowledge in rendering of the two subjects and the use of
three “master prints” – a series of rich symbolism in the background and
engravings which combined the influence setting
of human ideals and the symbolic and  Unique feature in painting: Depiction of
iconic Gothic art style skull – can only be viewed by a person
 Famous work: standing at a certain angle from the painting

NEW LITERARY MASTERPIECES

A. Northern Humanists – focused on the religious traditions of the Catholic Church
 Their works – revealed an increase awareness of social conditions + more critical view of
established institutions like the monarchy and church

1. Desiderius Erasmus o His short discussions  later compiled into collection

o Student of the Classics of essays  inspired later intellectual revolutions in
o Works focused on the Europe
a. abuses of the Catholic clergy
b. advocated religious reform and 4. Miguel de Cervantes
tolerance o Spanish novelist
o artwork: The Praise of Folly – discusses and criticizes o Work: Don Quixote – most influential work in Spanish
many traditional and superstitious aspects of Medieval literature
society  About an aging man who decided to adopt
2. Francois Rabelais the life of a knight
o French writer o His work: mostly comedic in tone – but also explored
o Artwork: Gargantua and Pantagruel – a tale of the lives serious themes: idealism, chivalry, other aspects of
and adventures of two giants – comedic in nature yet Medieval society
there are several chapters of the book that discussed
humanist ideals like idea of progress and education of 5. Thomas More
an individual o English writer and statesman
o Discussed an imaginary, perfect society
3. Michel de Montaigne
o French writer and statesman 6. William Shakespeare
o Popularized essay as a literary genre o English writer – poet and playwright
 o Considered the greatest literary figure in English o Used innovative language and dramatic elements  he
literature gained popularity and became renown
o Plays were based on historical events from Classical o Works: Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet
history

NEW DIRECTIONS IN EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION

Age of Discovery
 How did it happen: the cultural developments of Renaissance happened alongside with significant changes in
geographical knowledge and technology  start of Age of discovery in the late 15th century

Protestant Reformation
 When: later part of the Renaissance
 Transformed religious landscape in Europe in the 16th century

Enlightenment
 Developments in Science-Astronomy by European scientists
Human progress – communities of Europe welcome more changes that would bring the Western closer to the modern age

The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy

- Written by: Jacob Burckhardt
- Most influential historical study and discussion of the analysis of Renaissance

Satire: literary device that ridicules a subject or an idea thru humor, irony, or exaggeration
Treatise: a formal and lengthy discussion on a certain subject

Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6DhaGe1DvsY
THE RENAISSANCE
 Period of European history in ITALY from the 14 th -16th century = connected the gap between the Middle ages and the Modern day
civilization
 Means: Rebirth
o Renaissance – rebirth of the classical Greek and Roman arts and philosophy
o Middle ages – time of war, cultural decline and pandemic (the black death)
 Humanism
o The heart of the renaissance
o A philosophy inspired by classical Greek and Roman texts that celebrated the human creativity: individual achievements in
different fields
o Promoted the idea that: MAN IS THE CENTER OF HIS OWN UNIVERSE
 This idea contrasted with the Medieval philosophy --- philosophy in the Medieval times: Centered on the divine +
people follow the rules set by the catholic church as god’s plan
 Renaissance started where: FLORENCE, ITALY
o Result: Italy became very wealthy
 How: Italy traded with the OTTOMAN EMPIRE (the biggest economic power in the region)
 Why did the Renaissance or the rebirth of the classical Greek and Roman art became possible?
1. Reintroduction of classical texts to Italy BY the immigration of scholars following the fall of Constantinople
2. The return of the crusaders who encountered advanced Muslim civilizations – they kept copies and translations
3. The members of the powerful and wealthy MEDICI family of Florence were famous supporters of public art
4. The Medici family were recognized for their love of beauty and art and they legitimize their wealth thru art
 How did Renaissance period expanded?
o Where did it expand? Other Italian city-states = Venice; Milan; N and W Europe
o How
1. thru the scholars like Erasmus (a Dutch philosopher)
2. invention of printing by GUTTENBERG
o result of printing: texts from early humanist authors like PETRARCH were distributed to the masses
- literature became an important aspect of everyday life
o literatures like:
a. Divine Comedy by Dante
b. The Prince by Machiavelli
c. Hamlet by Shakespeare
 Most prominent feature of the Renaissance: arts grew
 o Resulted to: High Renaissance
 Leonardo Da Vinci + Michelangelo = supported by the Medici family
 Their paintings and sculptures
o anatomically accurate to human bodies in complex poses
o with dramatic and emotional compositions
o natural depiction of space
o intellectually sophisticated subject matters
- examples: Mona Lisa
The Last Supper
The statue of David
Birth of Venus
The Creation of Adam
 Renaissance also resulted to: SOCIETAL CHANGES
o Fall of the feudalism
o Rise of capitalist market
o Economy grew = increased trade
o Labor shortage – due to the Black Death  emergence of the Middle class = Workers demanded wages  people had better
living conditions

 Result of the emergence of the middle class and rise of
Humanism
1. People questioned the role of the catholic church 
decrease power of church
 Martin Luther – a German monk – challenged the
practices of church (nepotism and selling of
indulgences)
2. Protestant reformation
 A revolutionary movement that caused the split of the
church  broke the Ottoman dominance over access
to India
3. Age of Exploration
 Cause: split of church broke the Ottoman dominance
over India route access  far east Europeans explored
new trade routes for gold and spices (Age of Exploration)
 Result of Age of Exploration:
o Christopher Columbus discovered the Americas (1492)
o Magellan became the first person to go around the
globe (1500)
o Heliocentrism: Placed the sun as the center of the solar
system (not earth/geocentric)
o Major breakthrough :::: in the history of Science – by
Copernicus (Polish astronomer) with his book (banned
by the Catholic church)
o Galileo Galilei – found evidence of heliocentrism
o Improvement of the telescope
o Conduction of experiments  resulted to Newton’s
discoveries about GRAVITY
 Early 17th century: decline of the Renaissance movement
o Reasons:
a. Invasion of Italian territories by neighboring
powers
b. The Catholic Church censored the artists and
writers (why did the church do this? This is in
response to the protestant reformation +
inquisitions that challenged the church or the act
of HERESY – punishable by death
 For Historians:
o Renaissance – is an art and cultural movement rather than
a historical period that is distinct from the Middle ages
(why: for them, there are no clear dividing lines between
the two periods)
o Historians claim that the Renaissance was only
experienced by the wealthy people – vast majority of
Europeans were peasants and it was not really a thing
 So why study the Renaissance???
o Because the legacy of humanism and
individualism from the Renaissance period
strongly influenced the Euro-American world
ever since

Summary:
Renaissance:
 Period of cultural transformation
 Stated in Florence, Italy
 When: 15th century
 Initiated by: Humanists – group of thinkers, artists, and writers

Humanism
 Important intellectual perspective that gained popularity in the 14th century
 Humanists – interested in revival of: classical philosophy and literature
 Emphasized on the development of the individual
 Encouraged the study of Classical languages, history and politics
VISUAL ARTS
 Used of innovative techniques that introduced REALISM in paintings and sculptures
 Artists in Italian Rennaisance: Da Vince, Michelangelo, Raphael

LITERATURE
 Emphasized on examining the development of an individual thru study and progress of communities
 Authors: Giovanni Boccacio, Baldassare Castiglione, Leonardo Bruni, Niccolo Machiavelli
DISCUSSION:
RENAISSANCE MAN / POLYMATH
 A person who is an expert in a wide variety of subject areas
 Example: Leonardo da Vinci: architecture, sculpture, painting, anatomy
Rizal: doctor, poet, writer, sketcher, painting, fencing

LEON BAUTISTA ALBERTI

 Architect from Florence
 “Men can do all things if they will.”
o A big change in the Medieval changes – men were focused more on God – for them God can do
all things – Renaissance: focused on MAN

RENAISSANCE
 Revival of learning – 14th and 15th century (rebirth, transformation, revival)
 Rebirth of classical antiquity (Romans and Greeks)
 In history/for common people: all about paintings and artist
 Rebirth of classical antiquity
 Video said that Renaissance is only for the rich -WHY? >>>>>> not all people had education + some of the learnings can
affect the people (logical reasoning, human rights) – if we follow monarchy – people will not step up against the monarch
because of education – education will affect everyone
 Started in: Italy
o Why do you think it started in Italy: because Italy did TRADING – with trading, we can learn different things
o Most important resource: Trading
o Has good / central geographic location
o Became rich – developed the Renaissance R – Rich patrons
o FLORENCE, ITALY  in Central Europe  Germany  France  Spain  E – Enriching literature
Portugal  England (different governments)  learnings from Italy will go around B - Beliefs
those cities (domino effect in the spread of Renaissance) I - Italy
o Italy was the first one to go out of Feudalism  working class R – Revival of Arts
T – Thinkers
CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY H – Humanism
 Culture of ancient Greece and Rome
 During this time: people really wanted to know about Greek and Rome
 Lost before and not understood by the people itself  experts spread about the learnings

HUMANISM
 Emphasis on making an individual well-rounded + virtuous
o Grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, moral philosophy
o Questioned religion and the world itself
FRANCESCO PETRARCH
 Father of Humanism
 Devoted his life to literature
 Pens are important! – useful for writer and for others who are far away, even for those who will be born a
thousand years from now = it will benefit the future
VIDEO 2: WHAT IS RENAISSANCE HUMANISM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XdHZvUhlATo
RENAISSANCE o Aristotle – rationalism and ethics
 Revival of interest in classical antiquity  exploration of
ancient learning DEVELOPMENT OF HUMANISM
 Cause: exploration of ancient learning
RENAISSNANCE HUMANISM  PATRIARCH – Italian poet and writer – Father of
 Return to the philosophies of classical antiquity Humanism – from: Padua (14th century)
 Focuses on ::::: human achievement, intellect and potential
 The art history ART
 Rafael: painted The School of Athens – a fresco from the
VITRUVIAN MAN apostolic palace in the Vatican city
 By Leonardo Da Vinci o Center of painting: Plato and Aristotle –
 Perfect example of humanism = why? - it puts the human surrounded by Greek philosophers, scientists,
in the center of the natural world rather than religious mathematicians and thinkers
concepts  Reflection/Observation: Renaissance
Humanism – balance and focus on
ORIGINS OF HUMANISM geometry, math, engineering and optics
 Can be traced back to pre-Socratic Greece  Because of Renaissance Humanism  opened an entirely
 Shown with a strong development during the age of the new world of subject matter for artists
great philosophers o Shifted away on religious subject matter
o Socrates - knowing thyself Important cornerstones
o Subjects celebrated human achievement,
of philosophy of exploration and individuality
humanism

DISCUSSION:
How did the Renaissance affect art?:
 Art were more focused on human intellect, achievement and potential – not religion anymore – because
of humanism

RAFAEL
 Famous artwork: The School of Athens – Aristotle surrounded by other thinkers – focused on humans
and their achievements (before: paintings were focused on religion)

PATRON
 Someone who supports an artist, cause, organization financially
 Renaissance Period: artists were supported by patrons financially – so that they can get those kinds of
art

MEDICI FAMILY
 Influential ruling family of Florence
 Wealthy bankers – banks earn INTERESTS  Medici Family became rich
 Patrons of art
 LORENZO MEDICI

Video 3: HOW THE HOUSE OF MEDICI INVENTED THE FIRST BANK?  Father: Averardo – a wool merchant
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QdL2MkCvl3U  When his dad died  took over the business  expand to cloth and silk 
MEDICI FAMILY became famous for his impact on banking
 From: Village of Cafaggiolo o At this time: USURY – greatest sin vs greed, gluttony = USURY is
 A peasant family the act of lending money and charging interest on the repayment
 Grew bored of the peaceful countryside  moved to Florence  started a dynasty  Why greatest sin?
 12th century: Climbed the social ladder  Accumulation of wealth without doing
 13th century: were second only to the leading families in Florence any physical work = going against God
 When economic depression swept Europe – they took advantage of the bankruptcy and nature
of powerful families  established themselves among the Florentine elite  Lender had money to give that they do
not need – they had no right to ask for
Giovanni de Averardo de Medici more money back than they had loaned
 Considered as the first great Medici  Reason why the wealthy did not like usury? Peasants
 Wife: Piccarda Bueri can improve their lives with the loaned money
 First to accumulate massive wealth  placed Medici family in the socio-political
map
  Medieval era: land that a person is born
with is fixed = noble stays noble and
peasants stayed poor
Vieri de Cambio de Medici + Francesco
 Cousin of Giovanni + brother of Giovanni
 Used their family connections to secure positions in the Roman branch
 Saw the future in finance
 Giovanni – used his 1500-florin dowry from his marriage to Piccarda Bueri to
invest in the bank and became an executive partner
o After 12 years of working = gained enough knowledge to return to
Florence and set up his own bank
o 1393 – cousin retired – Giovanni took over the Roman bank and
returned to his hometown, Florence
 FLORENCE – was emerging as an important center
for banking in Italy
 Currency: Florin – became the standard
currency across Europe
GIOVANNI
 Realized that banking alone will not get him what he wanted  went to
international trade  saw increasing profit while kept to the letter of law
 Only investment that is not growing – money lent to church – no interest (usuary)
o What did he do? Giovanni balanced this by selling good to church at
a higher/inflated price – to adjust the loss of interest on the bank
loans
 He was not against on the idea that other people can be rich too ======
INVENTED A WAY FOR CARDINALS AND BISHOPS TO RECEIVE
INTEREST ON THEIR DEPOSITS WITHOUT FEARING DAMANTAION
FROM USUAY
o Created discretional deposits – gift of 8-12% per annum 
generously donated by the bank to God’s earthly representatives ----
problem: banks will need funds some times – donations were under
no contractual obligation to be paid  theologians concluded that it
cannot be classified as usury because they made their way to
Giovanni’s bank to make a deposit!
MEDICI BANK
 Opened in 1397 – first family bank
 Location: Florence
 Giovanni knew that he cannot make much profit in Florence compared in Rome
 branches of bank were opened in Rome, Venice and Naples + took charge of
Vatican’s finances
o Very effective and help clients to keep a more accurate picture of
their financial situation
2. LETTER OF CREDIT
o Promises that the buyer’s bank will pay the seller’s bank at a fixed
time after a purchase was made
o How did it work? Florins deposited in the bank will receive a letter
of credit that they could safely carry instead of cash ===== BONUS
OF THIS SYSTEM: allowed the Medicis to make more money thru
interest while avoiding the theocracy of ususry
o Medicis used fluctuating exchange rates to increase their profits
 Example: letter of credit might agree that pounds
would be paid to a London branch at a rate of 40 pence
to the florin – but the branch might be able to find
someone willing to pay 35 pence to a florin = profit for
Medici bank
COSIMO de MEDICI
 Rivals of Cosimo accused him of attempting to elevate his status above that of an
ordinary citizen  Cosimo arrested and impirisoned (1433) because he is
wealthy – made sure that prison food was not poisoned – bribed  reduced his
sentence to 5 years of banishment
o Took his bank and his money to Padua and Venice when he was
released  effect: FAST! 1434 – he was back in Florence and
banish his opponents for good
 Death of Cosimo in 1464  Medici bank collapse (bankrupt) in 1494
LORENZO Medici
 Other son
 Aka Lorenze the Elder
 Worked in bank alongside with Cosimo
 When bro got arrested  raised an army to free him  upon release, went with hi
to Venice and joined hi on his triumphant return
MEDICI BANK
 Expanded exponentially – with branches in Venice, Italy, London, Geneva,
Avignon and Barcelona
o Banks were controlled under a central holding company – ONE OF
THE INVENTIONS OF MEDICIs again!
o Downfall cause: so large – hard to coordinate and communicate +
different dealings with different governments

GIOVANNI’s OBJECTIVE PIERO AND GIOVANNI

 Not just to become rich!  Sons of Cosimo
 To become powerful – wealth accumulation was the first step!  More interested in arts rather than banking

Giovanni was not just a businessman! PIERO

 He also loved ART  his home in Florence – contributed considerable sums to  Aka Piero the Gouty because of his ill hearth
the city’s betterment  Took over the family banking business  stopped several loans that his father left
 resulted to bankruptcy of many merchants  new family enemies
COSIMO and LORENZO  Life revolved more on politics, arts, books rather than banking  weakened the
- Sons of Giovanni banking empire

COSIMO de Medici LORENZO

 Aka Cosimo the Elder  Piero’s son – aka: Lorenzo the magnificent
 Followed his dad’s footsteps  became a great banker  built financial empire  Drifted away from banking – went into politics, art and poetry
 bank expansion  Boasted that he doesn’t know much about the banking world and good at spending
 Advised his family – BE OFFENSIVE TO THE RICH AND STRONG, WHILE money than making it
BEING CHARITABLE TO THE POOR AND WEAK  Died 2 years before the complete collapse of the Medici Bank (2 generations to
 Inherited Giovanni’s love of art  cultivated a tradition of patronage to arts that build and 2 generations to destroy)
continued even after his death
 Funded artistic endeavors  result: they boosted their political power in Florence COLLAPSE OF MEDICI BANK
 For Pope Pius II – Cosimo is KING IN EVERTYHING BUT NAME  Did not end the popularity of the Medici
 Used banking empire to secure themselves a place within the top Italian
MODERN DAY BANKING PRACTICES BY THE MEDICIS: society  ruled Florence and Tuscany for generations
1. DOUBLE-ENTRY BOOKKEEPING o 4 popes married to the Medicis – married into the royal families
o Refers to the practice of recording both credits and debits = equation
of Eutope  Catherine de Medici – Queen Regent of France
used: Assets = Liabilities + Equity
(1560)

Discussion of video:
LORENZO MEDICI
 Most famous in the Medici Family

TOP RENAISSANCE MAN IN THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD:

- Artworks – depict humanity

1. LEONARDO DA VINCI
o Most famous : because of his expertise in different fields
o “The Renaissance Man”
o The Perfect Florentine person = Da Vinci is from Florence
o “Mona Lisa”
o Inventions: parachute; diving suit; Vitruvian man (centered man in the natural world)
 o “The Last Supper” – 12 apostles + Mary Magdalene

2. DONATELLO
o Sculptor
o Master of all techniques and materials in sculpture
 Famous sculptures: St George; Bronze statue of David, St Mark = based on Greek sculptures

3. RAFAEL
o Youngest - Famous painter and architect
o “The School of Athens” – a fresco on top of the St Peter’s Basilica
(depicts an agora)
o Most paintings – portraits of people, religious characters
o St Peter’s Basilica (church) – main cathedral of the Vatican City

4. MICHELANGELO
o Painter, sculptor, architect, poet
o Frescoes of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican
o Statue of Moses and David ; The Pieta

Late medieval period:

FRANCESCO PETRACH
 Father of Humanism
 Lived in the late Medieval Period
 His interest in Greco-Roman literature led him to rediscover Cicero
 Used a unique style of lyrical poetry = aka the PETRARCHAN SONNET

Paintings??????? In the late medieval

LATE MEDIEVAL
 Late transition period of Medieval Ages
o With good amount of knowledge

ITALIAN RENAISSANCE:
Dante Alighieri
 Created books: the DIVINE COMEDY
 Mentioned the gates of hell
 For every sin you have – you have a specific place in hell
 Bottom of hell: Satan, Brutus – traitors – suffering for the rest of your life

NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI
 Florentine historian, politician, philosopher, diplomat, writer
 Book: THE PRINCE – you have to rule with an iron fist – because people are stubborn – better to be
feared than to be loved = if a person is loved – people might abuse him
 Father of Political Science – had philosophy: to be a leader-you have to be strict-or else you will
be abused
o The end justifies the means = if you want peace – do war == death is reasonable as long as
you accomplish the goal!
 Machiavellian – meaning: strictness, cunning; sneaky; deceitful === ideologies of Niccolo Machiavelli
o Example: Duterte – if a bad guy is going to shoot a police – the police can shoot the shooter

MIGUEL DE CERVANTES
  Spanish writer, military leader
 Wrote: epic noble: DON QUIXOTE
o Quixotic – exceedingly idealistic – “To surrender dreams — this may be madness. Too much
sanity may be madness — and maddest of all: to see life as it is, and not as it should be!”

WILLIAM SHAKESPEAR
 Created playwright
 A poet; English – actor – playwrite
 Innovative, adopted traditional style of writing to his own purpose
 Updated the tragic comedy
o English writer – poet and playwright
o Considered the greatest literary figure in English literature
o Plays were based on historical events from Classical history
o Used innovative language and dramatic elements  he gained popularity and became renown
o Works: Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet; Caesar

THOMAS MOORE
 Created: Utopia –a perfect society = no poverty – no famine – peaceful
 Idea and philosophy of COMMINISM – based on Moore’s utopia – everyone will receive the same
amount of salary – no one rich – no one poor

ERASMUS
 Used Vernacular language – language of the common people
 translated the Bible to let people understand the Bible

DANTE ALEGHERI
o Aka La Divina Comedia by Dante Alighieri
o Style: epic poetry
o A three-part epic poem – about fictional events thru Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven
o Based on St. Thomas Aquinas’ concepts of the afterlife
o Has inclusion of Greek elements – River Styx, Cerberus, Minotaur

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
 Polish mathematician
 Heliocentric solar system = cause of excommunication of Copernicus

GALILEO GALILEI
 Learned from Copernicus
 Also excommunicated
o CHURCH APOLOGIZED – John Pope II

1. How did the Renaissance change art? Explore the cool stuff artists did, like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo.
How did their new ideas and techniques affect how people express themselves through art?
¶ Focused of humanism in their paintings
o Use of human form as subjects: faces; individuality; everyday life of people
o Painting and sculptors of human
o Human figures with different poses
o Realistic landscapes as background
¶ Different techniques were developed
¶ Da Vinci, Michelangelo – commissioned by patrons to paint their portraits
2. How did people live back then in the Renaissance? Talk about the changes in schools, the new middle class, and
what people believed. How does the Renaissance still affect how we live today?

¶ Renaissance affected the life of the rich – only rich people can afford art and education at that time
¶ Lives of peasants were not affected much by the renaissance because no improvement of lives was seen
¶ Today: education: philosophy, arts, science, math learnings from the renaissance period are used
¶ Who became the rich? The peasants who are skilled = skilled workers = depended on wages == middle
class –middle class = bourgeoisie
¶ Literature: use of literature to fight a monarch, king or country – philosophies, ideologies began in
the Renaissance
¶ How did it affect us today: Without the learnings, teachings and developments from the
Renaissance AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE GRECO-ROMAN CULTURE = there will be no
DEMOCRACY OR freedom of speech or free republic = from the ideologies and philosophies from
the renaissance

CHURCH – biggest institution affected by the Renaissance

EFFECTS OF RENAISSANCE:
1. Development of literature and the arts
2. Inventions
3. New nations and monarchy
4. Age of discovery and exploration – started by Spain and Portugal
5. Protestant reformation – reason for a numerous kinds of church (catholic, Lutheran, baptist, united Methodist,
presbyterian)
o Due to conflict with church – form new church
o LUTHERIAN – Martin Luther – protested for change

FERDINAND MAGELLAN – first to circumnavigate the world

REVOLUTION
 Can be peaceful or not - Going against someone
 Forceable overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system (to change the old system)
 Dramatic and wide-reaching change  way of something works / organized . from people’s ideas about it
 Aka: REBELLION (anchored on hope to have change)
TRANSFORMATION (change)
o People were always abused at this time  wanted change  got ideas from learning (built on hope) 
REVOLT

IMPORTANT DOCUMENT:
MAGNA CARTA
 Important document from England  weakened the king + strengthen the rights of the people
o Decrease power of king  increase power of the people
o King – abusive of power ----- ENGLAND – abusive King John – corrupt, abusive insane == story of Robin Hood

PROTESTANT REFORMATION
 Protest (disapproval) + reform (changes)
 To express disapproval in church and to make changes to it

EARLIEST REFORMERS:
I. DESIDERIUS ERASMUS
o A priest, a Christian, a humanist – believes in the potential of man – also believes in God
 Believed that God gave man talent = man has the capacity to take advantage of that talent – use of
talent
o Started the Christian humanism = philosophy of Christ
 Belief: Christianity should be a guiding philosophy for daily life not just a system of beliefs, traditions
and rituals
 (A) indulgences
  (B) excommunication (even for minor faults – cannot enter heaven)
 (C) tithes – 10% of income to be given to church – not an option but a requirement
 (D) Bible is only written in Latin – few people understand it

o “Erasmus laid the eggs that Luther hatched”

II. MARTIN LUTHER

o Monk; professor of University of Wittenberg, Germany
o Expert about the Bible – personally studied the Bible diligently
 Upset when saw indulgences (payment for the forgiving of sins) – absolute pardon of sins
 Belief: a person is saved not thru good works but thru their faith alone
 Justification by faith
o NINETY-FIVE THESES
 List of criticisms of practices and beliefs that Luther found offensive
 Effects:
1. Luther – excommunicated by church
2. Luther – ordered by church to recant (take back or deny his heresies) in front of the
REICHSTAG (imperial council) of the Holy Emperor at the COUNCIL OF WORMS (exiled
and settled in Northern Germany  made his own church === first protestant church)

VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhGGjRjvq7w
martin luther
 Sign from heaven: thunderstorm  asked saint to let him safely pass the storm  offered his life to god by becoming a monk
o Why should people buy indulgences? Rich people can have salvation because of their money
 95 theses – nail to church door in Wittenburg – put up the idea for debate
 City of Worms – where Luther was allowed to explain himself about the 95 theses -- told the council that his
CONSCIENCE cannot bear what the church was doing – CONSCIENCE – not a familiar word those days
 Was declared an outlaw – hid in Frederick’s castle
o While in hiding – translated Bible to German – provided people the opportunity to read and understand the Bible – not depend on
the church for it
o For Luther: Bible – way of God speaking to His people
 Effects:
1. people started using the words from Bible in arguments
2. People used Luther’s thoughts in power struggles of princes in revolts and struggles between king, princes, and
pope
3. Splitting of church : Catholic Church and Protestant Church

Discussion:
Beliefs of different churches: only faith is needed to be saved ==== others: faith and good works are needed
to be saved
 All of us are Christians – bros and sis in Christ – all believe in JC

Discussion. January 16 Tuesday

JOHN WYCLIFFE - (England) = Christian belief should be based on the Bible
JOHN HUSS – (Bohemia) – follower of Wycliffe – only REPENTANCE can wash away sins
GIROLAMO SAVORANOLA – (Italy) = fought against corruption in the church and against secularism brought by
the renaissance
JOHN CALVIN – also rejected the idea that goodness would ensure salvation – belief: PREDESTINATION
 Calvinism – emphasized the rule of God over all things
 Belief: SOLA SCRIPTURA – Bible has final authority
HENRY VIII – Anglican Church – Church of England + Act of Supremacy (monarch rule church not pope)

ROLE OF CHURCH
 Provide hope in dark times (orphanage, education, school)
  In society: what is their role? Bring people closer to God and to heaven – but they became corrupt when they became
powerful – abuse of power = absolute power leads to corruption
 Church have their own Law, land, tax, power – catholics – tax – tithes
o Power to excommunicate
 Remove rights of the church membership
 Cannot enter the gates of heaven  You will be hunted down

HEIRARCHY OF CHURCH
1. Pope – representative of Jesus Christ in the world
2. Cardinal – in a country – there are 5-10 cardinals
3. Bishop
4. Priest

PAPAL SUPREMACY
 Acted like the government over kings and queens (high middle ages)
 Has the political power

REFORMATION:
 A religious movement that changed the Catholic Church  there are now Protestant churches
 Church divided into a lot: Roman catholic – eastern orthodox church – cause: split of the Roman empire
 16th century reformation: cause: Martin Luther  until today church is divided but believe in Jesus Christ  still
united even if there are different doctrines, dogmas and ideas

DIFFERENCE OF CULT AND CHURCH?

 Cult – not accountable for everyone
 Church – everyone accountable

Impact of Protestantism in catholic church – divided – a lot of religious churches were formed (Lutheranism..)
Because of Renaissance: we are not restricted to one religion, belief. Before: if not catholic – excommunicate

CAUSES OF REFORMATION
1. SECULARISM
o Belief: religion should not be involved in the government, education, or the public part of society
o Separation of Church and State – why: church has a big
Renaissance
influence (Middle Ages: Church was very powerful and
Humanism
Secularism
Printing press
influential) - Invention to reproduce /
reprint the ideas of the
Renaissance
2. ISSUES IN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. ₱LVSiM
Political
Causes for the reformation: - Powerful monarchs
o More interested in incomes than saving souls challenged the church
o Pope = paid leader rather than a leader of moral leadership - European princes – jealous of
o Priest = engaged in misconduct the church wealth
o Many churches = hypocritical in conduct – do not practice
Religious – church leaders became
morality corrupt
o Catholic church ignored the complains from their members
o SIMONY – buy & sell of church offices
 People from clergy – from noble class = rich  can buy
offices in churches
 Many church leaders violated their vows of poverty, chastity, and celibacy
 CAUSES OF REFORMATION
SOCIAL POLITICAL ECONOMIC RELIGIOUS
 Renaissance  Powerful  European princes  Church
value of monarchs and kings – corruption
humanism and challenged the jealous of church  people found
secularism  led church as the wealth church practices
the people to supreme power  Merchants and (indulgences)
question the in Europe others do not like unacceptable
church  Many leaders to pay taxes to
 Printing press  viewed the pope the church
spread ideas as a foreign ruler
critical to church and challenged
his authority

MARTIN LUTHER
 A German monk
 Lead the protestant reformation (1517)
 Main idea: “SOLA FIDE” – salvation by faith. (VS CALVINSIM: SOLA SCRIPTURA – BIBLE HAS FINAL AUTHORITY)
 Beliefs:
« To have a place in heaven: have faith – not by good works
« Bible is the final source of the truth about God
« Church should include all believers (everyone) not just the clergy
 Made the: 95 theses
 Translated Bible into German  printing press  aid in faster distribution

 Church divided
a. Catholic
b. Protestant
a. Calvinism – predestination
I. Presbyterian
II. Huguenots
III. Puritan
b. Lutheranism

Discussion July 17
Changes that happened in Europe because of Martin Luther – change in society – religion
European map: mostly Roman Catholic (Spain, Portugal, France, Italy) but some changed:
 German + Northern England = Lutheranism
 Geneva, Switzerland = John Calvin started a new branch of Protestantism – Calvinism – predestination
 England = Henry VIII – England Church – cannot divorce his wife (wife can’t produce a son kasi) – had 6 wives

SPREAD OF PROTESTANTISM:
1. HULDRYCH ZWINGLI (Switzerland) – early protestant reformer (like Erasmus) – inspired by Martin
Luther and Protestant Reformers
2. John Calvin (England)
3. John Knox (England)

JOHN CALVIN
 Calvinism = Church of Calvin
o Why? For the Catholic Church – no indulgence no heaven = Calvinism says otherwise
  Belief: Predestination = everything that will happen will be decided by God/Fate – cannot be changed
(born poor die poor)
o Why is predestination the idea of Calvinism? The catholic church believed that if you do not
pay for indulgences, you will not go to heaven  predestination says that if you are a good
person, believes JC then you are destined to go to heaven.
 Said that: People should elect the clergy BASED ON credentials and movement of the community.
o In Switzerland: counterpart of Calvinism in France – the HUGUENOTS
 Presbyterians of Scotland
 Puritans of England
 Huguenots of France

HENRY VIII – ANGLICANISM

 An Anglican
 Called: The “defender of faith”
 Started ANGLICANISM in England
 As a king - Wanted to have a son to be his successor
 Created the CHURCH OF ENGLAND and established his own SUPREMACY over it
o POPE CLEMENT VII allowed Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon === BUT NO SON
 Started Anglicanism in England
 Had a son – died at 15 years of age
 Persecution of church and change of Church in England
 Daughters:
QUEEN MARY I – origin of Bloody Mary
 A catholic  brought back Catholicism in England  arrested and executed many
Protestants
 Became queen because son of King Henry died  Mary was successor
 Bloody Mary – mom catholic – her idea: make England catholic again – as queen she
ordered persecution and execution of Protestants (burnt, tortured)

QUEEN ELIZABETH I
 Mary’s half sister – a protestant – brought back Protestantism in England
 Anglican Church

ACT OF SUPREMACY
 King will be the head of the church (not pope) == MONARCH AS HEAD OF CHURCH
o Catholic = pope as head of church
 Henry VIII took the land of the Catholic Church in England

Queen Mary I – first woman monarch

Video: TedEd: History vs Henry VIII

HENRY VIII
 A devout believer who broke with the church – a man of learning who executed scholars – king who brought stability to the throne BUT
used it to promote his own glory
 A powerful king who broke his ties with the church  changed the course of English history
 Reformed England’s religion and government  set it oncourse to become a modern nation
 Had six wives
I. CATHERINE OF ARAGON
 1st marriage – arranged when he was a child
o Purpose: to strengthen the England-Spain alliance
  Needs a son to secure the TUDOR DYNASTY (male heir) – no son over 20 years of marriage
 Pope refused to annul and remarry  Henry VIII broke away from Rome to form the Church of England
o Effects:
a. Freed his people from corrupt Roman Catholic establishment
b. Allowed his people to preserve most of their religious traditions by rejecting the
Protestant Reformation
o Negative effects of breaking away from Catholic Church
a. Seized of church properties
b. Hospitals closed
c. Closure of monastic libraries
 Political reason of Church of England Establishment: have the state under the king’s control rather than the church
 Reforms of Henry VIII – went thru the Parliament
 Some say he ruled like a tyrant: killed suspected traitors:
o Killed Thomas Moore – once a friend and an adviser
II. ANNE BOLEYN
o Wife of Henry VIII – had her killed – accused of treason (spy) in a power struggle with Thomas
Cromwell – the king’s minister

III. MARY JANE SEYMORE

o Became Henry’s wife 11 days after Anne Boleyn’s execution
o Was able to produce a son (EDWARD) BUT MJSeymore DIED of CHILD BIRTH

IV. ANNE OF CLEVES

o 4th wife – executed also – as an excuse to execute Cromwell

V. CATHERINE HOWARD
o Cousin of Anne Boleyn
o Killed also – engaged in adultery (she confessed)

VI. CATHERINE PARR

o Successful marriage

 Henry VIII – learned scholar, musician, patron of arts, warrior and sportsman
 Made France almost bankrupt == launched a campaign in France + brutally invaded Scotland  attempt to pay for it by debasing the
coinage that led to constant inflation
o People’s response: lords and landowners – remove access to common pastures + turned peasant population to beggars
o Effect: Beggars became farmers
 Enclosures made farming more efficient + labor surplus  INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Discussion of video: Henry VIII – an indecisive ruler (evidence: changing of wives) BUT results of what happened benefited
England. Morally wrong (execution, wife changing) – the end resulted for the good of his country

VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LS-27NuxqU8
Mary Tudor
 Known to most as Bloody Mary
 Unhappy lady in Christendom
 Only surviving child of King Henry VIII + Catherine of Aragon
 Half sister – Elizabeth = Henry VIII + Anne Boleyn’s kid = cause of Parliament stripping the crown off from Mary
o Mary Jane Seymore + Henry  son Edward
 Told king to reconcile with Mary – King doesn’t want to not unless Mary will tell that her mother Catherine of
Aragon and Henry’s marriage was illegal  at first Mary doesn’t want to but later on agreed  Henry put her
back as successor in line after Edward  Edward sick  said that Jane Grey will be his successor  problem:
King Henry’s order Mary will be successor
 Supported by most of England as rightful heir
 At that time: Catholicism is still being practiced  Parliament to restore England to Catholicism  to sustain the restoration – she
has to have a son – eh single sya 37 years old!  hastily arranged to marry King Philip II of Spain  QUEEN MARY’S ACT –
gave Philip the title KING
o Never had kids – just unwanted wars with France and bad political advice like:
 Reinstating heresy laws – allowed a number of protestants to be executed and exiled  BLOODY MARY
 Died of Uterine cancer  Elizabeth successor

How did Mary become queen = it was in Henry’s will

Victorian Era – Golden era of Victoria

 Victorian era - British empire = is the best and biggest empire in the world
Discussion: still July 17
THE PURITANS
 A group of Anglicans
 Want to purify the Anglican church = CATHOLIC WAR
 Protestant group in England + 16th + 17th centuries that opposed lots of customs of the Church of England
o Puritans – rebellious with the Anglican Church
o Puritans – Strictly follow moral rules === Pleasure = Wrong
o Many moved to America to escape persecution (fight with Protestants in England)

ACT OF SUPREMACY
 The Monarch – not the pope – is the supreme leader of the Church

COUNTER REFORMATION
 Aka Catholic reformation = changed in the Catholic Church = to address the problems given by the protestants
 Response to Protestant Reformation
 Started by: Pope Paul III with the Council of Trent – a committee of Catholic leaders to review church practices
o A. Catholic Church stopped selling false indulgences
o B. New schools were created to educate priests
o C. reaffirmed catholic beliefs and practices
 i. salvation – thru faith and good works
 ii. 7 holy sascraments are legitimate means to gain God’s grace
 iii. Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final (other interpretation = heretics)
 how did they enforce the beliefs: thru
 1. INQUISITION – hold trials, punish heretics
 2. BANNED and BURNED BOOKS – protestant bibles
o D. made reforms

ELEMENTS OF COUNTER REFORMATION

1. Structural reform
o Appointment of scholars and reformers to change some parts of the Catholic Church
 Change example: Removed indulgence = good
 Four structures that were reaffirmed by the church:
 (a) Mass – Eucharist – holiest prayer in Roman catholic – reenactment of the last supper of Jesus Christ (only
for the catholic church)
 (b) Sacraments
o Roman catholic: 7sacraments: Baptism, Eucharists, anointing the sick, penance/confession,
Holy Orders, marriage, communion
o Lutheran – 2 sacraments only: baptism and eucharist only
 (.C) Saints – apostles of Jesus / Religious people – lived a life out of faith (embodied on being a
Christian/catholic – martyr = died because of religion)
o Philippines: St San Lorenzo Ruiz and St Pedro Calunsod
o Saints – only representatives === something to look at = idolatry
 (d) purgatory – place where the souls go to before heaven or hell
 Priests – married to God === Pastors can marry
2. Religious orders
o Saint Dominic (Dominicans) ; Saint Francis and Saint Augustinian
o St. Ignatius de Loyola – created JESUITS = the Society of Jesus
o Purpose of religious orders: establish schools and evangelized people to convert to Christianity
 Franciscan and Augustinians – focused on evangelization of people
 Dominicans and Jesuits – focused on education
o Missionaries – goal – spread Christianity all over the world
o revival of Inquisition (inquisition: use of force by the church to remove Protestantism ::: tortured if caught or questioned
by the church – stretching of body, burning – happened in Europe)
o Jesuits – built schools == sent ministries all around the world = Christianity
o Building of monasteries, universities, schools
3. Spiritual movement
o Building of monasteries, universities, schools
4. Political dimension
o Changes:
a. Church training – training of priest + reformed teachings of priests
b. Pope – head = representative of Jesus – POPE PETER – first pope
c. Banned simony
d. Elect a most pius (faithful) and wisest papacy to church offices
 EFFECTS OF REFORMATION
EFFECTS OF COUNTER REFORMATION A. Spread of education
A. Revival of catholic church B. Division between catholics and protestants
B. Religiously divided in Europe C. Protestant – study the importance of reading in the Bible
C. Conflict among Catholics and protestants D. Language changed from Latin to vernacular language of the
Bible
E. Missionaries --- SENT ALONG during age of exploration
F. Weakened pope authority + help kings gain power  formed
nations

HOW DID THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION INFLUENCE OUR SOCIETY TODAY

 Led to modern democracy, individualism (freedom of religion), effect in education (building of schools by Dominicans and Jesuits),
strengthen the bond between a person and the sacred scripture, separation of estate from church

ARE THERE THINGS THAT WE HAVE TO REFORM IN OUR SOCIETY TODAY? WHAT? EXPLAIN
COUNCIL OF TRENT – created by Pope Paul III
 Belief: Salvation = faith and good works
 7 Holy Sacraments – legitimate – to get God’s grace
 Church’s ___ of the Bible = find others who can interpret – not believers

OVER ALL Effect in Europe

1. Divided Europe
2. Numerous religions
3. Increase wealth and power of other countries
4. Weakening of the authority/power of pope over the kings
5. Missionaries converted Christians throughout the world
6. Reformation encourage the education and questioning the long held beliefs

HOW DOES COUNTER REFORMATION SHAPE THE CATHOLIC CHURCH

Activity
Period Humanism characteristics Notable humanist / their works
ITALIAN Literature Architect Giotto – introduced realism in his depiction
RENAISSANC  Writers began to focus on of religious figures (Jesus Christ, Virgin Mary, St.
E examining the development of
individual thru study as well as
Francis)
the progress of communities
Massacio – use of lines, position of his subjects,
contrast of light and darkness  gave 3D quality to his
works
 Fra Angelico – famous work “Sacred Conversation”

Sandro Boticelli – The Birth of Venus and Primavera

Filippo Brunelleschi- design of the dome of the

Florence Cathedral

Leon Battista Alberti – application of Roman

techniques in designing of buildings

Lorenzo Ghiberti – naturalistic representation of

subjects in creating the bas relief sculptures on the
bronze doors of the Baptistry of Florence Cathedral

La Divina Comedia by Dante Alighieri

The Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio

The Book of the Courtier by Baldasarre Castiglione

History of the Florentine People by: Leonardo

Bruni = First Modern Historian

NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI – Father of Political

Science

Italian Visual arts Leonardo da Vinci

Renaissance  Humanism was embodied in the  Man of many talents
use of innovative techniques that  Artist, architect, engineer, writer, scientist
introduced realism in paintings  Last Supper
and sculptures  Mona Lisa
 VITRUVIAN MAN

Innovations in Art in the Early Michelangelo

Renaissance
❊ When: 14th and mid 15th
century
❊ Introduced humanistic
ideals into the familiar
themes of the Medieval
period
Emergence of new generation of
artists  produced masterpieces
in painting, sculpture and
architecture  embodied the new
techniques and styles of the
Renaissance
 Versatile artist: painting and sculpture
 The Pieta
 David
 Frescoes-Ceilings-Walls of Sistine Chapel (Vatican)
 Creation of Adam
 The Last Judgment
Raffaello Sanzio / Raphael
 Created a series of paintings that represents
main bodies of knowledge of humanity –
Theology, Philosophy, Poetry and Law
The School of Athens
 Showed elements of Roman architecture
 Perspective was used to give painting a sense of
scale and depth
 Donatello – Bronze statue of David and Equestrian
Statue

Northern New artistic styles and cultural changes that were ARTISTS OF THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
adopted into the local cultures Jan Van Eyck
renaissance  Avoided the idealized representation of human body
Where: France, Germany, Low Countries – new  Subjects depicted in a dignified manner but did not hide their imperfections
Renaissance all 1. Virgin and Child
cultures of these countries – collectively known as 2. Arnolfini Portrait
around Europe Northern Renaissance 3. The Anunciation

CHRISTIAN HUMANISM Peter Breughel the Elder – The Conversion of Saul

Infusion of religious elements into humanism   Employed realism
gave rise to CHRISTIAN HUMANISM
Albrecth Durer
Art and literature of Northern Renaissance =  Adopted printing technology with drawings etched on wood or metal
1. His Knight, Death and the Devil
combination of religious and secular motifs 2. St Jerome in His Study
3. Melacolia I
Artists adopted the new techniques of Italian
masters + use them to portray religious and Biblical Hieronymus Bosch
themes in their words  Used symbolism + imaginary landscapes (ranges from dreamlike to
nightmarish)
Universities in Northern Europe adopted the study 1. Triptychs – artworks on panels
a. Garden of Earthly Delights
of Classics + emphasized the teachings of the Bible
b. The Temptation of St Anthony
+ traditions of the Catholic Church
Hans Holbein the Younger -- The Ambassadors
 Combined Gothic and Renaissance styles in his works
Arts: religious themes, rich landscapes, detailed  Uniqueness in his paintings: depiction of a SKULL that can only be viewed by a
backgrounds and settings and complex symbols. person standing at a certain angle from the painting

LITERARY WORKS
 Employed satire – examines the social conditions of Europe

Desiderius Erasmus
o Student of the Classics
o Works focused on the
abuses of the Catholic clergy
advocated religious reform and tolerance
o artwork: The Praise of Folly – discusses and criticizes many traditional and
superstitious aspects of Medieval society

Francois Rabelais
o French writer
o Artwork: Gargantua and Pantagruel – a tale of the lives and adventures of two
giants – comedic in nature yet there are several chapters of the book that discussed
humanist ideals like idea of progress and education of an individual
 Michel de Montaigne
o French writer and statesman
o Popularized essay as a literary genre
o His short discussions  later compiled into collection of essays  inspired later
intellectual revolutions in Europe

Miguel de Cervantes
o Spanish novelist
o Work: Don Quixote – most influential work in Spanish literature
 About an aging man who decided to adopt the life of a knight
o His work: mostly comedic in tone – but also explored serious themes:
idealism, chivalry, other aspects of Medieval society

Thomas More
o English writer and statesman
o Discussed an imaginary, perfect society = UTOPIA

William Shakespeare
o English writer – poet and playwright
o Considered the greatest literary figure in English literature
o Plays were based on historical events from Classical history
o Used innovative language and dramatic elements  he gained popularity and
became renown
o Works: Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet; Caesar

LATE MEDIEVAL PERIOD CHARACTERISTIC OF HUMANISM NOTABLE HUMANIST / FAMOUS WORKS

Literature and art
 Focused/reflected religion and secular
themes
 Most prominent cultural artifacts –
majestic churches and cathedrals
designed along the Romanesque and
Gothic styles
Francesco Petrarcha
 Father of humanism
 His interest in Greco-Roman literature
led him to rediscover Cicero
 Used a unique style of lyrical poetry =
aka the PETRARCHAN SONNET

influx of classical ideas and the

invention of printing = facilitated the
dissemination of the printed word
and democratized learning.

Revival of Classical philosophy and

literature
Emphasized the development of individual

Encouraged the study of classical languages, history

and politics

ACTIVITY: Page 388 – 393

Martin Luther and the Beginning of the Reformation
Initial reform movements
 Little/limited success
 Issue: abuses of the clergy continued to inspire opposition to the Catholic Church

WHAT TRIGGERED THE SCANDAL OVER THE SALE OF INDULGENCE?

 Death of Savonarola
 SAVONAROLA – Clashed with the Church  executed (his belief: Church should spend its wealth for the poor :::: protesting
about the corruption of the Roman Church and papacy)

POPE LEO X
 Want to rebuild the St Basilica in Rome
 No funds = sold indulgences – as donations for the construction of the basilica

FRIAR JOHANN TETZEL

 Advocates of the sale of indulgences
 In charge of collecting funds from the churches in Germany
 To gain more donations – what did Tetzel do?
 o Claimed that if you buy indulgence for the dead  automatic remission of punishment for their mortal sins  one
way ticket to salvation for the departed soul
 Effect: many people gave alms to the church to get salvation for the departed loved ones
 Result to preachers and theologians:
o scandalized over Tetzel’s claims
o Others were offended by the notion that absolution/forgiveness of sins and salvation can be bought

MARTIN LUTHER
 Reacted strongly against the blatant abuse of the indulgence
 A German priest
 What did Martin Luther do?
1. Wrote: 95 Theses – enumerated arguments against the several practices of the church – including the selling of
indulgences simony and nepotism
2. Also put forth his own views with regards to the Church Doctrine
a. Considered faith as the LONE BASIS FOR SALVATION
b. Said that the Church can not dispense forgivenss
c. For him: Bible – the sole and ultimate basis for church doctrine and practices
3. Wrote: Five Theses to the Archbishop of Mainz
a. ARCHBISHOP OF MAINZ – highest religious authority in the Holy Roman Empire
b. 5 theses – Luther posted on the door of All Saint’s Church in Wittenburg
4. Introduced other views that further challenged the basic tenets of the Catholic Church.
5. Considered baptism and communion as the only valid sacraments
6. Advocated the view that priests were no different from the laity (common people)
7. Believed that Church should not be above the state – should be a subordinate to the duly constituted authorities

NINETY FIVE THESES

 Saw the formation of a new religious outlook
 directly challenges the basic tenets of the Catholic Church doctrines and traditions
 few months after its release = was translated to German  circulated throughout Europe
o effects:
a. forced the Church authorities to take action
b. Excommunicated by Pope – when he refuse to recant his views
c. Luther – branded as a heretic
 If heretic == punished by secular authorities  Luther was summoned by the Holy Roman
Emperor to face the IMPERIAL DIET
o IMPERIAL DIET – an assembly of German princes called to decide on important political
matters – convened in January 1521 – where: City of Worms in Germany

FREDERICK OF SAXONY
 Was able to persuade the Holy Roman Empire to hear out Luther before deciding on his fate
 Considered Luther an important figure who would enable them to finally be independent from the control of the church

DIET OF WORMS
 Underscored the religious impact of Luther’s views
 Revealed the divisive political climate in the Holy Roman Empire

IMPERIAL DIET
 Divided over Luther and his views
o Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and his allies supported Church
o Number of princes and Frederick of Saxony opposed the church

REFORMATION SPREADS THRUOUT EUROPE

Luther was safeguarded by powerful allies
 Actively preached their doctrine throughout Germany = LUTHERIANISM

LUTHERIANISM
  Closely tied with resistance against the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor and the Catholic Church (seen as autocratic
influences in the affair of the Holy Roman Empire)
 Converting to Lutheranism = rebellion against Church and the state
o Many German princes embraced Luther and his doctrines
o LUTHERIAN PRINCES – enticed by financial gain  confiscate Church lands and properties in their districts

EFFECTS OF LUTHERIANISM ON CHURCH

1. Lost of Church lands – Lutherian princes will confiscate church lands
2. Face other threats – eastern regions of empire – threatened by the invasion of the OTTOMAN TURKS --- ongoing war with
French king – drove the attention of the emperor away from local affairs
3. Motivated other reformers to put forth their own views with regard to Church reform
4. Movements that want to implement changes in European society
5. Peasant groups demanded abolition of manorialism  PEASANT WAR

PEASANT’s WAR – affected several regions in Germany

ANABAPTISTS
o extreme sect of religious reformers
o emerged and gained a following in Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands
o known for their PACIFIST VIEWS and STRONG SENSE OF COMMUNITY
o their unique interpretation of the Christian doctrine  led them to be persecuted by both Catholics & Protestants

FIRST DIET OF SPEYER

 an assembly of German Princes who converted to Lutheranism publicly professed their beliefs and want to have the
freedom to determine which religion will their districts will follow

SECOND DIET OF SPEYER

 refused to recognize he religious freedom of the Lutheran princes
o  Lutherans  protested the edicts issued by the Diet (1531)  Lutheran princes formed a political alliance to
oppose the Holy Roman Emperor
o  OPPOSITION OF THE EDICTS  LED TO FORAMATION OF PROTESTANTS
 PROTESTANTISM – refers to the new religious sects which emerged during the reformation

What led to the spread of Lutheranism in Norway, Iceland, Finland and other European states?
 Spread of Lutheranism beyond Germany  northern Europe  monarchs of Denmark and Sweden

HULDRYCH ZWINGLI
 From Switzerland
 Instituted his own religious reformation  resulted in the outbreak of WAR and DIVISIONOF THE SWISS CANTONS (political
districts) along religious line

CALVINISM
JOHN CALVIN
 Established the second major religious movement in Switzerland that is distinct from Lutheranism
 Established CALVINISM
o Central tenet: PREDESTINATION – belief that God had already chose those who will be saved – these “elect”
people will receive God’s grace and will be saved thru their acceptance of Jesus Christ
o Spread outside of Switzerland  influenced many religious communities in Europe
o Tied with Calvinism::::::
i. Presbyterians of Scotland
ii. Puritans of England
iii. Huguenots of France

ACT OF SUPREMACY
 Another major development in the Reformation movement
 Passed by the English Parliament  made the English monarch the head of the Church of England
 By: HENRY VIII
o An English king
 o Used his influence in Parliament to secure the kingdom’s independence from the Catholic Church
 What did the English Parliament do?
(1) abolished Roman Catholic monasteries
(2) confiscation of lands and properties
(3) redistribution of lands to the nobles
o Henry VIII – HAS PERSONAL REASONS FOR THE EMERGENCE OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND
 Personal reason: he wanted to separate with his wife Catherine of Aragon  was not granted by the
Pope     so ano ginawa ni Henry VIII???  he instituted the separation of England from the
Catholic Church FOR THE ANNULMENT OF HIS MARRIAGE
 Other reasons/factors: the issue of control over the church hierarchy and the revenue from Church taxes

 Church of England retained a number of Catholic Doctrines and traditions:

o (1) belief in the Holy Trinity
o (2) organization of clergy
o (3) adopted the doctrines of Reformation == doctrine of salvation by faith
o NOTABLE CHARACTERISTIC OF CHURCH OF ENGLAND: ALLOWED WOMEN INTO THE CLERGY

 MARY I – sought to restore Catholicism during her reign  when she died  ELIZABETH I (half-sister and successor)
restored the Church of England as an independent religious institution

ACTIVITY: (with discussion in blue color – jan 16)

SOCIAL
People question the authority of the
Catholic Church in spiritual and political
matters
 Selling of indulgences
 Church power over the state
– church gets to decide who
will be the next person in
power
Renaissance Humanism
 People emphasized on
individualism and progress
(Church has conservative
views of the society 
threaten the influence of
Catholic Church)
People are questioning the authority of
the church
 Due to:
(a) Several knowledges
and ideas learned from
the Renaissance
(b) Black plague – can
church save them from
CAUSE OF REFORMATION
POLITICAL ECONOMIC RELIGIOUS
Causes: Cause: Church was corrupt
a. rise of competing states  selling of indulgences for
Church – has considerable influence salvation
b. states do not want pope’s in European affairs  control of over  some priests were
control over them economic matters untrained and unsuited to
the ministry – used their
c. Political struggles within
the Holy Roman Empire Rulers are jealous of the Church’s positions to acquire
wealth wealth and influence
 The development and (Henry VIII)
propagation of the Merchants don’t want to pay taxes to  hypocritical church
Lutheran faith coincided the Church
with the growing Abuses of the Catholic Church
independence of many TETZEL
German princes from the  Indulgence = salvation Martin Luther
Holy Roman Emperor and from their sins  Release the 95 Theses
the Pope  Attacked Tetzel = selling
 German princes – enticed indulgence or salvation
 German Princes adopted
by financial gain (will thru payment
Lutheranism as a sign of
confiscate Church lands
rebellion against the
and properties in their 95 Theses
Church and the empire –
districts)  Document that criticized
as an act of rebellion
against the church the abuses of Church
People were forced to pay for the
 German princes – enticed development of St Peter’s Basilica in  Effect: widespread
 the disease? They
almost died from the
bubonic period
(c) People emphasized on
individualism
(renaissance
humanism) – threat to
the Catholic Church
because Church was
conservative
(d) Some were jealous of
the church
Social – J K B I
by financial gain (will
confiscate Church lands
and properties in their
districts)
Rome (thru indulgence) opposition against the
 People realized: they are Church and the
poorer – bankrupt – establishment of
money is just going to the Lutheranism
church
 German princes – despite Henry VIII – HAS PERSONAL
converting to Lutheranism REASONS FOR THE EMERGENCE
 what led them to OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND
change their religion? So  Personal reason: he wanted
that they can take away to separate with his wife
Catherine of Aragon 
their church lands so they
was not granted by the
can benefit from those
Pope   
land
so ano ginawa ni Henry
VIII???  he instituted the
separation of England from
the Catholic Church FOR
THE ANNULMENT OF
HIS MARRIAGE

 Other reasons/factors: the

issue of control over the
church hierarchy and the
revenue from Church taxes

Jose Rizal – excommunicated – exposed the bad things the church was doing in the Philippines
1. Explain the key principles and motivations driving the Protestant Reformation
2. Evaluate the strategies and responses employed during the Counter-Reformation by the Catholic Church
3. Apply knowledge of the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation to analyze the lasting impact on Europe's religious and cultural landscape,
drawing connections to contemporary/modern events or movements.

Page 393
CATHOLIC CHURCH’S COUNTER-REFORMATION
 Initial reaction to the Reformation – Church was slow == the do not fully understand the threat of Lutheranism to
the Chruch

PAUL III
 Elected into the papacy  effort to address the issue of church reform

COUNTER REFORMATION
 For what:
1.) to curb the spread of Lutheranism in Europe
2.) bring back the faithful to the CHruch
3.) reiterate and clarify the Catholic Doctrine
4.) institute changes within the clergy

How did Catholic Church did the Counter Reformation

1.) SOCIETY OF JESUS
o New religious order
o Founder: Ignatius of Loyola
o Jesuit order – became the militant arm of the church --- devoted to suppress the heresy and missionary
work
 Established schools throughout Europe – successful in reviving Catholicism in areas where
Protestantism is

2.) Office of the Holy Inquisition was reorganize – became active in Italy and Spain
3.) Index of Forbidden books – printed materials that advocated heretical teachings -- list of books that should not
be read by Catholics
 4.) Council of Trent – reaffirm the basic doctrines of Catholicism – issued several decrees that clarified and
reiterated the core beliefs of the Catholic faithful
o MOST SIGNIFICANT ACTS OF COUNCIL:
i. upheld the doctrine of salvation by faith and good works
ii. reject the Protestant doctrine by justification by faith and the Calvinist doctrine of Predestination
iii. validity of the sacraments were upheld - concept of transubstantiation
iv. traditions of monasticism and celibacy of clergy were reaffirmed
o also told that: Guidance of Church was important in interpreting teachings of the Bible
o Council of Trent was the beginning of the Church’s efforts to correct the abuses and excuses of
its clergy
5.) Focused its attention on the proper training and orientation of priests

EUROPEAN POLITICS AND REFORMATION

 Church’s counter-reformation – was able to address the doctrinal issues by Luther  revitalized the church to face the Protestantism challenge
 POLITICALLY:
o Continued to threaten the stability of the Holy Roman Empire – remained divided Lutherans vs Catholics
 Attempts to reconcile – FAILED  WAR! CHARLES V vs LUTHERAN PRINCES
o Peace of Augsburg – settled the Charles V vs Lutheran princes conflict
 Lutheran princes can freely choose which religion their district will profess
 Effects of Peace of Augsburg:
i Lutheranism was officially recognized by Empire = gained equal status with Catholicism
ii Calvinism + Anabaptism + other religious sects – remained unrecognized
iii Divided the communities in many areas (Catholic or Protestant community becoming the minority in a certain city)
 Did not last long!!!! WHY? Religious conflict still remain in communities
 Lutheranism – gained more adherents (follower) but others – still faced persecution
o Restrictions on Catholics by the Protestant majority = RIOTS --- stopped by Bavaria (in defense of the Catholics)  CONFLICT AGAIN 
formation of a league between Calvinist and Protestants  Catholics also established their own league
 EFFECTS OF CONFLICTS: Weakened the Holy Roman Empire  30 YEARS WAR
o Some want to gain control of German territories near the borders to have political influence in the region

THRITY YEARS WAR

 Major regional conflict – affected all Europe
 Initially: religious conflict  turned to political conflict among the competing dynasties of Europe
a. Start. Kingdom of Bohemia: Protestants vs Catholics
 Catholic Monarch FERDINAND – ascended to throne  his support of Catholic led to revolt by Protestant Bohemians
 Bohemian King – supported by his catholic allies (Spain and Holy Roman Empire)
b. In France – Huguenots faced persecution by Catholic French monarch  revolt  England to the rescue in aid of French protestants  War in
France
c. Conflicts in France and Bohemia  catholic victories – protestant rebellions were crushed

PROTESTANTS COUNTER ATTACK (PAGE 395)

 Kingdom of Denmark – attacked Catholic districts in northern Germany

PEACE OF WESTPHALIA
 Ended the widescale religious conflict in Europe  new political and religious order emerged
 A series of peace treaties between the major European powers that fought in the 30 years war
o Treaties: reinstated the provisions of the Peace of Augsburg + addition of Calvinism as a new religion
o Effect: ushered great changes in European politics
1> new states emerged
2> territorial lines were redrawn
3> German princes were given autonomy from the Holy Roman Empire
4> Switzerland and Netherlands became independent sovereign states
5> France acquired the Alsace Lorraine Region from Germany
6> Sweden acquired territories along the Baltic Sea
7> HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE POWER GREATLY DIMINISHED AFTER THE WAR  CEASED TO BE A
SIGNIFICANT POLITICAL ENTITY IN EUROPE

REVIEW QUESTIONS :::::: Lesson 13: 3.1

1. What is Renaissance man? Aka what? Example. In the Philippines, who is considered to be a Renaissance Man?
2. Who is Leo Bautista Alberti?
3. What is Renaissance? When did it happen? Where did it start? Why there?
4. What is Classical antiquity?
5. What is Humanism?
6. Who is Francesco Petrarch? His belief? What period is he from?
7. What is Renaissance humanism?
8. How did the Renaissance affect art?
 9. What is a patron?
10. Who is the Medici family?
11. Who are the top Renaissance men in the Renaissance period? Description and their works.
12. What is Italian Renaissance? Who are famous in that period? Description and their works.
13. How did people live back then in Renaissance? What are the changes in social classes? How does Renaissance
still affect how we live today?
14. What are the effects of Renaissance?
15. What is the biggest institution that was affected by the Renaissance?
16. What is Revolution?
17. Considered as an important document? Why?
18. What is protestant reformation.
19. Who were considered as the early reformers? (2) - why? Their works/influences on that period
20. Humanism characteristics in:
a. Italian renaissance
b. Northern renaissance
c. Late medieval period
21. What is the role of the church? Is it powerful? How? What are their powers?
22. What is the social hierarchy of a church
23. What is papal supremacy
24. what is reformation? Effects?
25. Causes of reformation? (social, political, religious, economic)
26. Who is Martin Luther?
27. What is the main idea of ML?
28. What are ML’s beliefs?
29. After the reformation, what are the religions of: Germany, Switzerland, England
30. What is the council of worms?
31. Effects of Martin Luther’s Lutheranism on Church.
32. What are the other religions that emerged? Describe each. (3)
33. What did the church do?
34. How did the church do the #25?
35. What is council of trent? Purpose of it?
36. What happen in the European politics after the reformation
37. What is peace of Augsburg? Effects of it
38. What is the 30 Years War? Cause of it? What ended it?
39. Explain the key principles and motivations driving the Protestant Reformation
40. Evaluate the strategies and responses employed during the Counter-Reformation by the Catholic Church
41. Apply knowledge of the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation to analyze the lasting impact on
Europe's religious and cultural landscape, drawing connections to contemporary/modern events or movements.

COMPILED DISCUSSIONS AND PPT

DISCUSSION:
RENAISSANCE MAN / POLYMATH
 A person who is an expert in a wide variety of subject areas
 Example: Leonardo da Vinci: architecture, sculpture, painting, anatomy
Rizal: doctor, poet, writer, sketcher, painting, fencing

LEON BAUTISTA ALBERTI

 Architect from Florence
 “Men can do all things if they will.”
o A big change in the Medieval changes – men were focused more on God – for them God can do all things – Renaissance:
focused on MAN

RENAISSANCE
 Revival of learning – 14th and 15th century (rebirth, transformation, revival)
 Rebirth of classical antiquity (Romans and Greeks)
 In history/for common people: all about paintings and artist
  Rebirth of classical antiquity
 Video said that Renaissance is only for the rich -WHY? >>>>>> not all people had education + some of the learnings can affect the people
(logical reasoning, human rights) – if we follow monarchy – people will not step up against the monarch because of education –
education will affect everyone
 Started in: Italy
o Why do you think it started in Italy: because Italy did TRADING – with trading, we can learn different things
o Most important resource: Trading
o Has good / central geographic location
o Became rich – developed the Renaissance R – Rich patrons
o FLORENCE, ITALY  in Central Europe  Germany  France  Spain  Portugal  E – Enriching literature
England (different governments)  learnings from Italy will go around those cities (domino B - Beliefs
effect in the spread of Renaissance) I - Italy
o Italy was the first one to go out of Feudalism  working class
R – Revival of Arts
T – Thinkers
CLASSICAL ANTIQUITY
 Culture of ancient Greece and Rome
H – Humanism
 During this time: people really wanted to know about Greek and Rome
 Lost before and not understood by the people itself  experts spread about the learnings

HUMANISM
 Emphasis on making an individual well-rounded + virtuous
o Grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, moral philosophy
o Questioned religion and the world itself

FRANCESCO PETRARCH
 Father of Humanism
 Devoted his life to literature
 Pens are important! – useful for writer and for others who are far away, even for those who will be born a thousand years from now = it
will benefit the future
How did the Renaissance affect art?:
 Art were more focused on human intellect, achievement and potential – not religion anymore – because of humanism

RAFAEL
 Famous artwork: The School of Athens – Aristotle surrounded by other thinkers – focused on humans and their achievements (before:
paintings were focused on religion)

PATRON
 Someone who supports an artist, cause, organization financially
 Renaissance Period: artists were supported by patrons financially – so that they can get those kinds of art

MEDICI FAMILY
 Influential ruling family of Florence
 Wealthy bankers – banks earn INTERESTS  Medici Family became rich
 Patrons of art
 LORENZO MEDICI
LORENZO MEDICI
 Most famous in the Medici Family
TOP RENAISSANCE MAN IN THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD:
- Artworks – depict humanity

5. LEONARDO DA VINCI
o Most famous : because of his expertise in different fields
o “The Renaissance Man”
o The Perfect Florentine person = Da Vinci is from Florence
o “Mona Lisa”
o Inventions: parachute; diving suit; Vitruvian man (centered man in the natural world)
o “The Last Supper” – 12 apostles + Mary Magdalene

6. DONATELLO
o Sculptor
o Master of all techniques and materials in sculpture
 Famous sculptures: St George; Bronze statue of David, St Mark = based
on Greek sculptures
 7. RAFAEL
o Youngest - Famous painter and architect
o “The School of Athens” – a fresco on top of the St Peter’s Basilica (depicts an agora)
o Most paintings – portraits of people, religious characters
o St Peter’s Basilica (church) – main cathedral of the Vatican City

8. MICHELANGELO
o Painter, sculptor, architect, poet
o Frescoes of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican
o Statue of Moses and David ; The Pieta

Late medieval period:

FRANCESCO PETRACH
 Father of Humanism
 Lived in the late Medieval Period
 His interest in Greco-Roman literature led him to rediscover Cicero
 Used a unique style of lyrical poetry = aka the PETRARCHAN SONNET

Paintings??????? In the late medieval

LATE MEDIEVAL
 Late transition period of Medieval Ages
o With good amount of knowledge

ITALIAN RENAISSANCE:
Dante Alighieri
 Created books: the DIVINE COMEDY
 Mentioned the gates of hell
 For every sin you have – you have a specific place in hell
 Bottom of hell: Satan, Brutus – traitors – suffering for the rest of your life

NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI
 Florentine historian, politician, philosopher, diplomat, writer
 Book: THE PRINCE – you have to rule with an iron fist – because people are stubborn – better to be feared than to be loved = if a person
is loved – people might abuse him
 Father of Political Science – had philosophy: to be a leader-you have to be strict-or else you will be abused
o The end justifies the means = if you want peace – do war == death is reasonable as long as you accomplish the goal!
 Machiavellian – meaning: strictness, cunning; sneaky; deceitful === ideologies of Niccolo Machiavelli
o Example: Duterte – if a bad guy is going to shoot a police – the police can shoot the shooter

MIGUEL DE CERVANTES
 Spanish writer, military leader
 Wrote: epic noble: DON QUIXOTE
o Quixotic – exceedingly idealistic – “To surrender dreams — this may be madness. Too much sanity may be madness — and
maddest of all: to see life as it is, and not as it should be!”
WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE
 Created playwright
 A poet; English – actor – playwrite
 Innovative, adopted traditional style of writing to his own purpose
 Updated the tragic comedy
o English writer – poet and playwright
o Considered the greatest literary figure in English literature
o Plays were based on historical events from Classical history
o Used innovative language and dramatic elements  he gained popularity and became renown
o Works: Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet; Caesar

THOMAS MOORE
 Created: Utopia –a perfect society = no poverty – no famine – peaceful
 Idea and philosophy of COMMINISM – based on Moore’s utopia – everyone will receive the same amount of salary – no one rich – no one
poor
ERASMUS
 Used Vernacular language – language of the common people
 translated the Bible to let people understand the Bible

DANTE ALEGHERI
o Aka La Divina Comedia by Dante Alighieri
o Style: epic poetry
o A three-part epic poem – about fictional events thru Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven
o Based on St. Thomas Aquinas’ concepts of the afterlife
o Has inclusion of Greek elements – River Styx, Cerberus, Minotaur

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
 Polish mathematician
 Heliocentric solar system = cause of excommunication of Copernicus

GALILEO GALILEI
 Learned from Copernicus
 Also excommunicated
o CHURCH APOLOGIZED – John Pope II

1. How did the Renaissance change art? Explore the cool stuff artists did, like Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo. How did their new ideas and
techniques affect how people express themselves through art?
¶ Focused of humanism in their paintings
o Use of human form as subjects: faces; individuality; everyday life of people
o Painting and sculptors of human
o Human figures with different poses
o Realistic landscapes as background
¶ Different techniques were developed
¶ Da Vinci, Michelangelo – commissioned by patrons to paint their portraits

2. How did people live back then in the Renaissance? Talk about the changes in schools, the new middle class, and what people believed. How does
the Renaissance still affect how we live today?

¶ Renaissance affected the life of the rich – only rich people can afford art and education at that time
¶ Lives of peasants were not affected much by the renaissance because no improvement of lives was seen
¶ Today: education: philosophy, arts, science, math learnings from the renaissance period are used
¶ Who became the rich? The peasants who are skilled = skilled workers = depended on wages == middle class –middle class = bourgeoisie
¶ Literature: use of literature to fight a monarch, king or country – philosophies, ideologies began in the Renaissance
¶ How did it affect us today: Without the learnings, teachings and developments from the Renaissance AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE
GRECO-ROMAN CULTURE = there will be no DEMOCRACY OR freedom of speech or free republic = from the ideologies and philosophies
from the renaissance
CHURCH – biggest institution affected by the Renaissance
EFFECTS OF RENAISSANCE:
6. Development of literature and the arts
7. Inventions
8. New nations and monarchy
9. Age of discovery and exploration – started by Spain and Portugal
10. Protestant reformation – reason for a numerous kinds of church (catholic, Lutheran, baptist, united Methodist, presbyterian)
o Due to conflict with church – form new church
o LUTHERIAN – Martin Luther – protested for change

FERDINAND MAGELLAN – first to circumnavigate the world

REVOLUTION
 Can be peaceful or not - Going against someone
 Forceable overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system (to change the old system)
 Dramatic and wide-reaching change  way of something works / organized . from people’s ideas about it
 Aka: REBELLION (anchored on hope to have change)
TRANSFORMATION (change)
o People were always abused at this time  wanted change  got ideas from learning (built on hope)  REVOLT

IMPORTANT DOCUMENT:
MAGNA CARTA
 Important document from England  weakened the king + strengthen the rights of the people
 o Decrease power of king  increase power of the people
o King – abusive of power ----- ENGLAND – abusive King John – corrupt, abusive insane == story of Robin Hood

PROTESTANT REFORMATION
 Protest (disapproval) + reform (changes)
 To express disapproval in church and to make changes to it

EARLIEST REFORMERS:
III. DESIDERIUS ERASMUS
o A priest, a Christian, a humanist – believes in the potential of man – also believes in God
 Believed that God gave man talent = man has the capacity to take advantage of that talent – use of talent
o Started the Christian humanism = philosophy of Christ
 Belief: Christianity should be a guiding philosophy for daily life not just a system of beliefs, traditions and rituals
 (A) indulgences
 (B) excommunication (even for minor faults – cannot enter heaven)
 (C) tithes – 10% of income to be given to church – not an option but a requirement
 (D) Bible is only written in Latin – few people understand it

o “Erasmus laid the eggs that Luther hatched”

IV. MARTIN LUTHER

o Monk; professor of University of Wittenberg, Germany
o Expert about the Bible – personally studied the Bible diligently
 Upset when saw indulgences (payment for the forgiving of sins) – absolute pardon of sins
 Belief: a person is saved not thru good works but thru their faith alone
 Justification by faith
o NINETY-FIVE THESES
 List of criticisms of practices and beliefs that Luther found offensive
 Effects:
3. Luther – excommunicated by church
4. Luther – ordered by church to recant (take back or deny his heresies) in front of the REICHSTAG
(imperial council) of the Holy Emperor at the COUNCIL OF WORMS (exiled and settled in Northern
Germany  made his own church === first protestant church)

VIDEO: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhGGjRjvq7w
martin luther
 Sign from heaven: thunderstorm  asked saint to let him safely pass the storm  offered his life to god by becoming a monk
o Why should people buy indulgences? Rich people can have salvation because of their money
 95 theses – nail to church door in Wittenburg – put up the idea for debate
 City of Worms – where Luther was allowed to explain himself about the 95 theses -- told the council that his
CONSCIENCE cannot bear what the church was doing – CONSCIENCE – not a familiar word those days
 Was declared an outlaw – hid in Frederick’s castle
o While in hiding – translated Bible to German – provided people the opportunity to read and understand the Bible – not depend
on the church for it
o For Luther: Bible – way of God speaking to His people
 Effects:
4. people started using the words from Bible in arguments
5. People used Luther’s thoughts in power struggles of princes in revolts and struggles between king, princes, and
pope
6. Splitting of church : Catholic Church and Protestant Church

Discussion:
Beliefs of different churches: only faith is needed to be saved ==== others: faith and good works are needed to be saved
 All of us are Christians – bros and sis in Christ – all believe in JC

Discussion. January 16 Tuesday

JOHN WYCLIFFE - (England) = Christian belief should be based on the Bible
JOHN HUSS – (Bohemia) – follower of Wycliffe – only REPENTANCE can wash away sins
GIROLAMO SAVORANOLA – (Italy) = fought against corruption in the church and against secularism brought by the renaissance
JOHN CALVIN – also rejected the idea that goodness would ensure salvation – belief: PREDESTINATION
 Calvinism – emphasized the rule of God over all things
 Belief: SOLA SCRIPTURA – Bible has final authority
HENRY VIII – Anglican Church – Church of England + Act of Supremacy (monarch rule church not pope)

ROLE OF CHURCH
 Provide hope in dark times (orphanage, education, school)
 In society: what is their role? Bring people closer to God and to heaven – but they became corrupt when they became powerful – abuse
of power = absolute power leads to corruption
 Church have their own Law, land, tax, power – catholics – tax – tithes
o Power to excommunicate
 Remove rights of the church membership
 Cannot enter the gates of heaven  You will be hunted down

HEIRARCHY OF CHURCH
5. Pope – representative of Jesus Christ in the world
6. Cardinal – in a country – there are 5-10 cardinals
7. Bishop
8. Priest

PAPAL SUPREMACY
 Acted like the government over kings and queens (high middle ages)
 Has the political power

REFORMATION:
 A religious movement that changed the Catholic Church  there are now Protestant churches
 Church divided into a lot: Roman catholic – eastern orthodox church – cause: split of the Roman empire
 16th century reformation: cause: Martin Luther  until today church is divided but believe in Jesus Christ  still united even if there are
different doctrines, dogmas and ideas

DIFFERENCE OF CULT AND CHURCH?

 Cult – not accountable for everyone
 Church – everyone accountable

Impact of Protestantism in catholic church – divided – a lot of religious churches were formed (Lutheranism..)
Because of Renaissance: we are not restricted to one religion, belief. Before: if not catholic – excommunicate

CAUSES OF REFORMATION
3. SECULARISM
o Belief: religion should not be involved in the government, education, or the public part of society
o Separation of Church and State – why: church has a big influence (Middle
Ages: Church was very powerful and influential) Renaissance
Humanism
4. ISSUES IN THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. ₱LVSiM Secularism
Causes for the reformation: Printing press
o More interested in incomes than saving souls - Invention to reproduce /
o Pope = paid leader rather than a leader of moral leadership reprint the ideas of the
o Priest = engaged in misconduct Renaissance
o Many churches = hypocritical in conduct – do not practice morality
o Catholic church ignored the complains from their members Political
o SIMONY – buy & sell of church offices - Powerful monarchs
 People from clergy – from noble class = rich  can buy offices in challenged the church
churches - European princes – jealous of
 Many church leaders violated their vows of poverty, chastity, the church wealth
and celibacy
Religious – church leaders became
corrupt
CAUSES OF REFORMATION
 SOCIAL POLITICAL
 Renaissance value of  Powerful monarchs
humanism and challenged the church
secularism  led the as the supreme power
people to question the in Europe
church  Many leaders viewed
 Printing press  spread the pope as a foreign
ideas critical to church ruler and challenged his
authority
ECONOMIC RELIGIOUS
 European princes and  Church corruption
kings – jealous of  people found church
church wealth practices (indulgences)
 Merchants and others unacceptable
do not like to pay taxes
to the church

MARTIN LUTHER
 A German monk
 Lead the protestant reformation (1517)
 Main idea: “SOLA FIDE” – salvation by faith. (VS CALVINSIM: SOLA SCRIPTURA – BIBLE HAS FINAL AUTHORITY)
 Beliefs:
« To have a place in heaven: have faith – not by good works
« Bible is the final source of the truth about God
« Church should include all believers (everyone) not just the clergy
 Made the: 95 theses
 Translated Bible into German  printing press  aid in faster distribution

 Church divided
c. Catholic
d. Protestant
a. Calvinism – predestination
I. Presbyterian
II. Huguenots
III. Puritan
b. Lutheranism

Discussion July 17
Changes that happened in Europe because of Martin Luther – change in society – religion
European map: mostly Roman Catholic (Spain, Portugal, France, Italy) but some changed:
 German + Northern England = Lutheranism
 Geneva, Switzerland = John Calvin started a new branch of Protestantism – Calvinism – predestination
 England = Henry VIII – England Church – cannot divorce his wife (wife can’t produce a son kasi) – had 6 wives

SPREAD OF PROTESTANTISM:
4. HULDRYCH ZWINGLI (Switzerland) – early protestant reformer (like Erasmus) – inspired by Martin Luther and Protestant Reformers
5. John Calvin (England)
6. John Knox (England)

JOHN CALVIN
 Calvinism = Church of Calvin
o Why? For the Catholic Church – no indulgence no heaven = Calvinism says otherwise
 Belief: Predestination = everything that will happen will be decided by God/Fate – cannot be changed (born poor die poor)
o Why is predestination the idea of Calvinism? The catholic church believed that if you do not pay for indulgences, you will not
go to heaven  predestination says that if you are a good person, believes JC then you are destined to go to heaven.
 Said that: People should elect the clergy BASED ON credentials and movement of the community.
o In Switzerland: counterpart of Calvinism in France – the HUGUENOTS
 Presbyterians of Scotland
 Puritans of England
 Huguenots of France

HENRY VIII – ANGLICANISM

 An Anglican
 Called: The “defender of faith”
 Started ANGLICANISM in England
 As a king - Wanted to have a son to be his successor
 Created the CHURCH OF ENGLAND and established his own SUPREMACY over it
o POPE CLEMENT VII allowed Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon === BUT NO SON
 Started Anglicanism in England
  Had a son – died at 15 years of age
 Persecution of church and change of Church in England
 Daughters:
QUEEN MARY I – origin of Bloody Mary
 A catholic  brought back Catholicism in England  arrested and executed many Protestants
 Became queen because son of King Henry died  Mary was successor
 Bloody Mary – mom catholic – her idea: make England catholic again – as queen she ordered persecution and
execution of Protestants (burnt, tortured)

QUEEN ELIZABETH I
 Mary’s half sister – a protestant – brought back Protestantism in England
 Anglican Church

ACT OF SUPREMACY
 King will be the head of the church (not pope) == MONARCH AS HEAD OF CHURCH
o Catholic = pope as head of church
 Henry VIII took the land of the Catholic Church in England

Queen Mary I – first woman monarch

How did Mary become queen = it was in Henry’s will

Victorian Era – Golden era of Victoria

 Victorian era - British empire = is the best and biggest empire in the world

Discussion: still July 17

THE PURITANS
 A group of Anglicans
 Want to purify the Anglican church = CATHOLIC WAR
 Protestant group in England + 16th + 17th centuries that opposed lots of customs of the Church of England
o Puritans – rebellious with the Anglican Church
o Puritans – Strictly follow moral rules === Pleasure = Wrong
o Many moved to America to escape persecution (fight with Protestants in England)

ACT OF SUPREMACY
 The Monarch – not the pope – is the supreme leader of the Church

COUNTER REFORMATION
 Aka Catholic reformation = changed in the Catholic Church = to address the problems given by the protestants
 Response to Protestant Reformation
 Started by: Pope Paul III with the Council of Trent – a committee of Catholic leaders to review church practices
o A. Catholic Church stopped selling false indulgences
o B. New schools were created to educate priests
o C. reaffirmed catholic beliefs and practices
 i. salvation – thru faith and good works
 ii. 7 holy sascraments are legitimate means to gain God’s grace
 iii. Church’s interpretation of the Bible is final (other interpretation = heretics)
 how did they enforce the beliefs: thru
 1. INQUISITION – hold trials, punish heretics
 2. BANNED and BURNED BOOKS – protestant bibles
o D. made reforms

ELEMENTS OF COUNTER REFORMATION

5. Structural reform
o Appointment of scholars and reformers to change some parts of the Catholic Church
 Change example: Removed indulgence = good
 Four structures that were reaffirmed by the church:
 (a) Mass – Eucharist – holiest prayer in Roman catholic – reenactment of the last supper of Jesus Christ (only
for the catholic church)
 (b) Sacraments
o Roman catholic: 7sacraments : Baptism, Eucharists, anointing the sick, penance/confession,
Holy Orders, marriage, communion
o Lutheran – 2 sacraments only: baptism and eucharist only
  (.C) Saints – apostles of Jesus / Religious people – lived a life out of faith (embodied on being a
Christian/catholic – martyr = died because of religion)
o Philippines: St San Lorenzo Ruiz and St Pedro Calunsod
o Saints – only representatives === something to look at = idolatry
 (d) purgatory – place where the souls go to before heaven or hell
 Priests – married to God === Pastors can marry

6. Religious orders
o Saint Dominic (Dominicans) ; Saint Francis and Saint Augustinian
o St. Ignatius de Loyola – created JESUITS = the Society of Jesus
o Purpose of religious orders: establish schools and evangelized people to convert to Christianity
 Franciscan and Augustinians – focused on evangelization of people
 Dominicans and Jesuits – focused on education
o Missionaries – goal – spread Christianity all over the world
o revival of Inquisition (inquisition: use of force by the church to remove Protestantism ::: tortured if caught or questioned by
the church – stretching of body, burning – happened in Europe)
o Jesuits – built schools == sent ministries all around the world = Christianity
o Building of monasteries, universities, schools

7. Spiritual movement
o Building of monasteries, universities, schools

8. Political dimension
o Changes:
e. Church training – training of priest + reformed teachings of priests
f. Pope – head = representative of Jesus – POPE PETER – first pope
g. Banned simony
h. Elect a most pius (faithful) and wisest papacy to church offices