Abolition & Native American Rights

David Walker
● Black abolitionist who urged slaves to kill masters
● Abolition
● Wrote Appeal to Colored Citizens of World: called for Black unity & self-help against
oppression; urged slaves to kill their masters or be killed
○ sparked intense debates and fear among slaveholders
● Contributed a lot to the Freedom’s Journal, an African American operated newspaper
published in the US

Frederick Douglass
● Abolitionist who wrote autobiography
● Abolition
● Wrote Narrative of Life of Frederick Douglass & N Star

Lydia Maria Child

● Children’s book writer who wanted Native & African American rights
● Abolition, feminism, Native American rights, opposed American expansion
● Thanksgiving Poem “Over the River and Through the Wood”
● Wrote essays, novels, children’s books

Wendell Philips
● White Harvard lawyer abolitionist
● Native American rights, abolition
● Worked for equal rights between Native Americans & African Americans, citizenship for
Native Americans
● President of American Anti-Slavery Society
● Wrote essay “No union for slaveholders,” accusing slavery as unconstitutional
● Boycotted goods such as cotton, sugar cane, etc to call for end to slavery
● Helped organized the first national woman’s rights convention

Arthur & Lewis Tappan

● Abolitionist brothers
● Abolition, anti-suffrage, education, temperance, prison reform
● Worked with William Lloyd Garrison to co-found American Anti-Slavery Society → left to
form one without women
○ Established influential anti-slavery newspapers like The Emancipator (official
newspaper of Society)
● Gave $ to underground railroad
● Key role in freeing slaves who overtook Amistad

Transcendentalism
Henry David Thoreau
● Writer of Walden & Civil Disobedience
● Abolition, transcendentalism, Utopia
● Wrote Walden & Civil Disobedience: inspired MLK, Gandhi, Chavez
● Attacked Fugitive Slave Law & defended John Brown (abolitionist)
● Environmentalist

Ralph Waldo Emerson

● Writer of Nature & Self Reliance
● Abolition, transcendentalism, Utopia
● Led Transcendentalist Movement
● Wrote Nature & Self Reliance: challenged conventional thinking
● Gave 1st public anti-slavery speech after Elijah Lovejoy was killed
George Ripley
● Transcendentalist community founder
● Transcendentalism, Utopian community
● Founded Brook Farm: shared intellectual pursuits
● Established Harbinger magazine that promoted principles of Brook Farm

Margaret Fuller
● Female, feminist Transcendentalist writer
● Feminism, transcendentalism
● Wrote essays Women in 19th Century & Great Lawsuit: Man vs Man, Woman vs Women
● Editorial of “The Dial”
● Conversations at the Peabody Sisters’ Salon

Feminism
Sarah & Angela Grimke
● Southern sisters who hated slavery
● Feminism, abolition
● Angela married Theodore Weld, wrote letter to Liberator about women’s work in abolition
● Sarah wrote booklets Letters on Equality of Sexes & Condition of Women + Appeal to
Christian Women of South
○ Led group of women in Boston to vote in a local election, challenging law
● 1st women to speak in front of state legislature as representatives of American Anti-Slavery
Society
● Published booklets “Appeal to Christian Women of South”
● Weld & Grimke sisters wrote American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of Thousand Witnesses

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

● NY suffragist & drafted Declaration of sentiments
● Feminism
● Drafted Women’s Bible & Declaration of Rights & Sentiments (modeled on Declaration of
Independence)
● Organized Seneca Falls Convention
● President of National Woman Suffrage Association
● Helped NY pass bill of married women’s property rights
● Speech → married NY women get wages, equal guardianship of children
● Presented draft of suffrage amendment until accepted in 1920

Susan B. Anthony
● Feminism, temperance, abolition
● Co-founded 1st women’s temperance movement with EC Stanton
● Founded National Women’s Suffrage Association with EC Stanton

Lucretia Mott
● Abolitionist with husband, Seneca Falls Convention
● Feminism, abolition
● Signed Declaration of Rights & Sentiments
● Co-organized Seneca Falls Convention
● Contributed to founding Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society
● Delegate of World Anti-Slavery Convention
● with husband, opened home to fugitives from underground railroad & Opposed Fugitive
Slave Act

Lucy Stone
● Feminist with college degree
 ● Feminism
● 1st MA woman to earn college degree
● Secured property rights for married women in MA through Married Women’s Property Act

2nd Great Awakening

Charles Finney
● Started 2nd Great Awakening
● Temperance, 2nd Great Awakening
● New Measures: passionate preaching, emotional appeal, directly addressed alcohol & slavery
● → Mass conversions, establishment of many new churches
● Shaped American evangelicalism

Brigham Young
● Mormon
● Mormonism
● Led the migration of Mormons to Utah, established Salt Lake City & other communities
● Built foundation of Mormon church in W

John Humphreys Noyes

● Religious founder of polygamy community
● Utopian community
● Led Perfectionist religious movement
● Influenced by Charles Grandison Finney
● Founded Oneida Community: complex marriage, controlled reproduction & selective
breeding for “moral” children

Mother Ann Lee

● Shaker founder
● Utopian community
● Established 1st Shaker community & led Shaker movement: celibacy, gender equality,
persecuted in UK

Education & Institution Reform

Sylvester Graham
● Graham Crackers nutritionist
● Temperance, health reform
● researched importance of diet rich in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables → would improve
overall health & prevent illness
● Invented Graham crackers (advocated for shift from processed foods)

Catherine Beecher
● Female children’s educator who hated suffrage
● Education
● Worked to incorporate kindergarten & PE into children’s education
● Campaigned for more schools & teachers in W
● Anti-suffragist: believed women should be educators & mothers
● Started Hartford Female Seminary, W Female Institute

Dorothea Dix
● Mental health nurse
● Prison, institution reform
● Called for asylum & rehabilitation for the mentally ill
● Raised awareness for understanding mental health

Horace Mann
 ● Father of American education & public schools
● Education
● Brother in law of Nathanial Hawthorne
● Created teacher training schools
● Adopted German education system: longer school years, kids must attend until 16, higher
teacher pay, wider curriculum
● Started 1st public school system in MA

Neal S. Dow
● Banned alcohol
● Temperance
● Advocated for legal measures to restrict or prohibit alcohol
● Passed Main Law: banned alcohol sale and manufacture

William McGuffey
● Textbook writer
● Education
● Wrote McGuffey Reader: 1st TB in US → standardized English in US, shaped educational
philosophy

​ David Walker
● Role: Black abolitionist
● Actions: Wrote "Appeal to Colored Citizens of the World"
● Impact: Sparked debates among slaveholders; contributed to Freedom’s
Journal
​ Frederick Douglass
● Role: Abolitionist, autobiographer
● Works: "Narrative of Life of Frederick Douglass", "North Star"
​ Lydia Maria Child
● Role: Children’s book writer, rights advocate
● Focus: Abolition, feminism, Native American rights
● Works: "Over the River and Through the Wood", essays, novels, children’s
books
​ Wendell Phillips
● Role: White Harvard lawyer, abolitionist
● Focus: Native American rights, abolition
● Actions: President of American Anti-Slavery Society, boycotted
slave-produced goods, women’s rights convention organizer
​ Arthur & Lewis Tappan
● Role: Abolitionist brothers
● Focus: Abolition, education, reform
 ● Actions: Co-founded American Anti-Slavery Society, established "The
Emancipator", supported underground railroad
​ William Lloyd Garrison
● Role: Founder of American Anti-Slavery Society
● Focus: Abolition
● Works: "The Liberator" newspaper
​ Henry David Thoreau
● Role: Writer, transcendentalist
● Works: "Walden", "Civil Disobedience"
● Impact: Inspired leaders like MLK, Gandhi, Chavez
​ Ralph Waldo Emerson
● Role: Writer, transcendentalist leader
● Works: "Nature", "Self Reliance"
● Actions: Anti-slavery speeches, challenged conventional thinking
​ George Ripley
● Role: Transcendentalist, community founder
● Actions: Founded Brook Farm, established "Harbinger" magazine
​ Margaret Fuller
● Role: Feminist transcendentalist writer
● Works: "Women in the 19th Century", "The Great Lawsuit"
​ Sarah & Angela Grimke
● Role: Southern sisters, activists
● Focus: Feminism, abolition
● Actions: Published "American Slavery As It Is", challenged voting laws
​ Elizabeth Cady Stanton
● Role: NY suffragist
● Focus: Feminism
● Works: "Women’s Bible", "Declaration of Rights and Sentiments", Seneca
Falls Convention
​ Susan B. Anthony
● Role: Feminist leader
● Focus: Feminism, temperance, abolition
● Actions: Co-founded National Women’s Suffrage Association
​ Lucretia Mott
● Role: Abolitionist, feminist
● Actions: Co-organized Seneca Falls Convention, signed Declaration of Rights
& Sentiments
​ Lucy Stone
● Role: Feminist with college degree
● Actions: Advocated for property rights for married women in MA
​ Charles Finney
● Role: Leader of the 2nd Great Awakening
● Focus: Temperance, religious revival
● Actions: Introduced new measures in preaching, advocated against alcohol
and slavery
​ Brigham Young
● Role: Mormon leader
● Actions: Led migration to Utah, established Salt Lake City
​ John Humphrey Noyes
● Role: Founder of polygamy community
● Actions: Founded Oneida Community
​ Mother Ann Lee
● Role: Shaker founder
● Actions: Established first Shaker community
​ Sylvester Graham
● Role: Nutritionist, inventor of Graham Crackers
● Focus: Health reform
● Actions: Advocated for diet rich in whole grains
​ Catherine Beecher
● Role: Educator, anti-suffragist
● Focus: Education
● Actions: Started Hartford Female Seminary
​ Dorothea Dix
● Role: Mental health nurse
● Focus: Prison and institution reform
● Actions: Advocated for asylums and rehabilitation for mentally ill
​ Horace Mann
● Role: Education reformer
● Focus: Public education
● Actions: Created teacher training schools, standardized education in MA
​ Neal S. Dow
● Role: Temperance advocate
● Actions: Passed Maine Law banning alcohol sale and manufacture
​ William McGuffey
● Role: Textbook writer
● Works: McGuffey Reader, standardized American English education