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Learning Area Technical Drafting AutoCAD Grade Level 10

Quarter 3rd Date APRIL 19 - 23

I. LESSON TITLE Foundation

II. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING Draw on a larger scale details of wall footings, footings, and columns TLE_ICTTD9-
COMPETENCIES (MELCs) 12LC-IIIa-b-1
III. CONTENT/CORE CONTENT Different structures and details
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IV. LEARNING PHASES Learning Activities
Timeframe
A. Introduction 30 mins. Presentation
Panimula Are you familiar with structural terms, have you encounter words that
are related to building construction?

In your notebook, cite 5 structural terms you are familiar and tell what you
know about it.
1. ____________________________________________________________
2. ____________________________________________________________
3. ____________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________

Draft Foundation Plans

This lesson is designed in order that student may recognize the most
appropriate design, proper locations in doing such foundation plans (wall
footing and columns) and to be familiar to the different materials needed in
making a concrete House or Building foundations.
B. Development 1 hr. Technical Terms Encountered in Foundation Plans
Pagpapaunlad
Foundation - is the part of the building below the surface of the ground, which
is sometimes called the substructure. Footing - is an expansion at the lower
end of a wall, pier or column to distribute the load into the ground External
Reference - is a DWG, DWF, DWFx, raster image, DNG, or PDF file incorporated
into a drawing for reference only.

Layer Filters - are settings that screen out, or filter, layers you do not want to
display in the list view pane of the Layer Properties Manager.

Library Path – is the path AutoCAD that searches by default to find an xref file,
including the current folder and locations set in the Options dialog box.

Limit Dimensioning - is a method of dimensioning in which the upper and

lower limits are given, instead of the specified dimension and tolerance.

Limits - are the size of the virtual drawing area in model space. They are largest
and smallest numerical values a feature can have.

Linear Parameter - creates a measurement reference between two points.

Line Conventions - are standards related to line thickness, type, and purpose.

Line Spacing - is the vertical distance from the bottom of one line of text to
the bottom of the next line.

Line type Scale - is the lengths of dashes and spaces in line types.

Truss - is the framework, typically consisting of rafters, posts, and struts,

supporting a roof, bridge, or other structure.

Mono Truss - is a truss has only one slope as opposed two (half of a common
truss).
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Hip Truss - is a truss erected to sustain the angle-rafters of a hip-roof.

Beam - is a long, sturdy piece of squared timber or metal spanning an

opening or part of a building, usually to support the roof or floor above.

Joist - is a length of timber or steel supporting part of the structure of a

building, typically arranged in parallel series to support a floor or ceiling.

Lateral Bracing - refers to any piece (wood or metal) on a bridge that help
keep the top chord from bending horizontally.

Schedule Bracing - is a structural member, such as a beam or prop, used to

reinforced a framework, such a supporting beam in a building.

Design of Foundation

The design of a foundation is solely based on site investigation. It is the result

of determining the soil surface and the condition of the soil. The topography
of the surface has to be considered prior to construction, as this might affect
the construction investigation. A site with a uniform condition is less likely to
require extensive investigation as a site for big projects. Drilling is the most
suitable way of determining soil condition. Sample of soil extracted from the
site is examined as to its consistency and relative density. The area bored or
drilled is called test pits. There are varied kinds of boring methods and
equipment as there are varied methods of soil testing. The National Building
Code requires a sole bearing capacity of the soil at 2ft. per ton or less than
twice the maximum bearing capacity desired for use. To transmit the building
load to the soil is the purpose of a foundation, without overloading or over
stressing the soil. A structural foundation performs properly if the soil also
behaves properly. For the building to last, its foundation should be designed
for the worst times.

Laying-Out and Staking

The process of establishing the point of building outline or perimeter on the

ground is known to be laying and staking. Prior to construction this process is
done which includes demolition, clearing and establishing building
measurement on the ground. Before a foundation for a construction begins,
the perimeter of the house or building should be laid out on the ground.
Please refer to the given illustrations below.
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The materials and tools used in laying out are the following:
1. Stake – are wooden sticks or post driven to the ground.
2. Batter Boards – are wood stick nailed horizontally to the stake.
3. Level transit - is for establishing reference point.
4. Plastic water hose - which is transparent and ¼”Ø filled with water to
establish level of horizontal lines.
5. String or chord - for connecting established point.

Excavation and Backfilling

Excavation work in construction of residences is of two categories namely,
the shallow excavation and the deep excavation.
1. Shallow excavation - includes wall footing, and column footings,
whether they are independent, or combined wherein digging of the soil
extends to 1.50 meters

2. Deep excavation - is for large building projects as this requires almost

total extraction of the soil at the site. This requires sheeting and shoring
of the ground to project adjoining properties. The process is defined as
providing temporary support to the structure or ground during
excavation.
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Backfilling on the one hand is the filling in of the excavated portion after
the foundation has been laid out.

The design of a foundation always includes the following:

1. The dead load plus the live load
2. Load effects of wind, head, water, earthquakes
3. Explosive blasts

As in excavation, a foundation is also categorized as shallow foundation

which includes matt and spread footing, and deep foundation which also
includes piles, piers and caissons.

The earth provides ultimate support of the structure against all elements of
nature. Automatically, the soil where the building stands is a material of
construction. But physically, the soil is weaker than any other material of
construction like steel, concrete and wood. Loads carried by steel, concrete,
and wood is transmitted to the ground, hence there is a foundation to
transmit that collective load to the soil in such a manner as the soil will not
be over stressed to cause serious deformation. The performance of a
structural foundation is dependent on soil behavior. Where soil foundation
provides lifetime support for a building all forces that act over time shall be
considered and that foundation is designed for worst conditions that may
develop.

There are instances wherein foundation may settle or move.

The movement of the foundation may be due to the following causes. Refer
to the sample pictures below.

1. Soil bearing capacity failure

2. Failure or deflection of the foundation structure

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3. Shear distortion of the soil

4. Compression of the soil

There are other factors that contribute to the settlement of the foundation
but these are indirectly related to the superstructure load imposed on the
soil.

C. Engagement 1 ½ hours Foundation Foundations are important components in the construction of a

Pakikipagpalihan building. It is the foundation that carries the load of the building.

Types of foundations:
1. Spread Foundation - includes all those types where the load is distributed
into the soil by slender vertical members of timber, concrete or steel called
piles.
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2. Pier Foundation - is one where the load is distributed into the soil by slender
vertical members of timber, concrete, or steel called piles. It is in this
foundation where concrete piers are carried down through the soil of
inadequate bearing power until a satisfactory foundation bed is reached.

3. Slab Foundation - is a solid slab of concrete poured directly on the ground

with footings placed where extra support is needed.

4. T- Foundation - consists of a footing upon which is placed a concrete wall

or a concrete block wall forming an inverted T and foundation is popular in
structures with basement.

5. Mat Foundation - assembles a mat in that the foundation is spread over the
entire area of the building floor.

Foundation Members
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The structural members of the foundation vary according to the design
and size of the foundation

1. Footing – is a portion of the foundation of a structure which directly

distributes the weight of a building over large area. Concrete is commonly
used for footings because it can be poured to maintain a firm contact with
the supporting soil.

2. Foundation walls - the function of the foundation wall is to support the load
of the building above the ground line and to transmit the weight of the house
to the footing.

3. Piers and Columns Piers and columns - are vertical members usually made
of concrete, brick, steel or wood. They are used to support the floor systems
and can be used as sole support of the structure. Footings and columns carry
the load of the building resting on the foundation.

Kinds of Footings
1. Wall footing - is a footing which supports a wall by extending along the
entire length of the wall.

2. Isolated footing - is one which supports a single column, post, pier or other
concentrated load.
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3. Combined footing - is one which supports two column loads or sometimes
three column loads not in a row.

4. Cantilever footing - is one which supports two column loads and consists of
two footings connected together by a beam often called a strap.

5. Continuous footing - is one which supports a row of three or more columns.

6. Raft or mat footing - is one which extends under the entire building area
and supports all the wall and column loads from the building.

7. Trapezoidal footingIt is a trapezoid shape Footing

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IV. LEARNING PHASES Learning Activities
Timeframe

Activity 1 Independent
Directions: Identify the kinds of footing below. Write your answer on the blank

D. Assimilation 1 ½ hours Activity 2

Paglalapat Redraw the detail section of a column footing in a long Bond paper with a 2
cm borderline with a title block below.
Rubric:
Indicators:
Accurate measurements
Legible construction
Clean and Neat work
Time of Submission
5 – Impressively meet indicators
4 – Meet the indicator
3 – Slightly Meet the indicator
2 – Does not meet the indicator
1 – Did not have the Indicator
0 – No evidence
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DETAILED SECTION OF A COLUMN FOOTING

V. ASSESSMENT Quiz:
(Learning Activity Sheets for Independent Assessment 1
Enrichment, Remediation or
Assessment to be given on Weeks
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on the
3 and 6) space provided for each number.

_______1. It distributes the weight of a building over large area.

a. footing b. lintel c. pier d. walls
_______2. Which of the following supports a wall by extending along the
entire length of the wall?
a. cantilever footing c. combined footing
b. isolated footing d. wall footing
_______3. Which of the following supports two column loads or sometimes
three column loads not in a row?
a. cantilever footing c. combined footing
b. isolated footing d. wall footing
_______4. Which of the following supports a row of three or more columns?
a. cantilever footing c. combined footing
b. continuous footing d. wall footing
_______5. These are wooden sticks or post driven to the ground.
a. batter board b. level c. stake d. string
_______6. Which supports a wall by extending along the entire length of the
wall?
a. cantilever footing c. combined footing
b. isolated footing d. wall footing
_______7. This is the part of the building below the surface of the ground
which is sometimes called the substructure
a. foundation b. footing c. slab d. roofing
_______8. What do you call a long, sturdy piece of squared timber or metal
spanning an opening or part of a building, usually to support the
roof or floor above?
a. Lateral bracing b. schedule bracing c. beam d. joist
_______9. It is used for establishing reference point.
a. batter board b. level c. stake d. string
______10. This refers to any piece (wood or metal) on a bridge that help
keep the top chord from bending horizontally.
a. lateral bracing b. schedule bracing c. beam d. joist
______11. Which includes wall footing, and column footings, whether they
are independent, or combined wherein digging of the soil
extends to 1.50 meters?
a. Staking b. layout c. deep excavation d. shallow excavation
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IV. LEARNING PHASES Learning Activities
Timeframe
______12. This is for large building projects as this requires almost total
extraction of the soil at the site.
a. Staking b. layout c. deep excavation d. shallow excavation
______13. This is transparent and it measures ¼”Ø filled with water to establish
level of horizontal lines.
a. level b. plastic water hose c. stake d. string
______14. Which supports two column loads and consists of two footings
connected together by a beam often called a strap?
a. cantilever footing c. isolated footing
b. combined footing d. wall footing
______15. This is used for connecting established point.
a. batter board b. level c. stake d. string

Independent Assessment 2
Direction: Enumerate what is being asked in each item. Write your answer on
the space provided
A. Types of Foundation
_______________
_______________
______________
_______________
_______________

B. Two Categories of Excavation

_______________
_______________

C. Materials and Tools Used in Laying Out

_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________

VI. REFLECTION  Write your personal insights about the lesson using the prompts below.
I understand that ___________________.
I realize that ________________________.
I need to learn more about __________.

Prepared by: Alfred Augustine C. Arciaga Checked by: