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Learning Area Technical Drafting AutoCAD Grade Level 10

Quarter 3rd Date APRIL 19 - 23

I. LESSON TITLE Foundation

II. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING Draw on a larger scale details of wall footings, footings, and columns TLE_ICTTD9-
COMPETENCIES (MELCs) 12LC-IIIa-b-1
III. CONTENT/CORE CONTENT Different structures and details
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IV. LEARNING PHASES Learning Activities
Timeframe
A. Introduction 30 mins. Presentation
Panimula Greetings! Welcome to another journey of becoming a draftsman.
You are about to learn structural drawing standards. But before you proceed
to the new lesson, kindly answer this activity for us to assess your knowledge
on different structures and details

Directions: Complete the following statement by choosing the correct word

on the box. Write your answer on the corner rectangle provided for.

Shallow excavation spread foundation batter boards

test pits National Building Code drilling substructure

concrete mat footing wall

1. Foundation is the part of the building below the surface of the ground
which is sometimes called _______________.
2. ___________ is the most suitable way of determining soil condition.
3. The ________________________ requires a sole bearing capacity of the soil
at 2ft. per ton or less than twice the maximum bearing capacity desired
for use.
4. The area bored or drilled is called _____________.
5. __________________ are wood stick nailed horizontally to the stake.
6. ___________________ includes all those types where the load is distributed
into the soil by slender vertical members of timber, concrete or steel
called piles.
7. ___________________ includes wall footing, and column footings, whether
they are independent, or combined wherein digging of the soil extends
to 1.50 meters.
8. Wall footing is a footing which supports a wall by extending along the
entire length of the ________.
9. ___________________ is extended under the entire building area and
supports all the wall and column loads from the building.
10. ___________ is commonly used for footings because it can be poured to
maintain a firm contact with the supporting soil.

Great job! You are sharp observer. The result of your activity shows how
knowledgeable you are with the past lesson. Now, be ready for the new
challenges that this module will give you.
B. Development 1 hr. Columns and Footing
Pagpapaunlad
A column is a vertical structural member designed to transfer a
compressive load. For example, a column might transfer loads from a ceiling,
floor or roof slab or from a beam, to the foundations.
Columns are typically constructed from materials such as stone, brick,
block, concrete, timber, steel and so on.
Early Greeks and Romans designed order of columns carved from a single
block of stone or massive stones stacked together. Early types of columns
were the Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, and Composite.
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A beam is used in the framing of floors in buildings. Beams and columns

are two important types of structural elements that play a key role in creating
a safe load path to transfer the weight and forces on a structure to the
foundations and into the ground.
A roof beam is a load-bearing member that is integral to the strength of
the building. It supports the floor or roof above while adding integrity to walls.
It also supports joists, trusses and other roofing elements.

Footings are an important part of foundation construction. They are

typically made of concrete with rebar reinforcement that has been poured
into an excavated trench. The purpose of footings is to support the foundation
and prevent settling. Footings are especially important in areas with
troublesome soils.

The column and footing are made of concrete, a combination of cement,

sand, gravel, and water. Though high in compressive strength, concrete must
still be embedded by metal bars. This is called, RSB or Reinforced Steel Bar.
The RSB is assembled and joined together using G.I. Wire.
The size of the column and footing, the depth of excavation, size and
number of RSB to be used, and the concrete mixture is designed and planned
by a Civil Engineer. The actual construction on site is handled by Masons.

Columns and footings are indicated in a Foundation Plan as symbols. In a

separate drawing, the columns and footings are depicted as detailed
drawing. They are cross-sectioned, exposing the details of their
components. The details are as follow:
1. The Plan (Top View) of the column and footing.
2. The Elevation (Side/Front View) of the column and foundation.
3. The vertical and horizontal dimensions of the column and footing.
4. The depth of excavation.
5. The arrangement of Reinforced Steel Bars or the spacing between the
RSB
6. Specifications or the text indicating the sizes of RSB and their spacing,
measured as MOC.
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1. The Plan consists of 8 horizontal and 8 vertical 12 mm dia. RSB spaced at

.20 MOC
2. The Elevation shows a section of column and footing, earth and gravel or
foundation bed.
3. The depth of excavation from the ground line is 0.80 m.
4. The vertical bars used in the column is 12 mm dia.
5. The stirrups are 10mm dia.
6. The spacing between the stirrups differs. The first 5 stirrups are spaced at
.020 MOC, the next 5 are .10 MOC, and the rest of the stirrups are spaced
at .20 MOC (MOC or meter on center)
C. Engagement 1 ½ hours Structural Drawing
Pakikipagpalihan The preparation of a Structural Drawing is the last stage of a structural
design. A Structural Drawing or a Structural Plan is composed of structural
details and a general arrangement plan or layout necessary for site
construction proper. In these drawings all the details that we need to follow
during site construction is being reflected. Although the preparation of the
Structural Drawing is a structural draftsman’s task, as a Structural Designer they
see to it that the proper drawing standard has to be followed and
implemented. Every detail of the design, minor or major shall be reflected
accordingly in the drawing.
The primary objective of structural analysis and design is to produce a
structure capable of resisting all applied loads without failure during its
intended life. If improperly designed, elements of a structure would fail
causing serious consequences such as large expenses or ultimately losses in
lives which cannot be compared with any cost.
Once the architectural engineer sets the function and layout of the
structure, the role of the structural engineer begins which can be summarized
in the following steps to develop a safe, functional and economic structures.

