MOD PEMBUKTIAN:

FAKTA-FAKTA YANG TIDAK PERLU

DIBUKTIAN
(FACTS WHICH NEED NO BE PROVED)
 DUA JENIS FAKTA DALAM ASPEK
PEMBUKTIAN

1. Fakta yang perlu dibuktikan; dan

2. Fakta yang tidak perlu dibuktikan
 FAKTA YANG TIDAK PERLU
DIBUKTIKAN

1. Pengiktirafan kehakiman (judicial notice)

2. Fakta yang diakui (admitted facts)
• Judicial notice is defined in the Supreme Court case of
Pembangunan Maha Murni Sdn Bhd v. Jururus Ladang Sdn Bhd
[1985] 1 LNS 122; [1986] 2 MLJ 30, 31 where the learned justice said
as follows:

“…Now, the general rule is that all facts in issue and relevant facts
must be proved by evidence. There are, however, two classes of facts
which need not be proved, viz: (a) facts judicially noticed; and (b) facts
admitted. The exceptions are dealt with by sections 56, 57 and 58 of
the Evidence Act 1950 under the title facts which need not be proved”.
• Section 57 of the Evidence Act then sets out the various
facts or matters which the court shall take judicial notice
of, as contained in sub-s. (1)(a)- (o) therein.

• While s. 57 lists out facts or matters which the court is

mandatorily obliged to take judicial notice
of, s. 56 provides a legislative window through which
the court may decide to judicially take notice of a fact or
matter, for which no further proof needed to be adduced
to establish its existence.
 PENGIKTIRAFAN KEHAKIMAN
(PRINSIP AM PEMBUKTIAN)

• Section 56 states that:

“No fact of which the court will take judicial
notice need be proved.”
 PENGIKTIRAFAN KEHAKIMAN
(SEKSYEN 57)

• Section 57 (1) provides 15 categories of facts which

court must take judicial notice.
• The list is not exaustive. The court can take judicial
notice more than the 15 categories.
• Pembangunan Maha Murni Sdn Bhd v Juruurus
Ladang Sdn Bhd [1986] 2 MLJ 30, (SC)
 PENGIKTIRAFAN KEHAKIMAN
(SEKSYEN 57)

• Section 57 (2) allows the court to take judicial

notice after verification. The subsection states that:
“In all these cases, and also on all matters of public
history, literature, science or art, the court may resort
for its aid to appropriate books or documents of
reference.”
 PENGIKTIRAFAN KEHAKIMAN
(SEKSYEN 57)

• Section 57 (3) states that the court can refuse to

take judicial notice. The subsection states that:
“If the court is called upon by any person to take judicial
notice of any fact, it may refuse to do so unless and until
the person produces any such book or document as it
considers necessary to enable it to do so.”
 PENGIKTIRAFAN KEHAKIMAN
(MATTERS OF COMMON KNOWLEDGE)

• Judicial notice may be taken of any custom or usage

• It must be accepted by the public without qualification or
contention.
• The test is that the facts must be sufficiently notorious that
it becomes proper to assumes its existence without proof.
 FAKTA YANG DIAKUI
(ADMITTED FACTS)

1. Admitted facts in civil cases

2. Admitted fact in criminal cases
 FAKTA YANG DIAKUI
DALAM KES SIVIL
• Section 58 of EA 1950
• 3 types of admission:
• (a) Admission in pleadings
• (b) Admission in writing before the hearing
• (c) Admission at the hearing
 FAKTA YANG DIAKUI
DALAM KES SIVIL

• Section 58 of EA 1950 only applies to civil cases [refer

to Section 58(2)]
• Section 58 is notmandatory. The court may require the
admitted facts to be proved (refer to proviso).
 ADMISSIBILITY OF FACT
IN CRIMINAL CASES

• Section 73AA states that:

“Notwithstanding anything contained in this Chapter and
subject to the Criminal Procedure Code [Act 593], in any
criminal proceedings, no fact whether oral or written need be
proved which the parties to the proceedings have agreed to
admit at the trial or which the parties to the proceedings
have agreed to admit before the trial in writing.”
• The Evidence (Amendment) Act 2012 (Act 1424) provides for the insertion of
section 73AA for facts need not be proved in criminal proceedings after section
73A. The purpose for this new section was stated clearly in the 3rd Meeting of
the Fourth Session of Twelfth Parliament (2011) which explained by Datuk Liew
Vui Keong at page 88:

“…Fasal 2 bertujuan untuk memasukkan seksyen baru 73AA ke dalam Akta

56. Pindaan ini ialah pindaan berbangkit kepada kemasukan seksyen 402B
dan seksyen 402C ke dalam Kanun Tatacara Jenayah. Seksyen baru 73AA ini
memperuntukkan bahawa apa-apa fakta sama ada lisan atau bertulis yang
telah dipersetujui oleh kedua-dua pihak pendakwaan dan tertuduh dalam
mana-mana prosiding jenayah sama ada sebelum perbicaraan bermula
ataupun semasa perbicaraan telah bermula, hendaklah diterima oleh
mahkamah tanpa perlu bagi mana-mana pihak untuk mengemukakan bukti
bagi kebolehterimaan fakta tersebut.
• The insertion of section 402B and 402C into Criminal Procedure Code was
published on the Gazette in 10 June 2010 and initially proposed by Datuk
Liew Vui Keong in the First Meeting of the Third Session of Twelfth
Parliament (2011) at page 134:

“… Fasal 8 bertujuan untuk memasukkan dua seksyen baru iaitu seksyen

402B dan 402C ke dalam Akta 593. Seksyen baru 402B bertujuan untuk
memudahkan penggantian keterangan berbentuk lisan dengan
keterangan berbentuk pernyataan bertulis. Proses ini membolehkan
pendakwa raya dan pihak pembelaan mengemukakan pernyataan dalam
bentuk keterangan semasa pemeriksaan utama. Kemudahan ini akan
menjimatkan masa mahkamah dalam perekodan keterangan kerana
pernyataan itu akan mempunyai kesan seolah-olah keterangan itu salah.”
 ADMISSIBILITY OF FACT
IN CRIMINAL CASES

• 2 types of admission in criminal proceedings:

• (a) Admission at the trial
• (b) Admission in writing before the trial

• Thesection must be read carefully because the use of

words “notwithstanding” and “subject to.”