Journal of South American Earth Sciences 104 (2020) 102753

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Journal of South American Earth Sciences

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Structural evolution and U/Pb zircon age of the Xambioá gneiss dome,
contributions to the Araguaia fold belt tectonic history
Rogério Alves Bordalo a, *, Ticiano José Saraiva dos Santos a, Elton L. Dantas b
a
Geosciences Institute, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
b
University of Brasilia, UnB, 13083-970, Brasília, DF, Brazil

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: The Araguaia belt in central Brazil is an important key to re-access ancient geological settings, as it records the
Araguaia belt Gondwana agglutination and the final stages of an oceanic basin closure. Small basement inliers occur along
Structural geology transversal position in the Araguaia belt and could compose the extension of Amazonian craton. The structural
U–Pb Geochronology
analysis of the Xambioá gneiss dome region shows that three main deformational events were responsible for the
Tectonics
actual scenario. The first deformational event was a NW-SE non-coaxial compression event (Dn), which led to the
formation of ductile structures, such as open and slightly open folds (Fn), from a previous Sn-1 structures, axial
plane foliation and spaced foliation (Sn), in the mantling metasedimentary sequence, and the mylonitic foliation
(Sn) in dome rocks. This event was associated with a thrust system developed under regional greenschist to local
upper amphibolite facies. The second deformational event Dn+1 was characterized by refolding with Sn
transposition, followed by asymmetric Fn+1 folds and transposed foliation (Sn+1), and local stretching patterns
forming boudins and Ln+1 lineations. The third deformational event Dn+2 is represented by WNW-ESE sinistral
transcurrent faults (Sn+2) which sectioned the Dn structures and formed shear zones of different scales. U–Pb
zircon ages in gneiss and in a migmatite of the Xambioá dome indicate Mesoarchean (~2.93 Ga) crystallization
ages. U–Pb zircon provenance ages from metasedimentary rocks bordering the Xambioá dome show significant
contribution of Archean to Neoproterozoic sources. The consistent loss of Pb in the dome rocks evidences
tectono-metamorphic events presumably connected to the lithosphere ocean closure and continental collision
responsible for the Araguaia Belt edification during Neoproterozoic-Cambrian period.

1. Introduction Structural geology studies of gneiss domes also demonstrate that

In the last twenty years structural geology studies of gneiss domes
have been important for the knowledge of Precambrian orogens. Several
models were proposed for the genesis and structural evolution of these
domes (Eskola, 1948; Teyssier and Whitney, 2002; Lee et al., 2004;
Whitney et al., 2004; Yin, 2004), including kinematic models associated
with fault-related domes and magmatic, non related-fault domes. The
most intriguing aspect of such considerations about gneiss domes is the
relationship between their structural pattern and the surrounding rocks.
In most cases, the surrounding rocks register important information to
establish these models (Lee et al., 2004; Vanderhaeghe, 2004). The
origin of domes and their significance in orogeny can be evaluated by
determining the thermal-mechanical relationship between doming, P-T
paths, and melting, and by documenting the structural relationship
among domes, subdomes, and mantling rocks (Whitney et al., 2004).
magmatic events and their relationship with deformational events are
common in the geological history of orogens, and it is possible to trace
old deformation events in environments where successions of
compressional and extensional events acted significantly (Lee et al.,
2004; Sarkarinejad and Alizadeh, 2009). The geochronological studies
in gneiss domes show that there are marked differences in the timing of
magmatism, exhumation, and deformational events during the orogen
evolution (Quigley et al., 2008; Sarkarinejad and Alizadeh, 2009). One
important aspect is the time of doming development related to orogenic
process.
The Brazilian shield consists of Archean and Paleoproterozoic
cratonic cores surrounded by Panafrican-Brasiliano mobile belts of
Neoproterozoic to Cambrian age (Brito Neves and Cordani, 1991;
Almeida et al., 2000; Tohver et al., 2012), which show lithologic and
structural similarities with mobile belts of the African continent

* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: rogerbordalo@gmail.com (R.A. Bordalo), ticiano@unicamp.br (T.J.S. Santos), elton@unb.br (E.L. Dantas).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2020.102753
Received 26 August 2019; Received in revised form 28 June 2020; Accepted 11 July 2020
Available online 27 August 2020
0895-9811/© 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
R.A. Bordalo et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 104 (2020) 102753

(Goodwin, 1991; Black and Liégeois, 1993). The tectonic history of the
Tocantins Province (Almeida et al., 1976), in Brazil’s Central region is
linked to the formation of the Neoproterozoic Araguaia, Brasília and
Paraguay mobile belts, due to the collage between the Amazonian, São
Francisco-Congo and West Africa cratons during the amalgamation of
the Western Gondwana supercontinent (Herz et al., 1989, Moura and
Gaudette, 1993; Fuck et al., 2008) (Fig. 1A). The Araguaia belt in this
context has important dynamic records of this event, printed in different
tectonic fabrics, metamorphic assemblages and isotopic ages (Hasui
et al., 1975; Herz et al., 1989; Moura and Gaudette, 1993; Paixão et al.,
2008).
The Xambioá gneiss dome comprises a heterogeneous assemblage of
Archean gneisses exposed as an anticlinal structure within the north
portion of the Araguaia Belt, and is overlain by a thick supracrustal
metasedimentary sequence (Fig. 1B). The aim of this paper is to present
structural data on the Xambioá Gneiss dome and mantling metasedi­
mentary sequence as input for considerations about the tectonic struc­
ture, geometric arrangement, and kinematics deformation during the
Brasiliano orogeny. Additionally, U–Pb zircon geochronological data
define the protolith crystallization age of the Xambioá dome gneisses,

Fig. 1. Geological map of the Araguaia Belt adapted from (a) Santos et al. (2015) and (b) Pinheiro et al. (2011). Geochronological data from (2) Alves (2006), (3)
Moura and Gaudette (1999), (4) Arcanjo (2002), (5) Moura and Sousa (2002), (6) Souza and Moura (1995), (7) Chaves (2003), (8) Chaves et al. (2008), (9) Gorayeb
et al. (2000), (11) Macambira and Lafon (1995), (12) Almeida et al. (2011), (13) Machado et al. (1991), (14) Marangoanha et al. (2019) (Reference number is the
same Fig. 2).

2
R.A. Bordalo et al.
Fig. 2. Isotopic data of Araguaia belt. (1) Arcanjo et al. (2013); (2) Moura and Gaudette (1993); (3) Moura and Sousa (2002); (4) Hasui et al. (1977); (5) Macambira
et al. (1983); (6) Alves (2006); (7) Gorayeb et al. (2013); (8) Osborne (2001) (9) Paixão et al. (2008); (10) Gorayeb et al. (2004); (11) Lafon et al. (1990) (12) Moura
and Gaudette (1999); (13) Gorayeb et al. (2001); (14) Marangoanha et al. (2019); (15) Dall’Agnol et al. (1988); (16) Cordani and Sato (1999).
while detrital zircon establishes the provenance ages of the surrounding
metasedimentary rocks, in order to define the tectonic evolution and the
influence of the Brasiliano orogeny deformation in the building of the
Araguaia belt from the Neoproterozoic to the Cambrian.
2. Geological setting
The Araguaia belt (Fig. 1B), which is approximately 1200 km long
and less than 150 km wide, represents a collisional orogen of the mega
lithotectonic unit called Tocantins Province (Almeida et al., 1976),
which is related to the advanced stages of continental collision (Moura
and Gaudette, 1993). It displays various units comprising metamorphic
and magmatic rocks that have recorded events of crustal thickening
within the context of cratonic convergence (Herz et al., 1989; Moura and
Gaudette, 1993). The frontal tectonics was the predominant collisional
mechanism that conditioned the belt in the NS direction (Fig. 1B)
(Campanha and Brito Neves, 2004). Ultramafic rocks that thrust over
metasedimentary rocks in its outer zone may represent oceanic crustal
fragments (Paixão et al., 2008). The belt is in thrust contact with the
Amazonian craton in its western limit; is covered by Phanerozoic units of
the Parnaíba basin and Bananal basin, respectively in the northeastern
and southeastern limits, and is crosscut by the Transbrasiliano linea­
ment, bringing the belt in contact is with granulitic rocks of Porto
Nacional complex in its southeastern limit (Fig. 1B) (Gorayeb et al.,
2013). There is an abrupt change of structural and metamorphic pattern
in the outer zone of the belt, where sedimentary and anchimetamorphic
rocks prevail, while in the inner zone metamorphism reaches the
amphibolite facies (Fonseca et al., 2004).
Basement rocks have been individualized in the Colmeia Complex
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Journal of South American Earth Sciences 104 (2020) 102753
(Costa, 1980), which comprises the oldest rocks of the Araguaia belt,
which are exposed as windows in the cores of domal structures. It con­
sists of banded gneisses and migmatites with associated granites,
granodiorites, and trondhjemites; small enclaves of feldspathic biotite
schist, mica quartzite, and amphibolite are common (Costa, 1980). The
granitoids are reddish or gray, fine to coarse-grained. Both gneisses and
granitoids show penetrative foliation and the development of secondary
sericite, epidote, chlorite, and clay minerals. The granitoids generally
predominate in the cores of the windows while the gneisses are more
frequent at their borders.
The metasedimentary sequences of the Araguaia Belt belong the
Estrondo and Tocantins Groups (Hasui et al., 1977) (Fig. 1). The
Estrondo Group is a narrow and submeridian range in the belt inner
zone, covered by Phanerozoic rocks of the Parnaíba Basin to the east.
Two formations constitute the Estrondo Group: Morro do Campo (MCF)
and Xambioá (XF) formations (Souza and Moreton, 2001). The basal
MCF is composed of micaceous quartzite (with magnetite and kyanite),
biotite schist, quartz mica schists, graphitic schists and oligomictic
metaconglomerates (Hasui et al., 1977). The quartzite intercalated with
biotite-muscovite-quartz schists shows granolepidoblastic texture
formed of quartz and lamellar biotite aggregates, which are oriented,
deformed and partly replaced by muscovite and chlorite. On the edges of
the Xambioá dome lenticularly interbedded, decimeter-to meter-thick
conglomerates occur, formed by white quartz pebbles up to 2 cm in
diameter. A sub-horizontal detachment surface occurs in the contact
with the Colmeia Complex (Souza and Moreton, 2001).
The Xambioá formation consists of biotite-muscovite schists with
interbedded calc-schists, marbles, metagraywackes and various schists
containing garnet, graphite, staurolite, kyanite and fibrolite (Hasui
R.A. Bordalo et al.
et al., 1977). In the eastern part it is covered unconformably by rocks of
the Parnaíba Basin. To the west, the contact with the Tocantins group is
tectonic. Based on petrographic and magnetometer signatures, Souza
and Moreton (2001) propose a subdivision of the Xambioá formation
into two lithologic associations: i) Xambioá formation 1, composed of
mica schists, graphite schists, amphibolites, metarenites, ferruginous
quartzites, silexites and metarcoses, partially involving domal struc­
tures, such as the Xambioá dome; and ii) Xambioá formation 2, con­
sisting predominantly of muscovite-biotite-quartz schist, locally
feldspathic, presenting subordinate marbles, quartzites and polymictic
metaconglomerates.
The Tocantins group is composed of the Pequizeiro and Couto
Magalhães formations. To the east the contact of the Pequizeiro for­
mation with the Xambioá formation is tectonic. The Pequizeiro forma­
tion is composed predominantly of chlorite schists and chlorite-quartz
schist with interbedded calc-shales, talc schists, talc-actinolite schist,
serpentinite, metabasic rocks and phyllites (Hasui et al., 1977). The
chlorite-quartz schist, which occurs in the eastern belt domain close to
the contact with the Xambioá formation, is light gray, foliated (anas­
tomosed and/or crenulated) and fine-grained, displaying a gran­
olepidoblastic texture (Souza and Moreton, 2001). The chlorite schist
crops out in the western portion, near the contact with the Couto
Magalhães formation and is gray-green, fine-graines, lepidoblastic,
foliated, showing well-marked crenulation.
The Couto Magalhães formation occurs throughout the western
portion, positioned tectonically over the Amazonian Craton (Souza and
Moreton, 2001). The contact with the Pequizeiro formation is tectonic
by thrusting shear zones. It consists predominantly of phyllite, meta­
siltstone, and metaclaystones. Considerable lenses of polymictic con­
glomerates and metawackes appear in the western part.
Proterozoic mafic-ultramafic bodies occur elongated in a sub­
meridian orientation and are up to few tens of kilometers long. The
Quatipuru ophiolitic complex occur as interlayered bodies following the
metasedimentary sequence of the Araguaia Belt (Paixão et al., 2008).
Scapolite metagabbros and amphibolite of the Xambica gabbroic suite
(Gorayeb et al., 2004) are also recognized as intrusive bodies in the
Tocantins Group.
Geochronological data for the Araguaia belt point to events varying
from the Archean to the Phanerozoic, suggesting at least four episodes in
its tectonic history (Fig. 2). The ancient ages are related to the basement
(the Colméia complex) and the younger ages to intrusive granitic plu­
tons. The gneiss domes in the Araguaia belt are exposed over the entire
belt (Fig. 1), consisting of granites, gneisses and migmatites, which are
mostly mylonitized (Moura and Gaudette, 1999; Arcanjo et al., 2013).
Orthogneisses from the Colmeia complex (2.86 Ga) (Dall’Agnol et al.,
1987; Moura and Gaudette, 1999) and Cantão gneiss (1.85 Ga) (Moura
and Gaudette, 1999) represent the basement in the northern portion,
including the Xambioá dome. This portion have been considered as an
extension of the Amazonian craton to the east (Dall’Agnol et al., 1987;
Moura and Gaudette, 1999; Arcanjo et al., 2013). The basement in the
southern segment is represented by the Rio do Coco Group (2.6 Ga)
(Arcanjo et al., 2013), and mainly by the Rio dos Mangues complex
(2.05 Ga) and Serrote granite (1.86 Ga) and monzogranitic gneiss of the
Cantão dome, indicating the predominance of Paleoproterozoic units.
The basement rocks were later deformed and metamorphosed during the
development of the Araguaia belt in the Panafrican-Brasiliano cycle
(Moura and Gaudette, 1999). The well-documented Archean TTG suites
(2.93–2.87 Ga) (Almeida et al., 2011) intruded by Orosirian (1.88 Ga)
anorogenic granites of the Jamon suite (Oliveira, 2006) at the adjacent
southeastern portion of the Amazonian craton, also suggest that the
rocks of the northern segment of the Araguaia belt represent windows of
the Amazonian craton (Moura and Gaudette, 1999). This also suggests
that the supracrustal sequences of the Araguaia belt were deposited in
the eastern part of the craton (Moura and Gaudette, 1999).
The mantling metasedimentary sequence surrounding the Xambioá
dome shows Pb/Pb detrital zircon ages in quartzites of the Morro do
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Journal of South American Earth Sciences 104 (2020) 102753
Campo formation varying from 3.0 to 2.65 Ga in the Xambioá region
(north segment of the Araguaia Belt) and 1.85 to 0.85 Ga in the Paraíso
do Tocantins region (middle segment of the belt). These ages suggest
different source areas for the two domains (Pinheiro et al., 2011). Two
population of Pb/Pb detrital zircon ages were evidenced by Moura et al.
(2008): an Archean population with modal ages in the 2.8–2.9 Ga in­
terval, obtained from quartzites in the Xambioá region (north segment of
the Araguaia Belt), and another population with a mode in the
1000–1200 Ma interval in the Paraíso do Tocantins region (southern
segment of the Araguaia Belt). Neoproterozoic contribution has been
also recorded by detrital zircon ages in the Paraíso do Tocantins region
(southern segment of the belt) (Moura et al., 2008). These data suggest
that the main source rocks for the metasedimentary sequence of the
Araguaia Belt is not the Amazonian craton, but geological domains in
the southeastern region, such as the São Francisco craton, Para­
napanema block, Goiás Massif and Goiás magmatic arc (Moura et al.,
2008).
Five samples from dikes crosscutting the mantle peridotites from the
Quatipuru Complex defined a Sm–Nd isochron age of 757 ± 49 Ma
(Paixão et al., 2008). Such rocks are interpreted as correspondent to the
latest and most differentiated magmatic crystallization products in the
process of the oceanic lithosphere formation. Single zircon crystal dating
by the Pb/Pb method of the syn-to post-tectonic Santa Luzia granite and
intrusive veins in the Estrondo Group shows ages ranging 470 to 622 Ma
(Moura and Gaudette, 1993), concordant to ~549 ± 5 Ma (Alves, 2006)
ages obtained for the Ramal do Lontra Granite. These ages are inter­
preted as resulting from syn-to post-tectonic magmatism associated with
the Brasiliano event.
3. Structural analysis
The Xambioá dome comprises granites with tonalitic, trondhjemitic
and granodioritic compositions and migmatites. This dome has a NW
elongate orientation and is surrounded by Neoproterozoic metasedi­
mentary sequences of the Estrondo Group, represented by Morro do
Campo (MCF) and Xambioá (XF) formations (Fig. 3).
The Xambioá dome shows mylonitic foliation, gneissic banding,
migmatitic structures and shear bands with partially transposed folia­
tion overprinting of primary and preexisting structures. The mylonitic
fabric is the most expressive structure (Fig. 4 a-b); it overprints the
gneiss bands and migmatitic structures, marking a weak preferred
orientation of micas in the core of the dome, where sub-horizontal fo­
liations are orients concordant with the WNW-ESE geometry of the
dome. The mylonitic foliation in the Xambioá dome is considered
contemporaneous to the Sn structures identified in the mantling meta­
sedimentary sequence, attested by concordant low dips and directions.
Therefore, here we consider gneissic bands and migmatite structures as
previous foliation Sn-1 (Fig. 4 c-d) since these structures were over­
printed by mylonitic foliation (Sn), which is of low-angle near the
contact with high-angle foliations of the metasedimentary sequence.
Near the border of the dome gneisses, sillimanite is indicative of the
metamorphic grade increase, but has the same kinematics seen in por­
phyroclast tails of a low angle mylonitic foliation. The Sn directions of
both dome and the metasedimentary sequence follow the geometry of
the dome, except in its center, where foliation is concordant with the
NW-SE regional trend of major transcurrent faults (Fig. 3). The gneissic
bands are exposed as relict bands involved in mylonitic foliation, evi­
denced by the mafic domains predominantly composed of biotite and
muscovite, contrasting with felsic domains composed of quartz and
feldspars. All the domains were affected by low-angle mylonitic folia­
tion. Different types of folds are recognized, as intrafolial folds with
mineral lineation parallel to the fold axes. Recumbent folds developed
on a preexistent compositional banding have an E-W axis strike.
The migmatites associated with the gneiss dome present concordant
and discordant leucosomes to gneissic bands, being better represented
on the border parts of the dome. In the gneiss domains, the migmatites
R.A. Bordalo et al.
Fig. 3. Geological map of the Xambioá Region with the location of samples collected for geochronological studies. Modified from Souza and Moreton (2001).
show mylonitic leucosome domains where feldspars porphyroblasts
define elongate lineations. The Xambioá dome shows transposition fo­
liations (Sn+1) in the leucosome domains forming intrafolial folds
verging NW, similarly to the metasedimentary sequence that verge to
NW and SE, predominantly to NW (Fig. 4 e-f). These folds developed
millimeter to meter-scale pre-to syn-kinematic quartz veins, and prob­
ably represent later stages of regional contraction deformation. A N–S-
trending and east-dipping spaced cleavage is also present, which is axial
plane to the Fn+1 folds. Sometimes, the Fn+1 folds have sheath-like
forms.
The Xambioá dome is well represented by mylonites composed of
quartz (Qz) ± plagioclase (Pl) ± K-feldspar (K–F) ± biotite (Bt) ±
muscovite (Ms) ± sericite (Sc) ± epidote (Ep) ± chlorite (Ch). Allanite,
titanite, zircon, opaque minerals and sillimanite occur as accessory
minerals. Quartz occurs in a granoblastic fabric, with strong undulating
extinction, subgrains and new grains resulting from bulging recrystal­
lization. The plagioclase crystals are anhedral and are partially replaced
by sericite, and show strong undulating extinction, as the K-feldspar
crystals. Plagioclase occurs as rounded porphyroclasts sometimes also
showing microfaults and sigma type forms indicating top-to-the-NW
kinematics. Biotite is oriented along the spaced foliation in a lepido­
blastic fabric and has subhedral to euhedral crystals. Muscovite is
anhedral to euhedral and occurs preferentially in the foliation domains.
These grains shows kink bands and sigmoidal forms, also indicating top-
to-the-NW kinematics (Fig. 4g). Epidote occurs preferably in foliation
domains, with biotite, muscovite and sericite. Sillimanite (Fig. 4h)
marks the increase of metamorphic conditions towards the dome border,
originating mylonite rocks.
The mantling metasedimentary sequences for the Xambioá Dome
(Fig. 3) display a pervasive ductile deformation. Micaceous metasand­
stone and metagraywackes of the Morro do Campo Formation, which
occurs restrictively in contact with the dome and within N–S thrust
faults domains, show spaced foliations, generally >1 cm (Fig. 5a).
The Sn structures (spaced and continuous foliation) trend N–S and
dip at low angles (<20◦ ) to the east. In some domains muscovite-biotite,
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Journal of South American Earth Sciences 104 (2020) 102753
graphite and sericite schist alternates with a spaced foliation composed
of quartz and muscovite layers. The schistosity is generally parallel to
the spaced foliation except in fold hinges. It is underlined by elongate
quartz parallel to the foliation direction, and by the preferred orienta­
tion of tourmaline, kyanite, biotite and muscovite, as well as the
preferred orientation of phyllosilicates in the spaced foliation. Other
schists of the Xambioá formation show continuous <1-cm schistosity
and differ from the Morro do Campo Formation rocks because of thin
phyllosilicate layers and the predominance of quartzites. Both structures
are considered contemporaneous and are named Sn structures.
The mineral and stretching lineations (Fig. 5b) associated with the Sn
schistosity and spaced foliations are named Ln lineations. These struc­
tures become thinner and with higher dips in the frontal thrust, which is
well exposed in the Morro do Campo Formation (Fig. 5c). The stretching
lineation, strongly marked by the elongation of quartz rods and boudins,
occur mainly in mica schists. A down-dip lineation is associated with
schistosity planes (Ln) and stretching and mineral lineations are WNW-
ESE-trending on average, with plunges predominantly to SE.
A metaconglomerate (Fig. 5d) of the Xambioá Formation, composed
of biotite, muscovite and quartz, is associated with a WNW-ESE-trending
wrench fault and shows asymmetric folds with axis in the same direc­
tion, plunging varyingly to NW and SE. The Sn structures are dominantly
shallow dipping, increasing to subvertical dips in some contact zones
with the north dome limb.
A dominant component of the top-to-the-WNW non-coaxial defor­
mation is indicated by kinematic criteria, such as S/C structures, delta
and sigma porphyroclasts and asymmetric boudinage (Fig. 5e) seen in
the XZ plane of the Sn structure. It indicates an association with
thrusting patterns. The asymmetric folds show a transposition of the
schistosity (Sn) in some outcrops, characterizing a transposed foliation
Sn+1 (Fig. 5f and g), with associated asymmetric folds Fn+1 (Fig. 5h
and i), common in the Estrondo Group units.
The Sn structures is further delineated by index minerals that range
from greenschist facies (muscovite, epidote and chlorite) in regions near
the Amazonian Craton to amphibolite facies (biotite, kyanite, garnet,
R.A. Bordalo et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 104 (2020) 102753

Fig. 4. The Xambioá gneiss dome rocks and structures. a-b) Sn structure represented by mylonitic foliation involving gneissic bands; c-d) Feldspar porphyroclast and
sigmoidal structures indicating top-to-NW kinematics associated with Sn foliation; e-f) Fn+1 fold seen in transposed leucocratic gneissic band (Sn); g) Sigmoidal
plagioclase indicating top-to-the-NW kinematics; h) Mineral arrangement concordant with Sn and sillimanite parallelism.

sillimanite and staurolite) in regions far from it, where the contact with
the dome are in the sillimanite isograde.
The cm-to mm-scale folds have axes plunging to NW and SE.
Different types of folds are exposed near the Xambioá Dome region. The
most common occurrences are asymmetric intrafolial folds (Fig. 5g)
delineated by bedding planes and quartz veins, where a lineation par­
allel to the folds axis near the N–S direction is defined by the intersection
of the primary bedding (S0) and the axial planar schistosity. Chevron
folds occur in chlorite-schists showing the same N–S axis direction
(Fig. 5i). The interference patterns indicate a superimposition of
generally asymmetric folds axes parallel to the stretching and mineral
lineations.
The brittle-ductile deformation is characterized by drag folds and
transcurrent faults and is considered a third deformation phase (Dn+2).
The drag folds result from WNW-ESE cm-to m-sized slip faults (Fig. 6a
and b) that follow major lineaments of the same direction. The faults
intersect phyllites of the Couto Magalhães Formation, and have an
associated sub-horizontal lineation. The Sn+2 planes intersect Sn and
Sn+1 structure. Tension gashes occur in quartzites of the Couto Mag­
alhães formation linked with WNW trending transcurrent fault
indicating sinistral kinematics (Fig. 6c). The development of conjugated
fracture presents a pattern whose paleotensor orientation is compatible
with the sinistral kinematics of the brittle deformation (Fig. 6d).
4. Microstructures
The mantling metasedimentary sequence is composed in general of
schist and quartzite, the Pequizeiro schists showing is composed of
quartz (Qz), muscovite (Ms), chlorite (Ch), epidote (Ep), titanite (Tn)
and allanite (Al). Quartz is anhedral, with strong undulating extinction,
and has a granoblastic polygonal fabric outside the foliation domain,
sometimes forming ribbons. Muscovite defines the foliation and is
anhedral to sub-euhedral, locally folded (Fig. 7a). Epidote is anhedral to
sub-euhedral and is mostly associated with muscovite. Chlorite is also
anhedral and sub-euhedral and results from the alteration of muscovite.
The opaque minerals occur as anhedral to euhedral porphyroclasts, with
a cubic shape suggestive of magnetite.
Near the north limb of the dome, the schist of the Xambioá Formation
is composed of quartz (Qz), muscovite (Ms), plagioclase (Pl), biotite (Bt),
chlorite (Cl) and epidote (Ep). Quartz occurs in a granoblastic polygonal

6
R.A. Bordalo et al.
Fig. 5. Metasedimentary mantling rocks of the Xambioá dome. a) Sn in quartzite. b) Ln in Sn plane in quartzites. c) imbricate Sn foliation; d) Sn foliation in
metaconglomerate (TJROG 91); e) Sigmoidal structure formed during principal deformation indicate a sinistral movement; f-g) isoclinal fold and transposed foliation
Sn+1 develop Fn+1 folding in micaschist; h-i) Chevron fold in micaschist.
fabric with irregular crystals that show moderate undulating extinction,
eye-shaped fabric (Fig. 7b) and separate domains where foliation is
composed of muscovite and biotite. The muscovite and biotite crystals
mark the continuous foliation, where epidote occurs in small crystals
also conditioned to foliation domains.
At the border dome occurs a quartzite composed of quartz (Qz),
muscovite (Ms), and kyanite (Ky). Quartz shows granoblastic polygonal
fabric, moderate undulating extinction, and has subgrains showing
subgrain rotation recrystallization. Kyanite occurs strictly in the folia­
tion domains together with muscovite and opaque minerals (Fig. 7c).
The opaque minerals have elongated forms and follow the direction of
the foliation. Biotite is rarer and is partially replaced by muscovite and
opaque minerals. Biotite shows S–C structure, which indicates a top-to-
the-NW kinematics (Fig. 7d).
5. Geochronology
5.1. Analytical procedures
For the analyzed samples, 5–8 kg of whole rock were processed at the
Mineral Separation Laboratory of the Campinas State University (UNI­
CAMP) following standard procedures: jaw crusher, disc mill, panning
and handpicking of individual zircon grains using a binocular micro­
scope. Zircon grains were abundant enough to select 150 grains per
sample. The selected grains were mounted on a 2.5 cm block with epoxy
resin polished and coated with diamond paste. The internal structure of
each grain was revealed by cathodoluminescence (CL) and back­
scattered electron images using a LEO 430i (Zeiss Company) SEM
7
Journal of South American Earth Sciences 104 (2020) 102753
equipped with Oxford energy dispersive spectroscopy system and a
Gatan Chroma CL detector at the UNICAMP Institute of Geoscience,
which was used to select spots for analysis. The U–Pb zircon isotopic
analyses were carried out at the: i) Geochronology Laboratory of the
University of Brasília according to the method described by Bühn et al.
(2009) (samples TJRog-99 and TJRog-91), and ii) Isotopic Geology
Laboratory of the UNICAMP Geoscience Institute, using a Thermo Fisher
Element XR sector field ICP-MS and a Photon Machines Excite.193 nm
laser ablation system, equipped with a two-volume HelEx ablation cell
(samples TJRB-XBL, TJRog-92, and TJRog-87) according to the method
described by Sugano et al. (2015). The laser was regulated with a spot of
25 μm with acquisition of 40s. The measure isotopic ratios were moni­
tored using the international zircon standard 91500 (Wiedenbeck et al.,
1995) and the data were reduced using Iolite Software (version 3.1)
following the method described by Paton et al. (2010). In addition to
dating, Iolite allowed to determine the total approximated concentra­
tions of U, Th, and Pb in the same spot. Table 1 shows the analytical
geochronological data. Ages are reported using the 206Pb/238U ratio; all
errors are quoted at the 2 sigma (2σ) level, and weighted averages are at
90% confidence.
5.1.1. Results
The samples from the Xambioá gneiss dome come from an orthog­
neiss from the western part of the Xambioá dome core, southeast of the
Xambioá city (Fig. 3). Sample TJRog-99 is greyish tonalitic to granodi­
oritic gneiss, holocrystalline, fine-grained, composed of quartz, plagio­
clase, K-feldspar, biotite, muscovite, epidote, chlorite and opaque
minerals. It has an anastomosed spaced foliation, where a granoblastic
R.A. Bordalo et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 104 (2020) 102753

Fig. 6. The brittle deformational features. (a) and (b) Wrench faults in phyllites of the Couto Magalhães Formation. c) Tension gashes in quartzites of the Couto
Magalhães Formation. d) Conjugated fracture planes filled with quartz concordant to the attitude of tension gashes.

fine-grained texture of the felsic and lepidoblastic mafic domains, with
in general more than 1 cm of thickness, composes the gneissic bands.
Zircon grains of the Xambioá gneiss dome samples range in length
from 100 to 300 μm. They are sub-euhedral and some prismatic, trans­
parent, and yellowish to brownish. Cathodoluminescence of some grains
is low, however displaying a weakly mottled texture. Shorter prismatic
grains contain bright luminescent rounded cores with sector zoning,
surrounded by patchy textured low luminescent rims (Fig. 8).
We analyzed twenty-three zircon grains from the tonalitic gneiss of
the Xambioá dome (TJRog-99 sample) by LA-ICP-MS (Table 1). Of these,

8
R.A. Bordalo et al.
Fig. 7. Microstructures of the metasedimentary mantling sequence of the Xambioá Dome. (a) muscovite grains defining the principal foliation and local folds in
quartzite. (b) Eye-shaped quartz fabric in schist. (c) Kyanite parallel to muscovite crystals defining the continuous foliation. (d) S–C fabric composed of biotite and
muscovite from mica schist of the Xambioá formation.
ten grains display a concordant to slightly discordant analyses, and the
remaining grains show an accentuated Pb loss, but define a discordia
line intersecting the concordia curve at 2.930 ± 31 Ma at the upper
intercept and 507 ± 54 Ma in the lower intercept (Fig. 8a). Individual
grains show no age differences within errors, even between distinct core
and rim domains (Fig. 8c).
The leucosome of the migmatized quartz-feldspathic tonalitic gneiss
(TJRB-XBL sample) shows the same gneissic bands and feldspar por­
phyroclasts. It shows under the microscope a weak late brittle-ductile
deformation with kink bands in muscovite and feldspar, micro­
fractures in feldspar, subgrain formation and grain boundary migration
in quartz. Shape-preferred orientation of quartz produces a weak
foliation.
The spots in the zircon grains from the migmatite leucosome (TJRB-
XBL sample) were positioned on the rims (nine grains) and cores
(twenty-seven) of the grains to identify possible interference of meta­
morphic events. Similar arrangement for the grains analyzed in the
concordia diagram with the tonalitic gneiss shows the same Pb loss and
defines a discordia line intersecting the concordia curve at 2938 ± 20
Ma at the upper intercept in the lower intercept the age obtained was
402 ± 15 Ma (Fig. 8b). The individual grains show no age differences
within errors, even between distinct core and rim domains. No inherited
zircons (e.g. with older cores) were observed.
Quartzites, schists, and metaconglomerates, which represent the
metasedimentary rocks that surround the Xambioá dome, were
analyzed. The metaconglomerate is a yellowish-brown rock, composed
of muscovite, quartz, tourmaline and opaque minerals, and has a
penetrative continuous mm-to cm-sized foliation. Rounded and angu­
lose quartzitic clasts more than 3 cm thick are immersed in foliation. The
quartz is anhedral, with a granoblastic polygonal fabric, strong undulose
extinction and is restricted to microliton domains. From this sample, 59
zircon grains were analyzed and 44 yielded a confidence of 207Pb/238U –
206
Pb/238U ages of >90%. Detrital zircons from the metaconglomerate
(TJROG 91 sample) yielded ages varying from 1401 ± 24 Ma to 3351 ±
30 Ma, with a peak at 1743 ± 25 Ma and many ages clustering near this
value (Fig. 9a).
Sample TJROG-87 from a whitish gray micaceous quartzite is
composed essentially of quartz with thin muscovite ridges, epidote and
9
Journal of South American Earth Sciences 104 (2020) 102753
opaque minerals. Quartz crystals are coarse, anhedral, with strong un­
dulating extinction, irregular contacts and a subgrain rotation recrys­
tallization fabric. It has a spaced penetrative foliation with
approximately 1 cm. Muscovite crystals are anhedral to sub-euhedral,
marking the foliation. Detrital zircons ages varied from 1520 ± 28 Ma
to 2.155 ± 30 Ma, with a peak at 1.9 Ga (Fig. 9b).
The sample from the biotite schist (TJROG-92) is composed of
quartz, biotite, muscovite, epidote, plagioclase, carbonate, chlorite,
sericite and kyanite. Quartz is anhedral arranged in a granoblastic
polygonal fabric, defining the general foliation direction, and shows
moderate undulating extinction and recrystallization fabric by grain
boundary migration. Biotite is sub-euhedral to euhedral, marks the
foliation, and is arranged as lamellae parallel to the direction of foliation
and sometimes showing kink bands in some. Muscovite is euhedral, in
general lamellar parallel to the foliation direction, and accompanies
biotite in an oblique foliation that intersects the main foliation, deter­
mining the schistosity (Sn). Epidote is anhedral and occurs mainly in the
foliation domain. Plagioclase occurs as rounded crystals surrounded by
biotite and muscovite crystals, shows strong sericitization and has
muscovite inclusions. Carbonate is anhedral and sometimes occurs in a
granoblastic fabric intercalating with foliation domains. Kyanite is sub-
euhedral and quite offen as lamellae following the foliation direction.
Sericite is anhedral and forms a mass that surrounds the biotites,
muscovite and epidote. Chlorite is rare and replaces biotite. Detrital
zircons from the biotite schist (sample ROG 92) yielded ages varying
from 632 ± 29 Ma to 2.703 ± 15 Ma, with a peak at 670 Ma (Fig. 9c).
6. Tectonic evolution of the Xambioá gneiss dome
The structural analysis of the Xambioá dome and the mantling
metasedimentary sequence presented in this paper is consistent with
regional works (Abreu and Hasui, 1978; Abreu et al., 1980; Herz et al.,
1989; CPRM, 1994; Fonseca et al., 2004). The tectonic structures present
in Xambioá dome region are associated with two major tectonic regimes:
a compressive regime, which shows essentially different ductile struc­
tures in the main NS direction, varying NNE-SSW and NNW-SSE; and a
strike-slip regime, which is represented by ductile and brittle structures
with EW directions varying WNW-ESE and WSW-ENE, which cut the NS
R.A. Bordalo et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 104 (2020) 102753

Fig. 8. Cathodoluminescence imagens of zircons and Concordia diagrams of gneiss of Xambioá dome. a-b) CL imagen; c) Crystallization age in mylonitic gneiss
(TJROG 99) and d) age of migmatite leucossome (TJRB-XBL).

structures. Temporal and spatial relationships between these two
deformation patterns help the understanding of their occurrence forms.
6.1. Dn event
The deformational events are grouped in three main events. The first
one (Dn) was a non-coaxial ductile event where a NW-SE compression
led to the formation of open and slightly open folds (Fn) from Sn-1
structures, in gneiss axial plane foliation and spaced foliation (Sn) in
the mantling metasedimentary sequence and the mylonitic foliation (Sn)
in dome rocks, all of them associated with a thrust system. The lineations
associated with this system are called Ln (mineral lineation associated
with Sn and Fn axis).
6.2. Dn+1 event
The second event (Dn+1) is considered to be a refolding with Sn
transposition, followed by the formation of asymmetric Fn+1 folds and
transposed foliation Sn+1, and Ln+1 local stretching patterns are rep­
resented by boudins and down-dip stretching lineations. This deforma­
tional event developed under lower greenschist to upper amphibolite
metamorphic conditions, occurring in the contact with the Amazonian
craton. Sericite, muscovite and chlorite present the phyllites of the
Couto Magalhães Formation define a low greenschist facies, and far from
this region, from east to west. Biotite, kyanite, garnet and sillimanite in
the Xambioá Formation and the Colmeia complex indicate an increase of
metamorphic conditions tending to the upper amphibolite facies.
6.3. Dn+2 event
The third deformational event (Dn+2) is represented by transcurrent
faults (Sn+2), which sectioned the Dn structures and formed sinistral
wrench shear zones of different scales. This event would be responsible
for the formation of major WNW-ESE faults that cut across the meta­
sedimentary sequence in the south limb of the dome, besides faults of
different scales, mineral and stretching lineations, fractures, axis of slip

10
R.A. Bordalo et al.
Fig. 9. Detrital zircon ages in the metasedimentary mantling sequence of the Xambioá dome. a) Metaconglomerate of the Xambioá Formation. b) Quartzite of the
Morro do Campo Formation. c) Biotite schist of the Xambioá Formation.
folds of same direction rearranging the NS structures formed at Dn
event. Retrograde metamorphism evidenced by biotite to chlorite
alteration occurs along the WNW-ESE faults, in the Xambioá Schists. The
actual geometry of the Xambioá dome alligned in same direction as a
whole indicates an intrinsic relationship between wrench faults and the
Araguaia Belt structural evolution.
7. Tectonic discussions and conclusions
Different models have been proposed for the origin and evolution of
11
Journal of South American Earth Sciences 104 (2020) 102753
gneiss domes (Eskola, 1948; Teyssier and Whitney, 2002; Yin, 2004).
The Xambioá Gneiss dome is considered here to be part of an unevenly
spaced linear-array dome (Yin, 2004) and related to thrust in a
passive-roof fault. This relationship has field evidences, where low dip
foliations and NNW-SSE directions are concordant with N–S thrust faults
and show the intrinsic link between the dome and these faults, although
the relationships between the basal thrust and the roof fault, as well as
the thermal history, are still unknown. The main originality of this
contribution resides in the structural analysis of the Xambioá gneiss core
and the contact with metasedimentary sequence. A mylonitic fabric that
R.A. Bordalo et al.
overprints the gneisses and migmatites structures of the Xambioá dome
is correlated with ductile fabric of the mantling metasedimentary
sequence, which indicates a dominant component of top-to-the-NW
thrusting. Ln plunges, dominantly to SE, suggest that this event had a
tectonic flux from SE to NW direction, the Dn event. A finite strain
ellipsoid in the flattening field is deduced from stretching in several
directions parallel to the shallow-dipping foliation plane of the meta­
sedimentary rocks, as attested by boudin structures and by placing the
remobilized quartz parallel to these planes. The fact that Sn has
sub-vertically attitudes near dome boarder, specifically in the north
limb, suggests that the thrusts fronts are in this side, whereas in other
cases the foliations dip less than 20◦ , and Sn in the dome domain shows
the same low angles. This geometric relationship between the mantling
metasedimentary sequence and the Xambioá dome indicates that the
dome served as a floor for the supracrustal sequence during the Dn
event.
Another aspect evidenced in the structural analysis is the WNW-ESE
and EW orientation of several structures. Even the geometry of the dome
indicates that wrench faults of same attitude linked with the Iriri-Mar­
tírios lineament conditioned the tectonic structure arrangement in the
region, due to the Dn+2 event. Metaconglomerate associated with this
fault shows that it reached ductile depths and shows stretching linea­
tions and fold axis parallel to the WNW-ESE wrench fault that has a link
with the Iriri-Martírios lineament. The reactivation of the Iriri-Martírios
lineament could be the responsible for this deformational pattern, since
the lineaments linked to these basement wrench faults in the Carajás and
Bacajá domains in the Amazonian Craton extends to wrench shear zones
of the Araguaia belt, suggesting that older transcurrent NW-SE wrench
faults could be genetically linked. Another important subject in discus­
sion is the timing of wrench faults formation. Although the concordia
diagrams presented here do not irrefutably show that lower intercept
ages around 500-400 Ma have a geologic meaning, they are in agree­
ment with a thermal event evidenced by K–Ar ages (426–581 M.a) in
schists of the Estrondo Group (Hasui et al., 1975). The sharp and
consistent Pb loss registered in the Archean dome and supracrustal rocks
from the Araguaia belt also display similar behavior in the TTG gneiss
from the east border of the Amazonian craton (Moretto et al., 2011).
This is probably the influence of compressional tectonics generated in
regional scale with the structures linked in the N–S thrust fault system
(Dn), and this could be the maximum age of the late continental
strike-slip event (Dn+2).
The ancient tectonic setting responsible for the formation and evo­
lution of Araguaia, Paraguay and Pampean belts was the Clymene Ocean
(Tohver et al., 2012; Cordani et al., 2013; Tohver and Trindade, 2014),
although there are doubts about the time of the basin development.
Cordani et al. (2013) defend the idea that there is no evidence of the
existence of the Clymene Ocean (ophiolites, magmatic arcs) after 600
Ma, while Tohver et al. (2012) consider the existence of the Clymene
Ocean beyond the Paleozoic.
In the Araguaia belt, the evidence for the Clymene ocean existence
beyond Cambrian times is put forward by the interpretation of different
isotopic analysis in different units (Moura and Gaudette, 1993; Alves,
2006; Hasui et al., 1975). The mantling metasedimentary sequence of
the Xambioá dome yielded U/Pb detrital zircon ages of 1520 ± 28 Ma
(Quartzite – TJROG 87) and 632 ± 29 Ma (Biotite schist – TJROG 92),
whereas the metaconglomerate (TJROG 91) yielded a minimum age of
1401 ± 24 Ma. These data differ from those of Pinheiro et al. (2011) who
obtained ages from 3.0 to 2.65 Ga in the Xambioá region (north segment
of the Araguaia Belt), and minimum ages of 0.85 Ga in the Paraíso do
Tocantins region (middle segment of the belt), with a maximum age of
1.85 Ga. Neoproterozoic, and also Cambrian ages, were obtained from
the detrital zircons of the Estrondo group sequence, which suggests that
a regional event could be responsible for the Pb loss and U/Pb opening
system in this interval. Considering the Santa Luzia granite minimum
crystallization age of 498 ± 19 Ma, intrusive in the Estrondo group
sequence, and K/Ar ages varying from 426 to 516 Ga (Hasui et al., 1975)
12
Journal of South American Earth Sciences 104 (2020) 102753
in the metasedimentary sequence of the Estrondo group, the ages are not
representative of Neoproterozoic and Cambrian sources, and also
contribute to define the last episode of collisional tectonics, probably
linked to the Clymene ocean closure, belonging to the Phanerozoic era.
The 2.93 Ga U/Pb zircon ages obtained for gneiss and migmatite
leucosome of the Xambioá dome instigate discussions about its origin
and provide new insights for the structural evolution of the Araguaia
belt. Firstly, this age excludes the possibility of this dome to be
magmatic-related as proposed by Santos et al. (1984), and the meta­
morphic event responsible for the migmatization to be related to Bra­
siliano orogenic event in 600 Ma (Tohver et al., 2012). Other gneiss
domes of the Araguaia belt northern domain are concordant with Pb/Pb
and U/Pb zircon ages of 2.86 Ga, as the Lontra, Grota Rica and Colmeia
domes (Moura and Gaudette, 1999). Comparing these ages with those of
the Amazonian craton basement, considered the belt basement (Dal­
l’Agnol et al., 1987), two events are well described in the Carajás
Province: a magmatic event of 2.86 ± 0.01 Ga (U/Pb zircon age) that
formed the Água Fria Trondhjemite (Almeida et al., 2011) in the Rio
Maria Granite-Greenstone Terrain, and a migmatization event of 2859
± 2 Ma (U/Pb zircon age) that affected the Xingu complex (Machado
et al., 1991; Pidgeon et al., 2000) in the Carajás domain. A major
magmatic event of 2.93 ± 0.02 Ga that formed the Caracol tonalitic
complex, the Mariazinha tonalite, and the younger rocks of the Arco
Verde tonalite, which are basement units of the Rio Maria
Granite-Greenstone Terrain (Almeida et al., 2011), suggests that this
terrain is the probable protolith of the Xambioá dome gneiss. Evidences
in the structural development of the Araguaia belt could explain the fact
that the Xambioá dome occurs north of the Rio Maria Terrain. Consid­
ering the intrinsic involvement of the basement gneisses and granitic
rocks in the belt deformational history, the tectonic transport from SE to
NW associated with the thrust system established in the Dn event could
be the mechanism responsible for that. The TTG affinity of the Colmeia
complex pointed by Dall’Agnol et al. (1988) contribute to this consid­
eration. The Mesoarchean ages of ~2.93 Ga for zircon grains of the
Xambioá dome gneiss also exclude the hypothesis proposed by Tohver
et al. (2012) that the gneissic domes in the Araguaia Belt have been
emplaced and metamorphosed at 600 Ma, and the purpose of a diapiric
model established by Santos et al. (1984) for the origin of the Xambioá
Dome. These ages also define the Xambioá dome with the oldest pro­
tholith crystallization ages in the Araguaia belt. Moreover, the structural
and metamorphic evidences point to a development of the Araguaia belt
gneiss domes involving reworking dynamics of the actual southeast
Amazonian craton border. Fig. 10 summarizes the tectonic evolution of
the Araguaia belt, showing the tectonic settings responsible for the
material provenance of the Arauguia belt and uplift of the Xambioá
dome, defined as an extension of the Amazonia craton.
Fig. 10. Simplified tectonic model for the evolution of the Araguaia Belt.
R.A. Bordalo et al. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 104 (2020) 102753

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