PRESENTATION CONTENTS

 Session one. 1. Sprinkler pipe routing types ( Tree – loop –

1. Major goals of fire protection grid )
2. Fire Triangle 2. piping system components
3. FIRE TETRAHEDRON 3. Piping material according to installation .
4. FIRE PROTECTION types 4. Requirement for installation
5. Fire extinguishment methods 5. Pipes dimension .
6. extinguishment with water 6. Pipes joining method .
7. Fire Classifications. 7. Pipe hangers .
8. definitions used in fire codes .
9. Classification of hazard . 29. water based fire fighting sprinkler system.
10. FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS 30. Water system a. Automatic wet sprinkler
11. Sprinkler parts . systems
12. Sprinkler classification . 31. Alarm check vlave
13. Sprinkler Thermal sensitivity 32. Dry system
14. Sprinkler Temperature rating 33. Quick Opening Device (Accelerator)
15. Sprinkler K factor . 34. pre action system
16. Sprinkler orientation . 35. single interlocked
17. Sprinkler special service condition 36. double interlock .
18. Other sprinkler types 37. Deluge system
19. sprinkler data 38. DELUGE SYSTEM ELECTRICAL ACTUATED
20. Stock of Spare sprinklers 39. DELUGE SYSTEM WET PILOT ACTUATED
21. Sprinkler system application 40. DELUGE SYSTEM DRY PILOT ACTUATED
22. piping Routing

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 Program Contents
Introduction To Fire Automatic
Fighting Sprinklers Sprinkler System
Design Steps

Hydraulic Manual
Stand pipes & Calculation using
pumps and tanks Hydraulic
Elite calculation

Gas System, fire

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Extinguisher
 INTRODUCTION
 Major goals of fire protection:
 Continuity of operation. ‫اإلستمرارية فى‬
‫التشغيل‬
 Property protection. ‫حماية المنشأة‬

 Life safety. ‫الحفاظ على األرواح‬

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 OVERVIEW OF FIREFIGHTING
Fire Triangle parameters :-
1. Air ( Oxygen ) Without
sufficient oxygen (Not Less than
16%), a fire cannot Begin
2. Fuel ( Flammable
Material ) Without fuel, a
fire will stop.
3. Heat (sufficient heat to
raise the material to its
ignition temperature )

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 • FIRE TETRAHEDRON :

➢ The fire tetrahedron represents the addition of a component, the

chemical chain reaction, to the three already present in the fire triangle.
Once a fire has started, the resulting exothermic chain reaction sustains
the fire and allows it to continue until or unless at least one of the
elements of the fire is blocked.
➢ ‫يحدث تفاعالت كيميائية عند أتحاد الثالث عناصر المكونه لمثلث الحريق مما ينتج عنده بعض‬
‫العناصر الكيميائية الغير مستقرة مثل أول أكسيد الكربون و عناصر أخرى غير مستقرة هذه‬
‫العناصر تعمل على األتحاد بشكل دائم مع األكسجين و تتسبب فى حدوث أستمرارية للحريق‬
‫فى محاوله منها للتحول من عناصر غير مستقرة إلى عناصر مستقرة‬

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 SCOPE OF ENGINEERS IN FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS DESIGN

FIRE
PROTECTION
types

Passive fire Active fire Education

protection protection

Architecture Fire detection Fire fighting &

Engineer & alarm extinguishing Civil defense
systems systems

Electrical Mechanical
Engineer Engineer

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• ARCHITECT
❑FIRE ZONING – MEANS OF EGRESS
❑(FIRE RATED WALLS – WATER
CURTAINS).
• ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
❑FIRE ALARM SYSTEM
• MECHANICAL ENGINEER
❑FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS

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 • Fire Protection Acheivement
Fire rated wall Fire detection &
alarm system

Fire fighting system Fire fighters

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 • Fire extinguishment
methods :
TO EXTINGUISH
FIRE

Cut fuel supply

Suffocating or remove Cooling down
oxygen combustible fire
material

Gas systems Foam system Water based

system

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 • Fire extinguishment methods cont. :
➢ Why we use water as specific heat (Cp ) Latent heat of
vaporization
extinguishing agent:
The amount of The amount of
1. cheap & available. thermal energy thermal energy
2. Large specific heat (Cp = 4.2 required to raise unit required to change
mass of a substance unit mass of a
kJ/kg.K) by one degree, and substance from
3. Large latent heat of its units are kJ/kg·K phase to another,
vaporization (2257 KJ/kg) . and its units are
kJ/kg

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Taha aref

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 *North
Fires classes
America

Fires that involve flammable solids such as wood, cloth, rubber, paper, and some types of plastics. Class A

Fires that involve flammable liquids or liquefiable solids such as petrol/gasoline, oil, paint, some
Class B
waxes & plastics, but not cooking fats or oils

Fires that involve flammable gases, such as natural gas, hydrogen, propane, butane

Fires that involve combustible metals, such as sodium, magnesium, and potassium Class D

Fires that involve any of the materials found in Class A and B fires, but with the introduction of an
electrical appliances, wiring, or other electrically energized objects in the vicinity of the fire, with a Class C
resultant electrical shock risk if a conductive agent is used to control the fire.

Fires involving cooking fats and oils. The high temperature of the oils when on fire far exceeds that of
Class K
other flammable liquids making normal extinguishing agents ineffective.

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 A Trash Wood Paper
Wood
Cloth

Paper

Rubbe

rMany Plastics
B Liquids Grease

Gasolin
e Oil
Grease
Tar
Oil-based
Paint Lacquer
Flammable
Gases

C Electrical Equipment

Energized
Electrical
Equipmen
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 K Cooking Media

K
Fires Involving Combustible
Vegetable Or Animal Non-
saturated Cooking Fats In
Commercial Cooking Equipment.

D COMBUSTIBLE

Magnesiu
D
m Sodium
Potassium
Titanium
Zirconium
Other
Flammable
Metals home
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• Some definitions used in fire codes :
Item Definition
UL Under writers laboratories.
FM Factory Mutual research.
Shall Indicates a mandatory requirement .

Should Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not

required.

Approved Acceptable to the authority having jurisdiction.

Authority Having An organization , office, or individual responsible for enforcing

Jurisdiction the requirements of a code or standard, or for approving
(AHJ). equipment,
materials, an installation, or a procedure.

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• Some definitions used
in fire codes : American
approvals
Factory Mutual research

Under writers laboratories

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 European
approvals

The Loss Prevention Certification

Board

Germany approval

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 • FIRE FIGHTING CODES :
1. AMERICAN CODES :
CODE NO TITLE
NFPA 1 Uniform Fire Code / ‫مقدمة عن األنظمة‬
NFPA 10 Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers ‫طفايات الحريق‬

NFPA 11 Standard for Low-Medium-and High-Expansion Foam

‫اإلطفاء بالفوم‬
NFPA 12 Standard on Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems
‫أكسيد الكربون‬
NFPA 13 Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems ‫نظام‬
‫الرشاشات‬
NFPA 14 Standard for the Installation of Standpipe and Hose
Systems ‫الكباين‬
NFPA 15 Standard for water spray fixed system for fire
protection ‫رذاذ الماء‬
NFPA 16 Standard Installation of foam-water sprinkler and foam-
Water spray system ‫رشاشات الفوم‬
NFPA 20 Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for Fire
Protection
NFPATaha
24aref Standard for the Installation of Private Fire Service
Mains and Their Appurtenances
‫األنظمة الخاصه مثل الخزانات‬
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 • FIRE FIGHTING CODES cont. :
CODE NO TITLE
NFPA 25 Standard for the Inspection,
Testing, and Maintenance of
Water-Based Fire Protection
Systems ‫الصيانة و االختبارات‬
NFPA 101 Life Safety Code/ ‫تصنيف المبانى‬
NFPA 220 Standard on Types of Building
Construction
Fire hydrant ‫ يستعمل مع‬- civil
NFPA 409 Standard on aircraft hangar
NFPA 418 Standard for helipad
NFPA 750 Standard on Water Mist Fire
Protection Systems ‫الضباب‬
NFPA 2001 Standard on Clean Agent Fire
Extinguishing Systems
‫الغازات النظيفه‬

2. BRITISH CODE :
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-Fire offices committee (FOC)
-British standard (BS)
home ‫الكود المصرى للحريق‬-
 ‫‪• *CLASSIFYING OF HAZARD‬‬
‫• ‪- light hazard‬‬
‫وهي درجة الخطورة الخفيفة الناتجة عن احتراق االوراق والبالستيك والخشب وتكون في االندية ‪club ,‬قاعات المحاضرات ‪,‬‬
‫المستشفيات ‪,‬المكتبات ماعدا المخازن الضخمة بها‪ ,‬المتاحف ‪,‬المكاتب والمطاعم ‪.‬‬
‫• ‪- ordinary hazard‬‬
‫*وهي الخطورة العادية وتنقسم الي مجموعتين ‪:‬‬
‫• ‪group 1 : -1‬‬
‫وهي تتواجد في مواقف السيارات ‪,‬المخابز ‪,‬صناعات االغذية ‪ ,‬المحطات االليكترونية ‪ ,‬صناعات الزجاج ‪ ,‬المغاسل وخدمات •‬
‫المطاعم ‪.‬‬
‫• ‪2- group 2 :‬‬
‫• وتوجد في المعامل الكيمائية ‪ ,‬التنظيف الجاف ‪ ,‬اسطبالت الخيول ‪ ,‬الورش ‪ ,‬المكتبات الضخمة ‪ ,‬الصناعات المعدنية والورقية ‪,‬‬
‫مكاتب البريد ‪ ,‬المسارح ‪,‬كراجات التصليح ‪,‬صناعات االطارات وماكينات االخشاب ‪.‬‬
‫• ‪- Extra hazard :‬‬
‫• وهي الخطورة العالية وتنقسم الي مجموعتين ‪:‬‬
‫• ‪group 1 : -1‬‬
‫• وتوجد مع اعمال الزيوت الهيدروليكية القابلة لالحتراق ‪ ,‬المسابك ‪ ,‬المطابخ التي تستخدم االحبار ‪ ,‬المطاط والصناعات القطنية ‪.‬‬
‫• ‪group 2 : -2‬‬
‫• وتوجد مع الصناعات الغازية المضغوطة ‪ ,‬المنظفات ‪ ,‬الملمعات ‪ ,‬الدهانات ‪ ,‬الصناعات المجهزة لالسفلت ‪.‬‬
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 A) LIGHT HAZARD
1) Animal shelters )‫(مالجئ حيوانات‬
2) Churches
3) Clubs
4) Educational
5) Hospitals
6) Institutional
7) Kennels )‫(بيوت كالب‬
8) Libraries , except large stack rooms
9) Museums
10) Nursing homes
11) Offices
12) Residential
13) Restaurant seating area
14) Theaters , excluding stages & prosceniums
15) Unused attics ) ‫(سندرات غير مستخدمة‬
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 B) ORDINARY HAZARD (GROUP 1)
1) Automobile parking and showrooms
2) Bakeries
3) Beverage manufacturing ‫(مصانع‬
)‫المشروبات‬
4) Canneries ‫(مصانع تعبئة‬
)‫طعام‬
5) Dairy products manufacturing & processing ‫(مصانع‬
)‫االلبان‬
6) Electronic plants )‫(مصانع الكترونيات‬
7) Glass & glass products manufacturing
8) Laundries
9) Restaurant service area (kitchens)
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 C) ORDINARY HAZARD (GROUP 2)
1) Agricultural facilities
2) Barns & stables )‫(الشونات & االسطبالت‬
3) Cereal mills )‫(مطاحن الحبوب‬
4) Chemical plants
5) Confectionery products ‫(مصانع الحلويات‬
6) Distillers )‫(معامل التقطير‬
7) Dry cleaners
8) Exterior loading docks )‫(رصيف تحميل‬
9) Feed mills )‫(مصانع علف‬
10) Leather goods manufacturing
11) Libraries – large stack room area
12) Machine shops
13) Metal working
14) Paper & pulp mills
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C) ORDINARY HAZARD (GROUP 2) cont.
16) Paper process plants )‫(مصانع الورق‬
17) Plastic fabrication )‫(مصنع منتجات بالستيك‬
18) Post offices
19) Printing & publishing
20) Racetrack stables / kennel area )‫(اماكن السباقات االحصنة & الكالب‬
21) Repair garages
22) Resin application area)‫(مصانع المنتجات الصمغية‬
23) Textile manufacturing )‫(مصانع النسيج‬
24) Tire manufacturing
25) Tobacco products manufacturing )‫(مصانع التبغ‬
26) Wood machining
27) Wood products assembly
28) Mercantile (Malls – markets….)

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D) EXTRA HAZARD (GROUP 1)
1) Aircraft hangers (except as governed by NFPA 409)
2) Combustible hydraulic fluid area
3) Die casing )‫(سباكة‬
4) Metal extruding
5) Plywood and particleboard manufacturing )‫(مصانع كبس الخشب‬
6) Printing (using inks with flash point <1000F)
7) rubber material manufacturing
8) Saw mills
9) textile material manufacturing )‫(تصنيع خام النسيج‬
10) Upholstering with plastic foam )‫(التنجيد بالفايبر‬

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 D) EXTRA HAZARD (GROUP 2)
1) Asphalt saturating
2) Flammable liquids spraying
3) Flow coating )‫(دهان‬
4) Open oil quenching )‫(تبريد الزيت‬
5) Plastic manufacturing )‫(تصنيع خام البالستيك‬
6) Solvent cleaning ) ‫(مذيبات تنظيف‬
7) Varnish & paint dipping )‫(الدهان بالغمر‬

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 WET
DRY
CLOSED
HEAD PREACTIO
SPRINKLE N
Combined
R dry &
SPRINKLE preaction
R SYSTEM DELUGE
OPEN SYSTEM
WATER HEAD WATER
BASED SPRINKLE CURTAIN
SYTEMS LOW WATER
R
EXPANSIO
MEDIUM
N MIST
FOAM EXPANSIO
AUTOMAT SYSTEM HIGH
N
IC EXPANSIO
N
HALOCAR
CLEAN BON
AGENT INERT
GAS CO2 gases
FIRE FIGHTING

SYSTEMS
SYSTEMS

Aerosol
CLASS I
FIRE
HOSE CLASS II
CABINET
FIRE
WATER CLASS III
BASED HYDRANT
MONITOR
SYSTEMS S
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MANUAL EXTINGUIS
GAS FIRE
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SYSTEM EXTINGUIS
HER
 1. WATER SYSTEM
A. AUTOMATIC WET SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
1. SPRINKLERS , DISTRIBUTED ON THE WHOLE
CEILING AREA.

2. PIPING CONNECTING ALL SPRINKLERS ( RISER

– CROSS MAIN – BRANCH)

3. ZONE CONTROL VALVE

4. FIRE DEPARTMENT CONNECTION

5. FIRE PUMP

6. FIRE TANK

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 Sprinklers

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 • SPRINKLERED SYSTEMS
1) Sprinklers :
❑ Sprinkler parts:

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➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 3.6.1

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 • SPRINKLERED SYSTEMS
1) Sprinklers classification :
Classified according to:

A. Thermal sensitivity
B. Temperature rating
C. K-factor
D. Installation orientation
E. Special service conditions

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home ➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 3.6.1

 • A- Thermal sensitivity
• A measure of the rapidity with which the
thermal element operates as installed in a
sprinkler assembly , one measure of thermal
sensitivity is
response time index (RTI)
When RTI = 50 (ms)0.5 fast
response
When RTI ≥ 80 (ms)0.5
standard
•Sensitive element may be glass bulb or
fusible link
‫•هو مقياس لحساسية الرشاش للحريق و كل ما قلت قيمة‬
‫ كلما كانت حساسية الرشاش أعلى‬RTI ‫ال‬

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home ➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 3.6.1

 • B- Temperature rating
• The temperature at which sprinkler is
activated
• Indicated by color coding may be
for glass bulb or frame arms
• ‫و هى درجة الحرارة التى يحدث عندها تفعيل‬
‫للرشاش‬

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home ➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table 6.2.5.1

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 • C- k-factor
Is factor used to calculate the flow required
by sprinkler
Q=K√P
Q : flow in GPM
P : pressure in psi
‫قيمة تعبر عن كمية التدفق الخارجة من الرشاش‬

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➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table
6.2.3.1 home
 • C- k-factor (according to ceiling
height)
In NFPA there isn’t any instruction that
connect sprinkler K- factor and ceiling
height only reference mention that is
FM-global(3-26).
Ceiling Ceiling Ceiling
up to from 9- above
9m 18m 18m
K- 5.6 8 25.2
factor

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 • D- sprinkler orientation
Pendent sprinkler Upright
sprinkler

Sidewall sprinkler

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 Standard sprinkler (K = 5.6)

Extended coverage sprinkler

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Extended Coverage Sprinkler. A type of
Taha aref spray sprinkler with maximum coverage
areas.
 Quick-Response (QR) Sprinkler. A type
of spray sprinkler that meets the fast
response criteria and is listed as a
quick-response sprinkler for its
intended use.
Quick response is a listing for
sprinklers that combines the deflector,
frame, and body of a spray sprinkler
with a fast-response element to
create a technology that will respond
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deliver water in the same fashion as
other types of spray sprinklers.
 • D- sprinkler orientation
❑ Pendent sprinkler installation types

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• special service condition
Corrosion resistant sprinkler

Institutional
sprinkler

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 Rack storage
sprinkler

Dry sprinkler

https://youtu.be/kB5IlOZGb-0
 • E- special service condition
cont. :
Decorative sprinkler

Pilot line detector

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• Other sprinkler types (design , performance)
Control mode specific application sprinkler
(CMSA) (large drop)

Control Mode Specific Application (CMSA)

Sprinkler (Kmin=11.2). A type of spray
sprinkler that is capable of producing
characteristic large water droplets and
that is listed for its capability to provide
fire control of specific high-challenge fire
hazards.
A large drop sprinkler is a type of
CMSA sprinkler that is capable of
producing characteristic large water
droplets and that is listed for its
capability to provide fire control of
specific high challenge fire hazards.
 Early suppression fast
response sprinkler (ESFR)

Early Suppression Fast-Response (ESFR)

Sprinkler (Kmin=11.2). A type of fast-
response sprinkler and is listed for its
capability to provide fire suppression of
specific high-challenge fire hazards
(Usually for storage occupancies, Go to
Ch.16 for details).
It is important to realize that the
effectiveness of these highly tested and
engineered sprinklers depends on the
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combination of fast response and the
quality and uniformity of the sprinkler
discharge. home
 • Other sprinkler types cont.
Residential sprinkler

A type of fast-response sprinkler

having a thermal element
with an RTI of 50 or less, that has
been specifically investigated for its
ability to enhance survivability in the
room of fire origin, and that is listed
for use in the protection of dwelling
units.
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 Open head sprinkler

Open Sprinkler. A sprinkler that does not

have actuators or heat-responsive
elements. (It’s used for deluge systems)

Conventional sprinkler

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 • Get sprinkler data
from deflector

Standard
spray
sprinkler
pendent

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 • Stock of Spare sprinklers
No. of sprinklers in No. of spare
system sprinklers
< 300 6
≥ 300 & < 1000 12
> 1000 24

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➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 6.2.9.5
• B) PIPING NETWORK
Fire protection pipes Fire protection fittings

Hangers & supports

 • 2) piping system components :
A. Pipe Materials
B. Pipe dimension
C. Joining methods
D. Hangers
E. valves

A. Pipe materials
I. Aboveground (common: seamless black steel sch.40
– galvanized steel)
II. Underground (common: HDPE - ductile iron)

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 I. Piping material Aboveground
pipes

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➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 6.3 ; 6.4
 II. Piping material Underground

pipes

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home ➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 10.1 ; 10.2

 II. Underground depth of cover
❑ Underground Fire pipe minimum
depth

120cm 90cm 80cm

➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 10.4.3

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 • B. Pipe dimension :
Steel pipe

➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A.6.3.2

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 • B. Pipe dimension cont. :
copper pipe

➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A.6.3.5

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 • C. Joining methods :
Threaded pipe & fittings

Groove joining method (Victaulic coupling)

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 Welded pipe & fittings

Brazed & soldered

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 • C. Joining methods cont.
:
❑ Threaded joints (a) :
I. Thread joining permitted for schedule 40 for sizes less than 8 in.
II. Thread joining permitted for schedule 30 for sizes 8 in. and larger.
❑ Applicable threaded joints for size ≤ 2 in. , welding or flanged and
grooved for sizes > 2 in.
❑ Pipe bending (b) :
I. For schedule 40 and copper tubing
For 2 in. and smaller radius of bend ≥ 6 pipe diameter
For 2 ½ in. and larger radius of bend ≥ 5 pipe diameter
II. For other steel pipes
For all sizes radius of bend ≥ 12 pipe diameter
❑ Galvanized pipe shall not be bent or welded.

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a. Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 6.5

home b. Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 6.3.7.9
 • D. Hangers

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➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 9.1
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 9.2.3.3
home
Requirements :
A) Support 5 times the weight of water -filled pipe + 114kg.

B) Hangers component shall be ferrous.

C) Hangers shall not be fastened to gypsum ceiling or other soft material.

D)Distance between hanger and center of upright sprinkler > 76 mm to not to

be an obstruction.

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 PROCEDURES OF DESIGN AUTOMATIC
WET SPRINKLER SYSTEM
• THE FOLLOWING PROCEDURES SHALL BE DESIGNED FOR WET SPRINKLERS
SYSTEMS:
1. DEFINE THE HAZARD DEGREE FOR THE BUILDING
2. DISTRIBUTE THE SPRINKLERS ACCORDING TO COVERAGE AREA IN TABLES 8.6.2.2
3. CONNECT EACH GROUP OF SPRINKLERS VIA PIPING NETWORK , WHERE EACH
GROUP SHALL NOT EXCEED THE AREA SHOWN IN 8.2 (NEXT PAGE)
4. EACH GROUP SHALL BE CONNECTED TO THE SYSTEM VIA ZONE CONTROL VALVE.
5. SIZE ALL PIPING VIA PIPE SCHEDULES IN TABLES 14.5
6. DEFINE THE DESIGN AREA ( MOST REMOTE AREA) WHERE WATER AND PRESSURE
REQUIREMENT WILL BE CALCULATED.
7. CALCULATE THE WATER AND PRESSURE REQUIREMENT VIA ELITE SOFTWARE.
 K. Zone control station

HOME

TAHA AREF ➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A.8.17.4.2

➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A.8.17.5.2.2
 ZONE CONTROL VALVE
• ZCV CONSIST OF THE FOLLOWING
1. OS&Y GATE CONTROL VALVE FOR MAINTENANCE (NORMALLY
OPEN) WITH.
2. TAMPER SWITCH (SUPERVISORY SWITCH) TO SURE OS&Y IS
OPEN.
3. PRV (PRESSURE REDUCE VALVE) ( IF PRESSURE EXCEED 12 BAR)
4. CHECK VALVE (NON RETURN VALVE).
5. FLOW SWITCH.
6. PRESSURE GAUGE.
7. TEST DRAIN , SIGHT GLASS
 FUNCTIONS OF ZCV.
1. ISOLATE EACH ZONE FOR MAINTENANCE PURPOSES.

2.CHECK VALVE WILL PREVENT WATER TO GO IN REVERSE DIRECTION IN CASE FIRE OCCURRED IN
OTHER ZONE.

3. FLOW SWITCH : GIVE SIGNAL TO FIRE ALARM SYSTEM AND DETERMINE THE AREA OF FIRE.

4. TEST – DRAIN VALVE : USED TO TEST THE FUNCTIONALITY OF EACH ZONE AS WELL AS DRAINING
THE ZONE AND CHECK THE WATER QUALITY IN SIGHT GLASS.

5. CONTROL THE PRESSURE AT EACH ZONE NOT TO EXCEED 12 BAR.

6. CONTROL VALVE
• C) Initiation & Control Equipment
Valves in Pump Room. Alarm Check Valve

Pressure Switch Flow switches

• C) Initiation & Control Equipment
Supervisory Switches Pressure Reducing Valves

Pressure Relief Valves Control Panels

 • E. valves
A. OS&Y gate valve

Remarks : when working pressure > 12.1 bar

extra heavy valves must be used.

II. Tamper switch used to prevent valve from locking (give alarm).

III. We may be use chain with lock to confirm that no one can close it.
HOME
TAHA AREF

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 B. Butterfly valve

Remarks :
I. valve may be with hand lever so
the space for operation
need to be checked.
II. Tamper switch used to prevent
valve from locking (give alarm).
III. We may be use chain with lock to
confirm that no one can close it.

IV. when working pressure > 12.1

bar
extra heavy valves must be used.
III. HOME

TAHA AREF

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 C. Post indicator valve (PIV)

Remarks :
I. when working pressure > 12.1 bar
extra heavy valves must be used.

II. Tamper switch used to prevent valve from locking (give

alarm).

III. We may be use chain with lock to confirm that no one

can close it.

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 D. sectional valve

TAHA AREF
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➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 8.16.1.6

 D. sectional valve

Large private fire service main systems shall have

sectional controlling valves at appropriate points in
order to permit sectionalizing the system in the event
of a break or for the making of repairs or
extensions.

➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 8.16.1.6

HOME
TAHA AREF
 J. Check valve

I. May be swing or butterfly check valve.

II. Must be used after Siamese connection.
III. Must be used after fire pump (electric or diesel
or jockey pump)

Return to zcv

TAHA AREF

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 P. Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV)

I. In portions of systems where all components are not

listed for pressure greater than 175 psi (12.1 bar)
and the potential exists for normal water pressure in
excess of 175 psi (12.1 bar), a listed pressure-
reducing valve shall be installed.
II. Used with fire hose cabinet to avoid exceeding the
maximum permissible pressure.

TAHA AREF
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 8.16.1.2
HOME Return to zcv
 M. Drain valve

I. Drain valves shall be approved.

TAHA AREF

➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 8.16.2.4

HOME
Return to zcv
 N. Test valve

TAHA AREF

HOME Return to zcv

➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A.8.17.4.2
 N. Test header.

TAHA AREF

➢ Refer to NFPA 20-2013ed-sec A.6.3.1

HOME
 K. Zone control station

I. Multistory buildings exceeding two stories in height shall be provided with a

zone control station on each floor level.
II. Zone control station shall not be required where sprinklers on the top level of a
multistory building are supplied by piping on the floor below.
III. Zone control station shall not be required where the total area of all floors
combined does not exceed the system protection area limitations.

Light Ordinary Extra

hazard hazard hazard
storage

ft2 52000 52000 25000

Max
protection
area by one m2 4831 4831 2323 3716
floor ZCS

TAHA AREF ➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 8.16.1.5

HOME
 WATER BASED FIRE FIGHTING SPRINKLER SYSTEMS
Wet Pipe Sprinkler System
Dry Pipe Sprinkler System
Pre-Action Pipe Sprinkler System
Deluge Pipe Sprinkler System

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1) Wet system cont.
• A sprinkler system employing automatic sprinklers attached to a piping
system contains water and connected to water supply so that water
discharge immediately from sprinklers opened by heat from afire.
• Generally used wherever there is no danger of the water in the pipes
freezing and no special conditions requiring one of other systems.
• Areas such as hotels , offices , hospitals …. etc.
• https://youtu.be/NJUZ_nQliFk

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Taha aref
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 G. wet alarm check valve

Remarks :
➢ Located at the pump room.
➢ One alarm check for all building risers.
➢ Have two devices for alarm
a.Water motor with gong.
b.Pressure switch.

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 WET PIPE SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
 ALARM CHECK VALVE

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 • SPRINKLERED SYSTEM TYPES CONT.
:
2) Dry system
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v
=OhLtWIVqws0&t=57s

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 F. Dry valve

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 • SPRINKLERED SYSTEM TYPES CONT. :
2) Dry system cont.
• A sprinkler system employing automatic
sprinklers attached to a piping system
contains air or nitrogen under pressure ,
when fire occur the sprinkler open
making air release so the pressure of
water can open the dry valve and out
through opened sprinklers.
• Generally used wherever there is
danger of the water in the pipes
freezing. (where temperature reaches
below 40 0F (4.4 0C) )
• Areas subject to freezing such as
parking garages , coolers , freezers
..etc.
• Gridded dry pipe system shall not be
installed.
Taha aref • Dry valve shall maintained at
temperature ≥ 4 0C
home ➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 3.4.5
 • SPRINKLERED SYSTEM TYPES CONT. :
2) Dry system cont.
• Time needed to deliver water & most
remote sprinkler

1. Time of water delivery don’t apply for

systems ≤ 500 gallon.
2. Time of water delivery don’t apply for
systems ≤ 750 gallon with accelerator.
3. For dwelling unit water delivery time ≤
15 sec (don’t apply EXH. 1 or 2)
4. We can use accelerator valve to reach
required time.
5. *Design area must be increase by 30%
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of wet system without changes in density.
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 7.2.3.6 / 11.2.3.2.5
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 • SPRINKLERED SYSTEM TYPES CONT. :
2) Dry system cont.
• The air supply shall have capacity
of restoring normal air pressure in
the
system within 30 minutes.

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➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 7.2.6.3.2

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 WATER BASED FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS
DRY PIPES SYSTEM
 When one or more automatic
sprinklers operate in response to a
fire, air pressure within the system
piping is relieved through the open
sprinklers.
 When the air pressure is sufficiently
reduced, the water pressure
overcomes the differential holding
the Clapper Assembly closed and
the Clapper Assembly swings clear
of the water seat,
 This action permits water f low
into the system piping and
subsequently to be discharged
from any open sprinklers. Also,
with the Clapper Assembly open,
the intermediate chamber is
Taha aref pressurized and water f lows
through the alarm port.
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  After a valve actuation and upon
subsequent closing of a system
main control valve to stop water
f low, the Clapper Assembly will
latch open Latching open of the
DPV-1 will permit complete
draining of the system through
the main drain port. During the
valve resetting procedure and
after the system is completely
drained, the external reset knob
can be easily depressed to
externally unlatch the Clapper
Assembly
 As such, the Clapper Assembly
is returned to its normal set
position to facilitate setting of
the dry pipe sprinkler system,
Taha aref without having to remove the
Hand hole Cover.
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 Dry Valve

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 J. Accelerator

Remarks :
I. Used for reducing time of dry and
preaction valve opening (< 60 sec).
II. shall be located as close as practical to
the dry pipe valve.
III. Antiflooding devices associated with a
dry pipe valve accelerator are
activated when the dry pipe valve
trips.
TAHA AREF
IV. May be mechanical or electrical.
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 7.2.4
HOME
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 It’s a device to reduce the time delay between the
operation of the first
sprinkler and the entrance of water into the sprinkler
piping of a dry
pipe system to obtain the delivery water time.

Delivery Time : The total time between the

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opening of the sprinkler and the water
delivery to it. home
 Quick operation of the
Accelerator does not ensure that
the fire protection system will meet
the water delivery time
requirement of the authority
having Jurisdiction.
The sprinkler system designer
needs to be aware that water
delivery time is primarily
determined by the configuration
and volume of the piping network,
system
air pressure at time of Accelerator
trip, and water supply
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 Air Maintenance Valve

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 Air Maintenance Valve

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 WATER BASED FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS
PRE-ACTION PIPES SYSTEM
7.3.2.1 Pre-action system
shall be one of the
Following types:
 Single Interlocked: Admits
water to sprinkler piping upon
operation of detection
devices only.
 Double Interlocked:
Admits water to sprinkler
piping upon operation of
both the detection
devices and automatic
Taha aref sprinklers.
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 PRE-ACTION SYSTEMS:
 The supplemental detection
system is commonly electric or
pneumatic or a combination of
both. Detection systems used
with electric release systems are
commonly actuated by manual
pull stations, fixed-
temperature heat detectors,
rate-of-rise heat detectors,
smoke detectors or other means
determined

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 PRE-ACTION SYSTEMS:
 In accordance with NFPA 13,
 7.3.2.4.1 the pre-action sprinkler
system piping and fire detection
devices shall be automatically
supervised where there are more
than 20 sprinklers on the
systems. This is accomplished
with air or nitrogen gas under
pressureof 0.5 bar minimum
within the sprinkler piping. If
the integrity of the sprinkler
piping is compromised, the
pressure will be reduced
activating a supervisory pressure
switch that transmits the signal
Taha aref
to the release control panel
and/or fire alarm panel.
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 • SPRINKLERED SYSTEM TYPES CONT. :
3) Preaction system

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 I. Preaction valve

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PRE-ACTION SYSTEMS:
 Single Interlocked

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 PRE-ACTION SYSTEMS:
 Double Interlocked
 The double interlock pre-
action system utilizes a
detector system and
pressurized air or nitrogen
in the sprinkler system
piping. This system is
arranged so that the
deluge valve will open only
when both pressure is
reduced in the sprinkler
Taha aref
piping and the detection
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system operates.
 PRE-ACTION SYSTEMS:
 If the detection system
operates due to damage or
malfunction, the valve will
not open, but an alarm will
sound. If the sprinkler piping
is damaged or sprinkler is
broken, the valve will not
open but a supervisory alarm
will sound. The operation of
both a sprinkler and a
detector (or release) is
required before the valve will
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open, allowing water to enter
the system piping. home
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 • SPRINKLERED SYSTEM TYPES CONT. :
4) Deluge system

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 • SPRINKLERED SYSTEM TYPES CONT. :

4) Deluge system cont.

• A sprinkler system employing open

sprinklers attached to a piping system
connected to water supply through a
valve that is opened by the
operation of detection system in the
same area as the sprinklers.

• When this valve opens water flow into

piping system and discharges from all
sprinkler attached there.

• Areas where fast fires anticipated

and the intent is to quickly discharge
a lot of water like transformers ,
Taha aref aircraft hangars , flammable liquid
use and storage areas … etc.
home ➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 3.4.4
 DELUGE SYSTEMS:
 A deluge system is similar toa
Preaction system except the
sprinkler heads are open and the
pipe is not pressurized with air.
Deluge systems are connected to a
water supply through a deluge valve
that is opened by the operation of a
smoke or heat detection system.
The detection system is installed
in the same area as the sprinklers.
When the detection system is
activated water discharges through
all of the sprinkler heads in the
system. Deluge systems are used in
places that are considered high
hazard areas such as power plants,
aircraft hangars and chemical
storage or processing facilities.
Deluge systems are needed where
high velocity suppression is
Taha aref necessary to prevent fire spread
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 DELUGE SYSTEMS:
 Deluge System with
Electric actuated

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 DELUGE SYSTEMS:
 Deluge System with wet pilot
actuated

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 H. Deluge valve

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 DELUGE SYSTEMS:
Deluge System with Dry pilot
actuated

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 E. Fire department connection (Siamese
connection)

Remarks :
I. Shall consist at least of 2×2 1/2 in.
II. Single inlet only accepted for riser with
diameter ≤ 3in.
III. Shall be approved. (UL – FM)
IV. Shall be located between 457-1200
mm above grade level.
V. There shall be no shut off valve .
VI. Pipe size ≥ 4 in. for engine connection.
VII. Pipe size ≥ 6 in. for boat connection.
TAHA AREF VIII.Pipe size shall not less than riser size.
IX. When system pressure < 150psi sign
shall not be required. HOME
 E. Fire department connection
(Siamese connection) cont.

TAHA AREF
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 8.16.1
HOME
 E. Fire department connection
(Siamese connection) cont.

Remarks :
• Systems shall not required FDC:
A. Building located in remote area
that are inaccessible for fire
department support.
B. single story building with area <
186m2.
C. large capacity deluge system
TAHA AREF
that exceed the pumping capacity
of fire defense.
HOME➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 8.17.2.2
 L. Backflow prevention

Remarks :
I. Used when private fire system connected to
public water
II. Backflow prevention devices are not a
requirement of NFPA 13 and serve no benefit
to the sprinkler system. Backflow prevention
devices are typically required by public health
authorities for non–fire protection purposes.
III. Means shall be provided downstream of all
TAHA AREF backflow prevention valves for flow tests at
system demand. HOME
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 23.1.8
 L. Backflow prevention cont.

Remarks :

III. Used with antifreeze systems.

IV. Used when there is cross connection

between fire system and potable
water.
TAHA AREF
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 7.6.3.3
HOME
 O. Pressure Relief Valves

➢Shall be installed with diesel drive pump

when 121% of shutoff (churn) pressure plus
static pressure exceed. component rating
pressure.

➢Shall be installed between the pump and

TAHA AREF
discharge check valve.
➢ Refer to NFPA 20-2013ed-sec4.18.1.2
HOME ➢ Refer to NFPA 20-2013ed-sec4.18.3
 Installation REQUIREMENTS
A. Standard sprinkler
A. Standard upright & pendant sprinkler
coverage
unit Light hazard Ordinary hazard Extra hazard
ft2 200 130 90
Max. sprinkler protection
area (pipe schedule) m2 18.6 12.1 8.4

ft2 225 130 100

Max. sprinkler protection m2 20.9 12.1 9.3
area (hydraulic calc.)

ft 15 15 12
Maximum distance
between sprinkler m 4.6 4.6 3.7

ft 6 6 6
Minimum distance between
sprinkler m 1.8 1.8 1.8

TAHA AREF

➢ 2013ed-sec8.6.2.2 - sec8.6.3.4 HOME

A. Standard upright & pendant sprinkler
Remarks :
❑ L=room length
❑ W=room width
❑ X = distance between sprinkler , wall.
❑ 2X = distance between sprinklers.
❑ Y = distance between deflector , ceiling
❑ X ≥ 4 in.
❑ For upright sprinklers :
For unobstructed ceiling 1 in. < Y < 12 in.
❑ Minimum distance between sprinklers
is 1.8 m to avoid intercooling.

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➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.6.3.3
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.6.4.1
A. Standard upright & pendant sprinkler
❑ Exhibition : Small Rooms

➢ Small room exhibition limited to light hazard and have area ≤ 74.3m2 and wall opening
width doesn’t exceed 2.4m for each.

TAHA AREF ➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.6.3.2

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 ❑ (sprinkler performance)

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➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-secA.8.7.5.5
 ➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table8.7.2.2.1
A. Standard Sidewall sprinkler coverage
Light hazard Ordinary hazard

Noncombustible or
Combustible Noncombustible or
Combustible limited
Unit ceiling finish limited combustible
ceiling finish combustible ceiling
ceiling finish
finish

ft 14 14 10 10
Max. distance
along the wall m 4.3 4.3 3 3

Max. room ft 12 14 10 10
width m 3.7 4.3 3 3
ft2 120 196 80 100
Max. protection
area m2 11.2 18.2 7.4 9.3

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A. Standard sidewall sprinkler
Remarks :
❑ L=room length
❑ W=room width
❑ X = distance between sprinkler , wall.
❑ 2X = distance between sprinklers.
❑ H = distance between deflector , ceiling
❑ X ≥ 4 in.
❑ For sidewall sprinklers :
4 in. < H < 6 in.
Otherwise listed for > 6in.
❑ Minimum distance between sprinklers
is 1.8 m to avoid intercooling.

TAHA AREF

HOME ➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.7.3.3

➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.7.4.1
 A. Standard sidewall sprinkler

Remarks :
I. From ceiling sidewall sprinkler
4 to 6 in.
II. From walls sidewall sprinkler
min. 4 in.
III. From wall at which sidewall
sprinkler mounted may be less
than 4 in.

➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.7.3

TAHA AREF
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.7.4

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 ❑ Obstructed ceiling
1) Beams (spaced 0.9 : 2.3m)

2) Concrete Tee

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➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-secA.3.7.1
 A. Standard upright & pendant
sprinkler
❑ For obstructed ceiling
Option -
1

I - Install sprinkler below structural member.

Option - 2

TAHA AREF

II - Install sprinkler in each bay.

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➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.6.4.1.2
 A. Standard upright & pendant sp.
❑ For obstructed ceiling (cont’d)
Option -
3

III - Install sprinkler at or above structural

member.

➢ sec8.6.4.1.2

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 A. Standard upright & pendant
sprinkler
❑ For obstructed ceiling (cont’d)

Remarks :
❑ Sprinklers shall be installed under
fixed obstructions over 4 ft (1.2 m)
wide, such as ducts, decks, open
grate flooring, cutting tables, and
overhead doors.

TAHA AREF ➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.6.5.3.2

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 A. Standard upright & pendant
sprinkler
❑ For obstructed Floor

TAHA AREF

➢ sec8.6.5.2
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 A. Standard upright & pendant
sprinkler
❑ For vertical change in ceiling

➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.6.4.1

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 • Installation REQUIREMENTS CONT. :
A. Standard upright & pendant sprinkler
❑ For ceiling pockets

➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.6.7

TAHA AREF

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 • Installation REQUIREMENTS CONT. :
A. Standard upright & pendant sprinkler
❑ For pitched roof

➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.6.4.1.3

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 • Installation REQUIREMENTS CONT. :
A. Standard upright & pendant sprinkler
❑ For pitched roof (cont’d)

➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.6.4.1.3

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 • Installation REQUIREMENTS CONT. :
A. Standard upright & pendant sprinkler
❑ For pitched roof

➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.6.4.1.4

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 A. Standard upright & pendant sprinkler
❑ For skylight
➢ Sprinklers shall be permitted to be omitted
from skylights not exceeding 32 ft2 (3 m2) in
area, regardless of hazard classification

TAHA AREF
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.5.7
HOME
 A. Standard upright and pendant sprinkler

❑ The sprinkler system shall extend

❑ at least 24 ft (7.2 m) into the space above the
ceiling.

TAHA AREF
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.7.15.22.3
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 A. Standard sidewall sprinkler
❑ For obstructed ceiling

TAHA AREF

HOME ➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.7.5.1.4

 A. Standard sidewall sprinkler
❑ For obstructed ceiling

TAHA AREF

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➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.7.5.1.4
 A. Standard sidewall sprinkler
❑ For obstructed ceiling

May be pipe
with D ≥ 3in.

TAHA AREF

HOME ➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.7.5.2.1

 A. Standard sidewall sprinkler
❑ For obstructed Floor

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➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.7.5.2.2
 General & Special installation requirement
❑ Return bend
Remarks :
I. Shall be used when water supplied from raw
water – mill pond – open tank.
II. Shall not be required for deluge systems.
III. Shall not be required with dry pendant sprinkler.
IV. Shall not be required with sprinklers have k-factor
≥ 11.2.

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➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.15.20.4
 ❑ Return bend cont. :

(Max. 4in.)

TAHA AREF
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.15.20.4
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 ❑ Above and below ceiling sprinkler :
Remarks :
❑ When above ceiling sprinkler shall be
installed :
➢ According to NFPA 13 requirement :
I. If ceiling constructed from combustible
US material like wood.
II. If concealed space used for storage.
III. If concealed spaces used for
maintenance (like hygienic places..).
PS

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➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.15.1.2.2
 ❑ Above and below ceiling sprinkler (cont’d) :
Remarks :
❑ When above ceiling sprinkler shall be
installed :
➢ According to British codes:
I. If ceiling depth larger than 80cm.
II. Concealed space contain combustible
material.

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 ❑ Escalator

TAHA AREF

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➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-secA.8.15.4
 ❑ Library Stack Areas and Medical Record Storage.

TAHA AREF

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 ❑ Library Stack Areas and Medical Record
Storage cont.

Remarks :

I. Classified as ordinary hazard group II.

II. Where Y ≥ 18 in. sprinklers installed without
regard to aisles.
III. Where Y < 18 in. there is two situations:
• If there is complete dividers , sprinklers shall
installed in every aisle and tier with spacing ≤
3.7 m.
• With non complete dividers sprinkler shall be
TAHA AREF staggered.
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.15.10
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 ❑ Library Stack Areas and Medical
Record Storage.

TAHA AREF

➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.15.10

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 ❑ Elevator Hoistways and Machine Rooms.

Remarks :
I. Sidewall spray sprinklers shall be installed at the
bottom of each elevator hoistway not more than
0.61 m above the floor of the pit.
II. If hoistway enclosed with noncombustible shaft
(don’t contain hydraulic fluids) shall not required
sprinkler at the pit.
III. Upright or pendent or sidewall sprinkler shall be
installed at the top of hoistway.
IV. If hoistway is non or limited combustible and car
enclosure material according to ASME A17.1
shall not required sprinkler at the top.
(except if belt is combustible)

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➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec8.15.5
 ❑ Elevator Hoistways and Machine
Rooms.

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 • 2) Sprinkler pipe routing types :
Gridded system Looped system

Tree system

Taha aref
home
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec A.3.4.6,7
 SPRINKLERS VIA DIFFERENT
MODULES (TREE- LOOP –
GRID).

Taha aref

home
Taha aref

home
Taha aref

home
 E. Fire department connection (Siamese
connection) cont.

Remarks :

X= 457 – 1219 mm

TAHA AREF ➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec 8.17.2

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 • Project Design Procedure:
1. Find NFPA 101 or NFPA 5000 fire
extinguishment requirements for your building
(with respect to local codes or AHJ).
2. Determination the building hazard .
3. Locating non sprinklered spaces. (ex. Rooms
need gas systems) then calculate gas volume
required for extinguishment.
4. Distribution for sprinklers according to hazard
requirement .
5. Determination No. of risers and standpipe
needed for sprinklers and FHCs.
6. Pipe routing .
7. Pipe sizing by pipe schedule according to
material and hazard.
8. Locating the design area (most demand flow
and pressure) .
9. Hydraulic calculation for pump sizing .
10. Pump selection .
11. Tank capacity calculation .
12. Pump room design .
13. If there is room need foam system (ex.
TAHA AREF
Generator room) calculate foam concentrate
quantity.
14. Fire extinguisher distribution. home
 A. PIPE SCHEDULES
1) LIGHT HAZARD:
Steel Copp Light hazard above and
below ceiling
er
Steel Copp
No. No. er
Pipe
of of
size No.
sprink sprink Pipe No. of
(in) of
lers lers size sprinkl
sprin
1 in. 2 2 (in) ers
klers
1¼ 3 3 1 in. 2 2
in.
1¼ 4 3
1½ 5 5 in.
in.
1½ 7 5
2 in. 10 12 in.
2½ 30 40 2 in. 15 18
in.
2½ 50 65
3 in. 60 65 in.
3½ 100 115 Max. 30sp above or
TAHA AREF in. below
4 in. ------to NFPA
➢ Refer ------13-2013ed-table23.5.2.2.1
HOME➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table23.5.2.4
 • Pipe schedules :
❑ Remarks :
I. Maximum no of sprinkler per branch is 8
sprinklers.
II. No of sprinkler per branch may be
increased to 9 sprinklers by making the two
end lengths 1 in. and 1 1/4 in. respectively,
and the sizes thereafter standard.
III. Ten sprinklers shall be permitted to be
placed on a branch line, making the two end
lengths 1 in. and 1 1/4 in. respectively, and
feeding the tenth sprinkler by a 2 ½ in.
pipe.
IV. For light hazard if sprinkler No. exceeding
100 sprinklers sizing then according to
ordinary hazard.
V. For above & below ceiling if sprinklers
exceed 50 then sizing is increased to 3 in.
then according to standard schedule for the
number of sprinklers above or below a
ceiling, whichever is larger.
VI. For above and below ceiling max .No of
TAHA AREF sprinklers is 8 for above and 8 for below
ceiling.
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec23.5.2
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 • Pipe schedules :
2) ORDINARY HAZARD:
Ordinary hazard
Steel Copper Steel Cop
per
No. of
Pipe No. of Pip No. No.
sprinkle
size (in) sprinklers e of of
rs
size sprin sprin
1 in. 2 2
(in) klers klers
1 ¼ in. 3 3
5 160 180
1 ½ in. 5 5 in.
2 in. 10 12 6 275 300
2 ½ in. 20 25 in.
3 in. 40 45 8 ------ -----
in. - --
3 ½ in. 65 75
4 in. 100 115

o If distance between sprinklers or

TAHA AREF
branches ≤ 3.7m
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table23.5.3.4
HOME
 2) ORDINARY HAZARD CONT
No. of sprinklers – greater than 3.7m separation
(branches or sprinklers)
Steel Copper

Pipe size No. of No. of

(in) sprinklers sprinklers
2 ½ in. 15 20
3 in. 30 35
3 ½ in. 60 65
Max. 40sp above or below (separation ≤
ordinary
3.7) hazard above and below
ceiling Steel Copper
Pipe No. of No. of
size (in) sprinklers sprinklers
1 in. 2 2
1 ¼ in. 4 4
1 ½ in. 7 7
2 in. 15 18
TAHA AREF
2 ½ in. 30 40
HOME 3 in. 60 65
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table23.5.3.5
 • Pipe schedules :
❑ Remarks :
I. Maximum no of sprinkler per branch is 8
sprinklers.
II. No of sprinkler per branch may be increased to
9 sprinklers by making the two end lengths 1 in.
and 1 1/4 in. respectively, and the sizes
thereafter standard.
III. Ten sprinklers shall be permitted to be placed on
a branch line, making the two end lengths 1 in.
and 1 1/4 in. respectively, and feeding the tenth
sprinkler by a 2 ½ in. pipe.
IV. For above & below ceiling if sprinklers exceed
60 then sizing is increased to 4 in. then
according to standard schedule for the number
of sprinklers above or below a ceiling whichever
is larger.
V. For above and below ceiling max .No of
sprinklers is 8 for above and 8 for below ceiling.

TAHA AREF

➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec23.5.3

HOME
 Extra hazard
Steel Copper Steel Copp
er
Pipe No. of No. of
size sprinkle sprinkle No. No.
Pipe
(in) rs rs of of
size
1 in. 1 1 sprin sprin
(in)
klers klers
1¼ 2 2
in. 5 in. 90 100
1½ 5 5 6 in. 150 170
in.
2 in. 8 8
2½ 15 20
in.
3 in. 27 30
3½ 40 45
in.
4 in. 55 65
Remarks : TAHA AREF
This table is reprinted only as a guide for
existing systems. HOME
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-tableA.23.5.4
 • Project Design Procedure:
1. Find NFPA 101 or NFPA 5000 fire extinguishment
requirements for your building (with respect to
local codes or AHJ).
2. Determination the building hazard .
3. Locating non sprinklered spaces. (ex. Rooms need
gas systems) then calculate gas volume required
for extinguishment.
4. Distribution for sprinklers according to hazard
requirement .
5. Determination No. of risers and standpipe
needed for sprinklers and FHCs.
6. Pipe routing .
7. Pipe sizing by pipe schedule according to
material and hazard.
8. Locating the design area (most demand flow and
pressure) .
9. Hydraulic calculation for pump sizing .
10. Pump selection .
11. Tank capacity calculation .
12. Pump room design .
13. If there is room need foam system (ex. Generator
TAHA AREF room) calculate foam concentrate quantity.
14. Fire extinguisher distribution.
HOME
 B. Hydraulic calculation
❑ Calculation steps :

1. Identification of Hazard.
2. Determination No. of system main
control valve.
3. Determination air supply specification
for dry and preaction systems.
4. Determination of Max. Area of
Operation (design area)
5. Determination of Discharge Density.
6. Estimation of Sprinklers Flow rate.
7. Determination of Hose Stream
Allowance.
8. Calculation of Pump Flow rate.
9. Calculation of Pump Head.
10. Tank Sizing.
TAHA AREF

HOME
 • Hydraulic calculations :
1. Identifying building hazard

A) Light hazard
B) Ordinary hazard (group 1)
C) Ordinary hazard (group 2)
D) Extra hazard (group 1)
E) Extra hazard (group 2)
2. Determination No. of system main
control valve
Extra
Light Ordinary
unit hazar
hazard hazard
d
Maximum ft2 52000 52000 25000
protection m2 4831 4831 2323
area by one
valve

TAHA AREF
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-chart11.2.3.1
HOME
 • Hydraulic calculations :
2. Determination No. of system main control
valve (cont’d)

Example : a project (light hazard) have floor area

5000 m2
1. For wet system : No. of zone control station = 2.
2. For preaction system (single or non interlock) :
No. of preaction valve = 2.
3. For dry system (or double interlock preaction) :
No. of dry (preaction valve) determined by floor
area & delivery time limitation with respect to system
volume.

TAHA AREF

➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table 7.2.3.6.1

HOME
 2. Determination No. of system main
control valve (cont’d)
3. For dry system (or double interlock
preaction) (cont’d):
4. For deluge system : No. of deluge valves
= 5000/139 = 36

TAHA AREF

➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table A-7.2.3

HOME
 3. Determination air supply
specification for dry and preaction
systems.
1. Calculate system volume from previous
table .
2. Determine required air pressure from
below table.

Nitrogen Cylinders Data

Volume (cf) Pressure (psi)

122 1900
225 2100
TAHA AREF
280 2300
HOME
➢ Refer to viking design data catalogue
 3. Determination air supply specification for
dry and preaction systems (cont’d).
4. Calculate compressor flow or nitrogen
cylinder volume

TAHA AREF

HOME ➢ Refer to viking design data catalogue

 4. Determination of Max. Area of
Operation (design area)
a) For wet pipe system
b) For dry or preaction pipe system design
area increased by 30%.
ex: 1500 + (1500×30%) = 1950 ft2
c) For deluge system design area is entire
protected area.
d) Most remote area to determine max.
head.
e) Area With higher Hazard to determine
max. flow rate.
f) For ESFR hydraulic calculation based on
area include most remote 12 sp.
Extra
Light Ordinary
unit hazar
hazard hazard
d
Area of ft2 1500 1500 2500
sprinkler m2 139.35 139.35 232.2
TAHA AREF
operation 6
(design
area)
HOME➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-chart11.2.3.1
 4. Determination of Max. Area of
Operation (design area) (cont’d)
a) For wet pipe system (cont’d)

TAHA AREF

HOME
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-A23.4.4
 4. Determination of Max. Area of
Operation (cont’d).
c) For quick response design area reduced
according to below chart
➢For wet system only.
➢Max. ceiling height 6m.

➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-chart11.2.3.2.3

TAHA AREF ➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-chart11.2.3.2.5

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 5. Determination of Discharge Density.

➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-chart11.2.3.1

TAHA AREF

HOME
 6. Estimation of Sprinklers Flow rate
Method #1 : Q1 = density (gpm/ft²) X Area
of Operation (ft²)
Method #2 : Q2 = flow per sprinkler X No. of
design sprinklers
No. of design sprinklers = Design
Area/Area per Sp.
Flow per Sprinkler = k √P
7. Hose stream allowance & duration
If the fire system
connected to city
main or private
fire hydrant

TAHA AREF

➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table11.2.3.1.2

HOME ➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-sec11.1.6.2
 8. Calculation of Pump Flow rate
❑ According to NFPA 13 :
Q Pump = Q Sprinklers + Q Hose Allowance

TAHA AREF

HOME
 9. Calculation of pump head
pump head = Static Head + Residual
Head + Friction Losses.

• 1bar = 10m water column.

TAHA AREF
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table11.2.2.1
HOME
 9. Calculation of pump head
pump head = Static Head + Residual
Head + Friction Losses.

➢ For hydraulic calculation min. residual

pressure is 7 psi.

TAHA AREF
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table11.2.2.1
HOME
 9. Calculation of pump head
(CONT’D)
pump head = Static Head + Residual
Head + Friction Losses.

TAHA AREF
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table11.2.2.1
HOME
 9. Calculation of pump head (CONT’D)
pump head = Static Head + Residual
Head + Friction Losses.

TAHA AREF
➢ Refer to NFPA 13-2013ed-table11.2.2.1
HOME
 10. Tank sizing
Tank Volume = Total Flow Rate (Gpm) x
Duration (Min.)

= x

TAHA AREF

HOME
 • Calculations
Cal Summary:
cul Need Isometric
DWG
atio
Manual
n Hydraulic

Manual Software
(Elite)
Q1 = flow per sprinkler X
No. of design
sprinklers
No. of design sprinklers =
Design Area/Area per
Sp.
Flow per Sprinkler =k
√P
Q2 = Hose Allowance
Q pump = Q1 + Q2
pump head = Static +
Residual + Friction
Losses.
Friction Losses taken 1 : 2
TAHA AREF bar
Pump power = (Q pump X
Head) / (3960 X eff.)
HOME
Pump eff. = 0.65