Jatnika Setiawan

NIM 23123004
MS 5220 Energi Berkelanjutan

Solar Energy Homework

1. Blue photon has short wavelength while the red photon has long wavelength. The shorter the
wavelength the higher the energy of the photon as explained by the equation E=hc/λ so to get
the same density, it needs fewer photon with short wavelength than the one with long
wavelength.

2. Thermal radiation is energy emitted from surface of body with high temperature.

3. Sun fusion reaction

The fusion reaction starts with collision of two protons 1H to form deuteron 2H with
simultaneous creation of positron e+ and a neutrino v. The positron encounters a free electron
and both particles annihilate and produce two gamma rays. These events are extremely rare
that only once in about 1026 proton-proton collisions is deuteron formed. In the sun’s core, the
deuterium is produced at the rate of 1012 kg/s. This condition is difficult to achieve because to
ensure the collision rate is high enough, the thermonuclear reactor requires a very high particle
density to form a very high plasma temperature about 4x108 K in long confinement time. No
solid container can withstand the high temperature that is necessary.

4. Photosphere is the source of most solar radiation.

5. Visible light wave length 0.38 – 0.78 µm

Fraction range = 0.544-0.064 = 0.480
Irradiance = 0.480 x 1367 W/m2 = 656 W/m2

6. Declination angle for March 24, 2024

284+𝑛
𝛿 = 23.45 sin (360 ) where n for march 59+i, i=26
365

284 + 59 + 26
𝛿 = 23.45 sin (360 ) = 1.61
365
7. Normal extraterrestrial irradiance of March 24, 2024
360𝑛
a. 𝐺𝑜𝑛 = 𝐺𝑠𝑐 (1 + 0.033 cos 365
)
360(59 + 26) 𝑊
𝐺𝑜𝑛 = 1367 (1 + 0.033 cos ) = 1371.84 2
365 𝑚

b. 𝐺𝑜𝑛 = 𝐺𝑠𝑐 (1.000110 + 0.034221 cos 𝐵 + 0.001280 sin 𝐵 + 0.000719 cos 2𝐵 +

0.000077 sin 2𝐵)

360 360
𝐵 = (𝑛 − 1) = (59 + 26 − 1) = 82.85
365 365

𝐺𝑜𝑛 = 1367(1.000110 + 0.034221 cos 82.85 + 0.001280 sin 82.85 +

0.000719 cos 2(82.85) + 0.000077 sin 2(82.85))
𝑊
𝐺𝑜𝑛 = 1386.5 𝑚2

8. Clear sky irradiance for Cimahi with elevation of 700 meters and 5 degree zenith angle on
March 24, 2024

𝑎0∗ = 0.4237 − 0.008216(6 − 𝐴)2 = 0.4237 − 0.008216(6 − 0.7)2 = 0.193

𝑎1∗ = 0.5055 + 0.00595(6.5 − 𝐴)2 = 0.5055 + 0.00595(6.5 − 0.7)2 = 0.706

𝑘 ∗ = 0.2711 + 0.01858(2.5 − 𝐴)2 = 0.2711 + 0.01858(2.5 − 0.7)2 = 0.331

𝑎0 = 𝑟0 𝑎0∗ = 0.95 × 0.193 = 0.183

𝑎1 = 𝑟1 𝑎1∗ = 0.98 × 0.706 = 0.692

𝑘 = 𝑟𝑘 𝑘 ∗ = 1.02 × 0.331 = 0.338

−𝑘 −0.338
𝜏𝑏 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 exp ( ) = 0.183 + 0.692 exp ( ) = 0.676
cos 𝜃𝑧 cos 5°

360𝑛 360(59 + 26) 𝑊

𝐺𝑜𝑛 = 𝐺𝑠𝑐 (1 + 0.033 cos ) = 1367 (1 + 0.033 cos ) = 1371.84 2
365 365 𝑚

𝑊 𝑊
𝐺𝑐𝑛𝑏 = 𝐺𝑜𝑛 𝜏𝑏 = 1371.84 × 0.676 = 927.19
𝑚2 𝑚2

9. Five components of total radiation from the sun to earth surface

𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝑇,𝑏 + 𝐼𝑇,𝑑,𝑖𝑠𝑜 + 𝐼𝑇,𝑑,𝑐𝑠 + 𝐼𝑇,𝑑,ℎ𝑧 + 𝐼𝑇,𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑙

a. Beam radiation
b. Isotropic radiation
c. Circumsolar radiation
d. Horizon radiation
e. Reflected radiation