lOMoARcPSD|39847105

Midterm- Physics- Reviewer

BS Psychology (Central Philippine University)

Scan to open on Studocu

Studocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university

Downloaded by Jimmy Toroy (toroyjimmybaxinela@gmail.com)
 lOMoARcPSD|39847105

PHYSICS MIDTERM NOTES Coefficient of friction is the ratio of the force required
to overcome friction to the normal force pressing the
LESSON 5: surfaces together.
FRICTION - is an actual force that resists or opposes the FORMULAS:
relative motion of the body between two contacting Total Normal Force:
surfaces. Horizontal Surface:
N=W W=mg N=mg
Advantages With Angle:
 Prevents sliding N=W-Fy Fy= Fsinθ W=mg | N=mgFsinθ
 Makes bodies eventually stop
 Generating heat Frictional Force
Static:
Disadvantages fs = µsN
 Makes bodies move slower Kinetic:
 Increasing energy consumption fk = µkN
 Causing unwanted heat
 Causing pain V Constant/ Uniform Motion:
Horizontal:
Ways of Reducing Friction F=fk
 Use of oil and lubricants With Angle:
 Make the surface smoother Fx=fk
 Use of wheels and roller bearings
Coefficient of Friction
Ways of Increasing Friction Static:
 Make the surface rough µs = fs/N
 Use of rubberized material Kinetic:
 Use of spikes, snow tires, etc µk = fk/N

FACTORS THAT AFFECTS FRICTION Acceleration:

a. Area of Contact Horizontal Surface:
Experiment shows that frictional force is roughly Fnet=ma
independent on the area of surface contact. Fnet= F-fk
Area of contact slightly affects friction but the effect is N=mg
negligible. ma= F-µkN
With Angle Surface:
b. Velocity Fnet=ma
Experiment shows that frictional force is independent of Fx= fk
the velocity of the sliding body. Fcos=µkN
Velocity slightly affects friction but the effect is negligible. Fcos=µk(W-Fsinθ)

c. State of the Body FRICTION IN INCLINED PLANE

Static friction is the friction that exists between a W⊥= component of the weight perpendicular to the
stationary object and the surface on which it's resting. inclined plane (perpendicular weight)
Force that keeps an object at rest. W∥ = component of the weight parallel to the inclined
Kinetic friction is a force that acts between moving plane (parallel weight)
surfaces. An object that is being moved over a surface FORMULAS:
will experience a force in the opposite direction as its Weight and Total Normal Pressure:
movement. W⊥=mgcosθ
It requires greater force to start the body moving but W∥= mgsinθ
lesser force to keep the body moving. N=W⊥=mgcosθ

d. Nature of the Surface Pull/Force:

The rougher the surface, the greater the friction, the With Angle:
smoother the surface, the lesser the friction. F=W∥+fk
F= mgsinθ+ µkmgcosθ
e. Total Normal Pressure
Force perpendicular to the surface an object is sliding Acceleration:
on. Fnet=W∥+fk
Frictional force is directly proportional to the normal ma=mgsinθ-µkmgcosθ/m
force. a=gsinθ-µkgcosθ

LESSON 6:

Downloaded by Jimmy Toroy (toroyjimmybaxinela@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|39847105

Equilibrium- An object is in equilibrium when all 1. Divide the figure into regular shapes.
external forces acting on it are balanced. This means 2. Draw a diagonal on each of the regular figures to
that the net result of all the external forces and moments identify the
acting on this object is zero. center of gravity of each figure.
3. Identify the x and y coordinate of the center of gravity
First Condition of Equilibrium of the regular figure.
In order for the translational motion of a body to be in 4. Solve for the area of each regular figure and the
equilibrium, the vector sum of all forces on it must be summation of all the areas.
equal to zero. 5. Solve for the x and y coordinate of the center of
FORMULAS: gravity of the
Equilibrium: whole irregular figure.
ΣFx=0 ΣFy=0
T1x-T2x=0 T1y+T2y-W=0 FORMULAS:
T1cosθ-T2cosθ=0 T1sinθ+T2sinθ=W Identification of XY components of center gravity of
T1cosθ=T2cosθ T2cosθsinθ+T2sinθ=W regular figure
X=?
TORQUE: Y=?
Torque is a measurement of the force which causes
something to rotate around a point. Area of each regular figure
A1= lengthxwidth
Free Body Diagram A(n)= lengthxwidth
Axis of Rotation- point of the body where the body
turns or rotates Summation of all areas
A- point of application of the force ΣA=A1+A2…
AB- line of action of the force
l- moment arm X and Y components
X̅= A1(X1)+A2(X2)...
The TORQUE depends on two factors: Ȳ= A1(Y1)+A1(Y2)....
1. The magnitude of force
2. The perpendicular distance of its line of LESSON 8:
action to the axis of rotation WORK- Defined as the force done on body times
distance moved in the direction of the force.
Second Condition of Equilibrium W= F x S
In order for the rotational motion of the body to not
change, the sum of the torques about any axis acting on
the body must be equal to zero.
FORMULA:
ΣT=0
ΣT=wl
Σ0=w1l1+w2l2…

LESSON 7: Center of Gravity

The center of gravity is the point through which the
force of gravity acts on an object or system. It is the
point where the mass of the body is concentrated. Defined as the force done on body times distance
Identifying the Center of Gravity of Regular moved in the direction of the force.
Geometric Figures W= F x S W= Fcos𝜽 x S
Work done against Gravity
In order for an object to be lifted to a certain height, a
force equal to the weight of an object is needed.

No work is done if:

1) a force is applied but the object doesn't move
2) a force is applied and the object moves
perpendicular to the direction of the force

Tell whether the situations shown below represent

examples of work. Identify the one doing the work
and on which object the work is done.
1. A boy pulling his cart — WORK
2. A man lifting a box — WORK
3. A lady carrying a bag while walking —NO WORK

Downloaded by Jimmy Toroy (toroyjimmybaxinela@gmail.com)

 lOMoARcPSD|39847105

4. An apple fruit falling from a branch — WORK

Units of Work
In the MKS system, force=Newton and
displacement = m
1 Newton-meter = 1 Joule
1Nm=1J
FORMULAS:
Work:
Horizontal Surface
F=mg (N is the unit of measure)
W= F x S
With Angle
W= Fcos𝜽 x S
Lifted
W=mgxh

ENERGY - is the ability to do work. A body that has

energy can apply a force on another body and
displace it, thus doing work on the body. Just like
work, energy has the unit of Joule (J).
Mechanical Energy: is the sum energy of a body
because it is moving or because of its relative position
Kinetic Energy: Is a mechanical energy when a body is
in motion
Potential Energy: Is the mechanical energy of the body
by virtue of its position or configuration.

Gravitational Potential Energy

->The potential energy that goes against the pull
of gravity.
GPE= 𝐦𝐠𝐡
The work done to raise an object to a height is
equal to the increase in gravitational potential
energy.

Kinetic Energy- A moving object is capable of doing

work; the amount of work it can do depends on its mass
and velocity KE= 𝟏/𝟐𝐦𝐯𝟐

Law of Conservation of Energy

“The law of conservation of energy states that
energy cannot be created nor destroyed but
only transformed from one form to another.
Thus, the total energy in the system remains
constant.”
FORMULA:
Gravitational Potential Energy:
GPE= 𝐦𝐠𝐡
Kinetic Energy:
KE= 𝟏/𝟐𝐦𝐯𝟐

POWER- Rate of doing work (how fast or slow in doing

work)
1 J/s = 1 Watt
1OOO watts = 1 kw
746 watts = 1 horsepower (hp)
FORMULAS:
Power:
P=W/t (J/s)
With Angle:
P=Fcos𝜽xh/t

Downloaded by Jimmy Toroy (toroyjimmybaxinela@gmail.com)