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Context
- To understand what we are reading
better
- Understanding the background of
the text, what is the environment
from which the text was made, who’s
the author, when was it written, why
was it written that time, for whom
was the text
Simple the background of the text:
● Social background
● Cultural background
● Political background
● Historical background
- Covering deeper meaning of the text
Identify These Things About the Text:
● The time or period the text was
written
- It may be affected by the
dominant trends during that
time
- Ex. Noli Me Tangere, research
about the spanish period of
the Philippines
● What are the circumstances
produced in that text
- Ex. Noli Me tangere -
experiences of Jose Rizal
● Issues the text tackles or deals with
- Ex. Noli me Tangere - unjust
rulings of the Spaniards
Intertext
- The shaping of a text’s meaning by
another text.
- Any text is constructed of a mosaic
of quotations.
- The prefix “inter” meaning
“between”, intertext simply means
between text
- Julia Kristeva (1960s) - there are
relationships between many kinds
of texts . There is actually no unique
or original text (some texts are
influenced by other texts).
- Derived from the Latin word
“intertexto”, meaning to intermingle
while weaving.
- A literary device that creates an
interrelationship between texts and
creates a mutual understanding in
separate works
- Uses the text as a reference
- Retelling of an old story in a modern
context
- Intertextuality is the development of
a text’s meaning through another
text.
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- It shows the connections between
languages, images, characters,
themes, or subjects/topics. This
gives us an idea that texts are
interconnected, interrelated, or
linked with a previous thought or a
current one.
- Simply the connectedness of texts
- Examples.
3 Types of Intertextuality:
1. Appropriation
- Adaptation (old becomes
new)
- Borrowing from another text
- Reinterpretation
- Reimagining an existing text
and making it new
2. Allusion
- An expression that calls
attention to something
without explicitly
mentioning it.
- Often called a “passing
reference”
- Reference to another text
- It can also be a reference to a
person, place, or event
- The audience/reader has to
make the connection
4 Types of Allusion:
1. Literary
2. Cultural
3. Biblical
4. Historical
3. Parody
- May copy the setting, plot,
characters, or other parts of
the original work.
- A funny imitation of a
serious piece of literature,
writing, art, or music
- “Pokes fun” at something to
entertain the
audience/reader
4. Pastiche
- Borrows elements from one
or more works and
reconfigures them to create
something new.
- A reworking of an original
work but not humorous as
parody.
- A respectful type of parody
that gives credit to the
original and is not plagiarism
5. Obligatory Textuality
- When a writer deliberately
involves a involves a
comparison or deliberation
between two or more texts
- Without
6. Optional Intertextuality
- Less vital impact since it is
only optional
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- It is possible but not text. Make associations or

essential maps to your existing
- The connection will slightly knowledge.
shift the understanding of 2. Integration
the text - The better knowledge is
7. Accidental Intertextuality applied to a present text.
- When readers often connect 3. Evaluation
a text with another text’s - Consists of your personal
cultural practice or personal judgments, values,
experience without meeting conclusions, and
any tangible anchor point generalizations in comparing
within the original text past and present texts
- The writer has no intention
of making an intertextual
reference
Linear vs Non-Linear Text
Linear text
Frank Angelo’s Types of Intertext:
- Traditional text that needs to be
1. Adaptation
read from the beginning to the end
- Recasting into a new form
- The reader makes sense of the text
2. Retro
according to the grammatical and
- Recycling or refashioning old
syntactic arrangement of the words
rhetorical forms and
- Has an order or sequence (author
adapting to new uses.
decides)
3. Appropriation
- Ex. texts printed on paper, novels,
- Borrowing or stealing others'
poems
meaning into one’s own end.
- Common in modern art
Non-linear text
4. Parody
- The readers do not have to go
5. Pastiche
through the text in a sequential
manner in order to make sense of
3 Strategies to Apply Intertextuality:
the text.
1. Association
- Some past texts are
associated with a present
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- Ex. flow charts, knowledge maps, - From the prefix “hyper” meaning
digital texts with hyperlinks, and “beyond” or “above”, hypertext
encyclopedias means beyond the text
- Going beyond or outside the text we
are reading
- Hypertext is a non-linear way of
Hypertext
showing information (used in
- Nelson (1987) described hypertext
technology assisted reading devices
as a series of chunks connected by
like phones and computers)
links that offer readers different
- Connects other topics like related
pathways. It is non-linear or
information, graphics, videos, or
multi-linear, non-sequential, nodal,.
sounds to the text.
And allows for the reader’s
- Uses hyperlinks or clickable words
navigation control.
or items in the text so readers can
- Ted Nelson coined the words
easily access more information
“hypertext” and “hypermedia” in
about the topic.
1965 and worked with Andires Van
- We use hypertext everytime we are
Dam to develop the hypertext
on the phone, browsing on websites,
editing system in 1968.
or in social media

- Hypertext - text only

- Hypermedia - not just a text but
Advantages of Hypertext:
also images, sounds, animations, or
1. Multiple paths of inquiry
videos
2. Individualized learning
- Multimedia - linking images, videos,
opportunities
sounds, and texts
3. Reader learner control
4. Supports the connection of ideas
- Why Hypertext? - because in
5. Some text is suited to hypertext
general, humans learn better
6. Creating new references
associatively. Presents a new way to
7. Critical thinking
read on
8. Ease of navigation
- More flexible and personalized
9. Asynchronous communication

Disadvantages of Hypertext:
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1. Paper-based information is more

comfortable to read
2. computer/gadget is required
3. Readers disorientation
4. Cognitive overhead
5. Causes eye strain
6. Too much control