99999999999999999999999999999999 SCIENCE 10

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4th QUARTER
Week 3

The Molecules of Life

(https://www.assignmentpoint.com/science/chemistry/biomolecule.html)

Most Essential Learning Competency

⚫ Recognize the major categories of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, and nucleic acids (S10MT-IVc-d-22)

To the Learner
This module was specially designed to help you understand and apply the lesson
objectives. Read and follow the simple instructions as your guide.
1. Set a conducive learning space at home so you can focus on your studies.
2. Seek assistance from your parents or guardian to guide you in doing the
activities.
3. Take down important concepts and list questions you would like to ask from
your teacher.
4. Reflect and apply the concepts that you have learned.
The Writer
 Expectations
This module contains various activities that will help you understand the
necessary concepts about biomolecules.
After working through this module, you are expected to:
a. describe biomolecules and identify the different elements present in it (Give
list of biomolecules with their respective chemical formula);
b. describe carbohydrates and its classification (monosaccharide, disaccharide
and polysaccharide); and
c. describe lipid and differentiate the two classes of lipids (simple and complex).

Pre-test
Directions: Read the questions carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on
your answer sheets.

1. An athlete practices intermittent fasting, in which he abstains from eating for at

least 16 hours a day. Within the duration of the fast, he experienced weight loss
and found himself more energetic. What do you think is the reason behind this?
a. The body increases its water retention to avoid thirst
b. The body goes into “conservation mode” and uses very little energy.
c. The body utilizes reserved fats, which contains more energy than stored
glycogen
d. The body reduces blood flow on non-vital body parts and concentrates on the
heart, lungs, and brain.
2. What are the similarities between glycogen and starch?
a. Glycogen and starch are both stored in plants
b. Glycogen and starch can be used as paint for action figures
c. Glycogen and starch are both used in the manufacture of plastic
d. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals, while starch is the storage
form of sugars in plants.

3. A cardiologist advises his patient that has a high level of cholesterol in his blood.
Which among these food groups will the doctor most likely recommend to the
patient’s diet?
a. Low fat diet of steamed fish and vegetables
b. High carbohydrate diet of unli rice and beer
c. High fat diet of pork, chicken and fried foods
d. An unrestricted diet where all foods are allowed

4. What is lactose composed of?

a. glucose + galactose c. glucose + fructose
b. fructose + galactose d. glucose + glucose

5. A professor is discussing about organisms that have chitin. What is he referring

to?
a. Green and red algae
b. Mammals such as chimpanzees and giraffes
c. Amphibians that can survive both in water and land
d. Arthropods and crustaceans such as crabs, beetles and butterflies

1
 Looking Back
In your Grade 9 lesson, you have learned the process of photosynthesis and
cellular respiration. Can you recall some of these terms? Look for the following words
in the word search puzzle below:

ATP mitochondria
chlorophyll pyruvate
glycolysis

M E E R X F G A W Z H B N M H
I A S D F G H H J K L L P O H
T A L C H L O R O P H Y L L A
O T U R O N E S O I L K J H B
C A D A T P L K I U Y T R E W
H P O I U Y Y Q W E R T Y U I
O A X L R O S R H Y U I K M J
N E L V I N K J U Z X C V B N
D M N B V C X Z D V A S D F G
R R X F G A W Z H J A O L K J
I M N B J H G D R U U T U I O
A M N B H J K L I Y F Q E X C
S M E E R X F G A W Z H B N M
F S A G L Y C O L Y S I S A D
C O T U R O N E L P O J N H D

Brief Introduction
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical
energy. This process produces not only energy, but other organic components for plants.
Likewise, with cellular respiration, its complex processes produce ATP and other
products that are vital to growth, energy, and other life processes of the organism. Some
of the products of these processes can be considered as biomolecules.

Biomolecules are any molecules that are produced by a living organism, including
large macromolecules such as proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids.
There are four major categories of biomolecules. These are carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids, and nucleic acids which perform different functions.

Carbohydrates are commonly called energy-giving molecules because they are

the main sources of energy used by the cells. They are made up of the elements carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates can be represented by the stoichiometric formula
(CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule. The main sources of
carbohydrates come from plants. Carbohydrates are classified based on the number of
sugar monomers present. These are the following:

• Monosaccharides – these are carbohydrates that are made up of only one

sugar monomer. Examples are glucose (simple sugar), fructose (fruit
sugar), and galactose. Of these monosaccharides, glucose is the most
common monomer from which the more complex carbohydrates are
formed. Monosaccharides have a chemical formula of C₆H₁₂O₆.

2
 • Disaccharides – also called double sugars, disaccharides are composed of
two sugar monomers. Examples include maltose (malt sugar), which is
made up of two glucose units; lactose (milk sugar), which is made up of
one glucose unit and one galactose unit; and sucrose (table sugar), which
is made up of one glucose unit and one fructose unit. They have 12 carbon
atoms, and their chemical formula is C12H22O11.
• Polysaccharides – these are carbohydrates that are composed of more
than two sugar monomers. An example is glycogen, which is the stored
form of carbohydrates in animals that is usually stored in the muscles and
liver. Among plants, the stored form of a polysaccharide is called starch.
Another polysaccharide that is found in plants is cellulose. This is found
in cell walls and in the bark of trees. The exoskeleton of certain insects
and crustaceans is composed of chitin, another type of polysaccharide.
They have a general formula of (C6H10O5)n, where n is the number of
carbons in the molecule.

bit.ly/3eY95Wx

Proteins are the body-building molecules which help us grow. Proteins perform
many functions and serve as major structural components of living things. The
monomers of this group are called amino acids. They have a general formula of
RCH(NH2)COOH, where C is carbon, H is hydrogen, N is nitrogen, O is oxygen, and R is
a group, varying in composition and structure, called a side chain. Some examples of
proteins are digestive enzymes like amylase (C9H14N4O3), lipase (C45H69NO8) and other
proteins like keratin (C28H48N2O32S4), and collagen (C65H102N18O21).

https://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/iGen3_06-04.html
Nucleic acids are the biomolecular components of hereditary materials. The
monomers are called nucleotides. They are present in our DNA. Their chemical
formulas are the following:

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 Base Formula (DNA) Formula (RNA)
Adenine C10H12O5N5P C10H12O6N5P
Guanine C10H12O6N5P C10H12O7N5P
Cytosine C9H12O6N3P C9H12O7N3P
Thymine C10H13O7N2P (C10H13O8N2P)
https://www.atdbio.com/content/2/Molecular-weight-and-mass

bit.ly/33rq7a4
Lipids are also energy-giving molecules, but they are more commonly referred to
as the stored-energy molecules. They store more energy than carbohydrates and
protein. They are composed also of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon. They are made up of
large molecules of fats. The monomers of lipids are called fatty acids. Fatty acids are
organic compounds that have the general formula CH3(CH2)nCOOH, where n usually
ranges from 2 to 28 and is always an even number. Aside from being storage molecules,
lipids provide mechanical protection for the internal organs of the body and serve as
waterproof covering in some plants and animals. They also serve as a source of heat for
animals such as seals and polar bears.

bit.ly/3tsCJsn
• Simple lipids are esters of fatty acids and glycerol or alcohols. They do
not carry other substances, unlike complex lipids. There are two types of
simple lipids: fats/oils and waxes. Fats or oils are esters of fatty acids
with glycerol while waxes are esters of fatty acids with alcohols. They are
soluble only in chloroform and benzene.
• Complex lipids or compound lipids are another group of lipids composed
of fatty acids, alcohols and other groups such as phosphate, nitrogenous
bases, proteins, carbohydrates, etc. There are two common types of
complex lipids: phospholipids and glycolipids. Phospholipids are
compounds containing fatty acids and glycerol in addition to a phosphoric
acid, nitrogen bases and other substituents. They are present in large
amounts in nerve tissue, brain, liver, kidney, pancreas, and heart.
Glycolipids are essential components of all membranes in the body. Its
functions include regulation of cellular interactions, growth and
development. It is most abundant in the nerve tissue.

4
 Activity 1
What Makes Up Biomolecules?

Objectives: After the activity, you should be able to:

a. describe biomolecules;
b. identify the different elements present in the biomolecules; and
c. give the chemical formula of the given biomolecules.

A. Directions: Complete the table by identifying the elements in the biomolecules

and identifying the elements present in them. The first item is done for you as an
example.

Biomolecule Molecular Structure Elements Characteristic

present of
biomolecule
Carbohydrates carbon (C), Mostly comes
hydrogen from plant
(H), oxygen sources
bit.ly/336vknF (O)
Proteins

bit.ly/3hgpNTZ
Lipids

https://dlc.dcccd.edu/biology1-3/lipids
Nucleic acids

bit.ly/3vZcyv2

B. Guide Questions:
1. What are the four major categories of biomolecules?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Describe the molecular structure of each biomolecule.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

5
 Activity 2
Let’s Classify a Carbohydrate!
Objectives: At the end of the activity, you should be able to:
a. describe carbohydrates and its classifications; and
b. classify the given carbohydrate.

A. Directions: Fill in the concept map. Refer to the information bank below.

CARBOHYDRATES

MONOSACCHARIDES DISACCHARIDES POLYSACCHARIDES

I. I. I.

II. II. II.

III. III. III.

III. III. III.

Information Bank
I. Number of sugar II. Description III. Examples
monomer
One (1) They possess 12 carbon Cellulose
atoms Glucose
Two (2) Maltose
Simplest form of Lactose
Three or more (3) carbohydrates Chitin
Galactose
Most complex form of
carbohydrates

B. Directions: Classify the following carbohydrates by drawing a circle if it is a

monosaccharide; a triangle if disaccharide; and a square if polysaccharide.
Write your answer in your answer sheet.
________1. glycogen ________6. glucose
________2. starch ________7. chitin
________3. galactose ________8. fructose
________4. sucrose ________9. maltose
________5. lactose ________10. cellulose

Activity 3
What are Simple and Complex Lipids?
Objectives: At the end of the activity, you should be able to
A. describe lipids; and
B. differentiate the two classes of lipids (simple and complex).

6
 A. Directions: Examine the molecular structures of a simple lipid and a complex
lipid below. Answer the following questions on your answer sheet.

SIMPLE LIPID COMPLEX LIPID

https://www.nutrientsreview.com/carbs/edible-glycerin.html che.gg/33wzvJB

1. Describe the molecular structure of the simple and complex lipid.

2. Give the similarities and differences of simple and complex lipids.
3. Refer to the following pictures. Which of these products contain simple lipids
and complex lipids?

Simple lipids: __________________________________________________

Complex lipids: ________________________________________________

Activity 4
You Complete Me!
Objectives: At the end of the activity, you should be able to identify biomolecules.

A. Directions: Match the biomolecule on column a to its function in column b. Write

only the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.

A B

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 _____1. Proteins a. Components of DNA and RNA

_____2. Carbohydrates b. Protects vital organs and serves as heat insulator to

some animals

_____3. Lipids c. Body-building components that makes up the body

of an organism

_____4. Nucleic acids d. Main source of energy for humans

Check Your Understanding

Direction: On your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement is correct, or FALSE if
it is wrong.

________1. Carbohydrates are our main source of energy.

________2. Cellulose is a lipid.

________3. The exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects is called chitin, a type of

carbohydrate.
________4. Dietary protein is usually from plant sources.

________5. Glucose, galactose, and fructose are polysaccharides.

________6. All oils and waxes are edible (can be eaten).

________7. Glycolipids are essential components of all membranes in the body.

________8. Phospholipids are present in large amounts in nerve tissue, brain, liver,
kidney, pancreas, and heart.
________9. Fats cannot be used by the body as an energy source.

________10. Glucose is also called “fruit sugar”.

Remember
1. Biomolecules are substances that are produced by living organisms. Most of
these are organic molecules.

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

most abundant water insoluble a diverse group of consist of either
biomolecule in molecules that are biomolecules that ribose or
nature composed of consists of amino deoxyribose, at
carbon, hydrogen acids least one
consists of carbon, and oxygen phosphate group,
hydrogen, and has various and a nitrogen-
oxygen on a 1:2:1 used by cells as functions that containing base.
ratio energy stores, and include: structural
as structural components of directs process of
used by the body as components in cell cells, transport protein synthesis
transportable or membranes substances
storage form of has a major role in
energy heredity

8
 Post-test
Directions: Read the questions carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer on
your answer sheets.

1. A cardiologist advises his patient that has a high level of cholesterol in his blood.
Which among these food groups will the doctor most likely recommend to the
patient’s diet?
a. Low fat diet of steamed fish and vegetables
b. High carbohydrate diet of unli rice and beer
c. High fat diet of pork, chicken and fried foods
d. An unrestricted diet where all foods are allowed
2. What are the similarities between glycogen and starch?
a. Glycogen and starch are both stored in plants
b. Glycogen and starch can be used as paint for action figures
c. Glycogen and starch are both used in the manufacture of plastic
d. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals, while starch is the
storage form of sugars in plants.

3. A professor is discussing about organisms that have chitin. What is he referring

to?
a. Green and red algae
b. Mammals such as chimpanzees and giraffes
c. Amphibians that can survive both in water and land
d. Arthropods and crustaceans such as crabs, beetles and butterflies

4. An athlete practices intermittent fasting, in which he abstains from eating for at

least 16 hours a day. Within the duration of the fast, he experienced weight loss
and found himself more energetic. What do you think is the reason behind this?
a. The body increases its water retention to avoid thirst
b. The body goes into “conservation mode” and uses very little energy.
c. The body utilizes reserved fats, which contains more energy than stored
glycogen
d. The body reduces blood flow on non-vital body parts and concentrates on
the heart, lungs, and brain.

5. What is lactose composed of?

a. glucose + galactose c. glucose + fructose
b. fructose + galactose d. glucose + glucose

Reflection
Direction: Complete this 3-2-1 organizer and answer the question below.

3 things I learned 2 things I found interesting 1 question I still have

⬧
✓
◼
⬧
✓

10
Science 10 Quarter 4 Week 3
Name: Grade & Section:

ANSWER SHEET

PRE TEST POST TEST

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
LOOKING BACK
M E E R X F G A W Z H B N M H
I A S D F G H H J K L L P O H
T A L C H L O R O P H Y L L A
O T U R O N E S O I L K J H B
C A D A T P L K I U Y T R E W
H P O I U Y Y Q W E R T Y U I
O A X L R O S R H Y U I K M J
N E L V I N K J U Z X C V B N
D M N B V C X Z D V A S D F G
R R X F G A W Z H J A O L K J
I M N B J H G D R U U T U I O
A M N B H J K L I Y F Q E X C
S M E E R X F G A W Z H B N M
F S A G L Y C O L Y S I S A D
C O T U R O N E L P O J N H D

ACTIVITY 1A ACTIVITY 1B
ELEMENTS PRESENT
1. 2. protein
2. a. amylase ______________________
b. collagen ______________________
3.
c. keratin _______________________
4.
3. lipids _________________________
CHARACTERISTICS
1. 4. nucleic acids
2. a. adenine ______________________
3. b. cytosine ______________________
4. c. guanine _____________________

ACTIVITY 2A
MONOSACCHARIDES DISACCHARIDES POLYSACCHARIDES

I. I. I.

II. II. II.

III. III. III.

III. III. III.

11
 ACTIVITY 2B ACTIVITY 3
1. 6. 1.

2. 7.
2.
3. 8.

4. 9. 3.
Simple lipids ___________________________
5. 10.
Complex lipids _________________________

ACTIVITY 4A

Chemical test Positive result Negative result Biomolecule

being tested

Biuret Test

Benedict’s Test

Iodine Test

Ethanol Emulsion
Test

ACTIVITY 4B

A B

_____1. Proteins a. Components of DNA and RNA

_____2. Carbohydrates b. Protects vital organs and serves as heat insulator

to some animals

_____3. Lipids c. Body-building components that makes up the

body of an organism

_____4. Nucleic acids d. Main source of energy for humans

CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING REFLECTION

1. 6. 3 things I learned
-
2. 7. -
-
3. 8.
2 things I found interesting
4. 9. -
-
5. 10.
1 question I still have
-

12