Procedure of Structural Drawing/Design

1. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
In this stage, initial design of the building elements (e.g. slabs,
beams, columns, etc.) is performed based on code recommendations.
It starts with selecting the appropriate columns’ locations and
orientation in such a way that they do not interfere with the
architectural drawings
2. DETERMINING THE INTERNAL FORCES OF EACH ELEMENT
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After finishing the initial design, the exact dimensions of each
building element shall be determined. First, an analysis model is created
for the building with its initial dimensions as determined from STEP 1 on
an analysis software such as SAP 2000.
3. ITERATIVE DESIGN
Now you have the straining actions on the elements based on the
initial sizing and simply, you can use them to design according to the
relevant code. The design process became so easy by using some
spreadsheets or any other software that facilitates the design.
4. FOUNDATION DESIGN
After the final dimensions of members are found, the foundation
system type can be selected taking in consideration, the bearing
capacity of the soil and the loading coming from the structure.
5. DRAFTING
In this step, the structural plans are created. These plans should be
fully detailed such that the construction process in the site can proceed
smoothly and not delayed due to missing data in the drawings.

Sample drawing of footing using AutoCAD: Step by step procedure on

drawing footing

1. Create rectangle by typing “REC” in command box.

- Specify the first corner point (the point where it should start)
- Click on dimension in the command box
- Specify the length of rectangle = 0.9 units in command box
- Specify width of rectangle = 0.25 units in command box

2. Create another rectangle “REC” in command box

- Specify the first corner point
– specify the point which is 0.2 units (with dynamic input on) from the starting
point of first rectangle.
- Click on dimension in the command box
- Specify the length of rectangle = 0.5 units - Specify width of rectangle =
0.4 units

3. Create the third rectangle “REC” in command box

- Specify the first corner point 0.05 units from the corner of the second
rectangle.
- Click on dimension in the command box
- Specify the length of rectangle = 0.4 units
- Specify width of rectangle = 0.4 units
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4. Line is drawn from the corner of third rectangle, command “L”

- Give the length as 1.15 units
- Move cursor downwards and give value 0.15 units.
- Move cursor to right and give length as 1.15 units.

5. Fourth rectangle is drawn, command - “REC”

- Specify the first corner point at a distance of 0.05 units from the third
rectangle.
- Click on dimension
- Give the length as 0.3 units
- Give the width as 0.6 units

6. For the line drawn in step 4, at a distance of 0.3 draw another line.
- “L” give the distance of 0.15 units vertically and 0.3 units horizontally.
- Continue it two more times, until 3 steps are created.

7. Draw another rectangle above fourth rectangle, command – “REC”.

- Specify the corner point as the corner of the fourth rectangle
- Click on dimension give length as 0.3 units and width as 0.05 units.
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8. Drawn the fifth rectangle command – “REC”

- Specify the corner point as fourth rectangle
- Click on dimension – give length as 0.3 units and width as 1 unit.
- Erase the unwanted line by trim (between rectangle 2 and 3).

RESULT: The footing is drawn as shown

Activity 1
Option 1: Using AutoCAD web App follow the procedure how to draw
footing using AutoCAD command. Screen shot your output and print it
on a bond paper with name, grade and section or send the screenshot
output via messenger to your teacher.

Option 2: Illustrate or draw the footing on a short bond paper by following

the correct procedure.

You are graded according to the rubrics below.

STANDARD CONCRETE FOOTING SIZE & DIMENSIONS

Find out how wide footings need to be to properly support a home's

foundation
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So, how does soil bearing capacity relate to the size of footings? The
footing transmits the load into the soil. The lower the bearing capacity of the
soil, the wider the footing needs to be. If the soil is very strong, the footing
isn't even strictly necessary just the soil under the wall would be enough to
hold the building up.

Footing Size Chart

Here are the minimum widths for concrete or masonry footings (inches)

More footing dimensions:

Footing thickness - 8 to 12 inches
Footing depth - varies based on frost line and soil strength (some footings
can be shallow, while other must be deep)

You can look up the recommended footing size, based on the size and type
of house and the bearing capacity of the soil. As you can see, heavy houses
on weak soil need footings 2 feet wide or more. But the lightest buildings on
the strongest soil require footings as narrow as 7 or 8 inches. Under an 8-inch-
thick wall, that's the same as saying you have no footing. These numbers
come from assumptions about the weights of building materials and the live
and dead loads on roofs and floors. The allowable bearing capacity of the
soil under the footing has to equal the load imposed by the structure.

The Standard Size of the Beams

In a residential building it is 9”x12” or 225 mmx300 mm standard size

according to IS codes. The Minimum RCC beam size should not be less than
9”x9” or 225 mmx 225 mm with the addition of a 125 mm slab thickness.

The Standard Size of the Column

The size of the columns depends on the total load on the columns. The
minimum column size should not less than 9x9. The 9x9 columns are to be
used for single-storey concrete grade M15 (1:2:4) structure (cement: sand:
aggregate).

The Minimum Thickness for a Concrete Slab

Concrete is generally applied with a thickness of 2 inches or more, but the

thicker it is, the stronger the slab will be. Four (150mm) inches is more
common for a slab.
D. Assimilation 1 ½ hours Activity 2
Paglalapat Directions: On a short bond paper, draw your dream house or try to design
your dream house on a Minecraft application and print a copy of your
creation. Use the template below to make your output more presentable.
Your output will be graded/evaluated using the rubrics below.
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IV. LEARNING PHASES Learning Activities
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Activity 3
Are you going to Left or Right?
Directions: Read and analyze the following statements. Draw an arrow left
( ) if the statement is incorrect and an arrow right ( ) if it is correct. Write
your answer on your answer sheet.
____ 1. In this stage, initial design of the building elements (e.g. slabs, beams,
columns, etc.) is performed based on code recommendations.
____ 2. Concrete is generally applied with a thickness of 2 inches or more, but
the thicker it is, the stronger the slab will be.
____ 3. Beams and columns are two important types of structural elements
that play a key role in creating a safe load path
____ 4. In a residential building it is 10”x12” mm standard size according to IS
codes.
____ 5. A roof might transfer loads from a ceiling, floor or roof slab or from a
beam, to the foundations.
____ 6. Early Greeks and Romans designed order of columns carved from a
single block of stone or massive stones stacked together.
____ 7. Though high in compressive strength, concrete must still be embedded
by metal bars.
____ 8. In Iterative design, the structural plans are created.
____ 9. The purpose of footings is to support the foundation and prevent
settling.
____ 10. The 9x9 columns are to be used for single-storey concrete grade M15
(1:2:4) structure (cement: sand: aggregate)
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IV. LEARNING PHASES Learning Activities
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V. ASSESSMENT Quiz:
(Learning Activity Sheets for Independent Assessment 1
Enrichment, Remediation or
Assessment to be given on Weeks
3 and 6) Directions: Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write
your answer on your answer sheet.

1. They are typically made of concrete with rebar reinforcement that is

poured into an excavated trench.
a. footings b. floor beam c. roof beam d. column
2. It is a vertical structural member designed to transfer a compressive load.
a. footings b. floor beam c. roof beam d. column
3. The ____ is assembled and joined together using G.I. Wire.
a. ABC b. XYZ c. RSB d. RGD
4. The Plan consists of 8 horizontal and 8 vertical _____ mm diameter.
a. 14 b. 12 c. 10 d. 8
5. The actual construction on site is handled by _______.
a. masons b. helper c. welder d. carpenter
6. The stirrups are ____mm diameter.
a. 14 b. 12 c. 10 d. 8
7. A load-bearing member that is integral to the strength of the building.
a. footings b. floor beam c. roof beam d. column
8. A steel bar that wraps around the vertical bars in a column.
a. thread b. stirrup c. wrap d. crop
9. This engineer is assigned in designing and planning the size of the column
and footing, the depth of excavation, size and number of RSB to be used,
and the concrete mixture
a. Electrical b. Mechanical c. Chemical d. Civil
10. This is the last stage of a structural design.
a. structural drawing b. skeletal drawing c. drawing d. finishing

Independent Assessment 2
Complete me.
Direction: Complete the data needed in the standard concrete footing size
and dimensions.

Independent Assessment 3
Go and Find me!
Directions: Find and circle the hidden words associated with the topic.
Words may appear in any direction.
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IV. LEARNING PHASES Learning Activities
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Independent Assessment 4
Think, Pick and Write!
Directions: Read and analyze the following questions based on your
understanding about the lesson. Write your answer on the space
provided. (2 points each)

1. What is the role of the Civil Engineer in house building?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

2. What is the importance of columns and footing?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

3. How does columns support the load of the beams, and concrete walls?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________

4. Why do we need to follow the standard size for columns, slab, footing and
more?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

5. Why do we need to hire skilled persons in building our house?

______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

You did an amazing job! To continue, let us summarize what you have learned
from the lesson and activities from this module.
VI. REFLECTION  Write your personal insights about the lesson using the prompts below.
I understand that ___________________.
I realize that ________________________.
I need to learn more about __________.

Prepared by: Alfred Augustine C. Arciaga Checked by: