Nama : Cindy Septiani

NIM : P1337434323009
STr Teknologi Lab Medik/Reg A
 CHYCLE OF DIARRHEA
Pathogens or irritants enter the digestive tract, leading to infection or inflammation of the
intestines. This disrupts normal digestive processes. Consumption of contaminated food or water,
exposure to infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites, or ingestion of substances
that irritate the digestive system can trigger diarrhea. The body responds to the infection or
irritation by increasing fluid secretion into the intestines. This results in watery stools, a
characteristic symptom of diarrhea.Inflammatory processes or damage to the intestinal lining can
reduce the absorption of fluids and electrolytes from the digestive tract, contributing to fluid loss
and dehydration.Inflammatory processes or damage to the intestinal lining can reduce the
absorption of fluids and electrolytes from the digestive tract, contributing to fluid loss and
dehydration.In many cases, diarrhea resolves on its own within a few days as the body clears the
infection or irritation. However, if the underlying cause persists or if there are complications
such as dehydration, diarrhea may become chronic and require medical intervention.Prevention
strategies include practicing good hygiene, avoiding contaminated food and water, and getting
vaccinated against specific pathogens. Treatment typically involves fluid and electrolyte
replacement to prevent dehydration, along with addressing the underlying cause through
medications or dietary adjustments.
 CHYCLE OF TB INFECTION
Individuals with active TB disease can transmit the bacteria to others through the air when
they cough, sneeze, or talk, perpetuating the cycle of TB transmission.The inhaled M. tuberculosis
bacteria reach the alveoli in the lungs, where they are deposited and can initiate infection.Alveolar
macrophages engulf the M. tuberculosis bacteria in an attempt to neutralize the infection.
However, M. tuberculosis has mechanisms to resist destruction by macrophagesInfected
macrophages release cytokines, attracting other immune cells to the site of infection. This leads to
the formation of granulomas, which are organized collections of immune cells that wall off the
bacteria, preventing their spread.In most cases, the immune system controls the infection, resulting
in latent TB infection (LTBI). Individuals with LTBI have M. tuberculosis bacteria in their bodies
but do not experience symptoms and are not contagious.Factors such as immunosuppression,
malnutrition, or other illnesses can weaken the immune system, allowing the dormant M.
tuberculosis bacteria to reactivate and cause active TB disease.Transmission occurs when an
individual inhales respiratory droplets containing M. tuberculosis bacteria expelled by someone
with active TB disease, typically through coughing, sneezing, or talking.Early detection of TB
infection and disease through testing, such as tuberculin skin tests or interferon-gamma release
assays, followed by appropriate treatment with antibiotics, is crucial for preventing the spread of
TB and reducing its impact on public health.Prevention efforts include identifying and treating
individuals with LTBI to prevent progression to active TB disease, ensuring access to quality
healthcare, promoting infection control measures, and addressing social determinants of health
that contribute to TB transmission and progression.