Understand the Causes of percent of the brain's weight, and
Development Stress has four lobes. 2. Analyze your Stress Factors 4 LOBES: MODULE 5: Coping with Stress in and Write Them Down 1. PARIETAL LOBE Middle and Late Adolescence 3. Deal with the Stressors -helps understand what people see STRESS 4. Learn to Work under Pressure and feel emotional factor that causes or Unusual Conditions 2. FRONTAL LOBE bodily or mental tension is the Some tips to relax when under -determines personality and feeling one gets from pressure are the following: emotion prolonged, pent-up emotions Stop for a moment (especially 3. OCCIPITAL LOBE Causes and Effects of Stress: when you feel your muscles -vision functions Anxiety tightening up) and take a few 4. TEMPORAL LOBE Pressure deep breaths. -hearing and word recognition Misery Do a relaxing exercise. Swing abilities Strain your hands at your sides and NEURONS stretch. -basic functional unit of the Desperation Take a “power nap.” Lie down nervous system Tension and totally relax for a few DENDRITE-entrance Anger minutes. AXON-exit Panic Find time to do the things you Dejection Drug damage enjoy. Leave your study area for a Inhalants 1. Everyday frustrations cause - such as glue, paint, gasoline and while to take a brisk walk. stress build-up aerosols, destroy the outer lining of Find a quiet place to read a Emotional turmoil nerve cells and make them unable magazine or novel during unable to get needed rest to communicate with one another break or at lunch. If possible, look at some Marijuana 2. Problems in our personal life can -use hinders memory, learning, peaceful images such as be devastating judgment and reaction times, while forests, beaches, etc. These 3. A common cause of stress is Steroids images can initiate a relaxation dealing with life’s transitions -cause aggression and violent response. Look up. mood swings. STRESS RESPONSE Ecstasy Keep something humorous on is the collection of - rising among young people hand, such as a book of jokes. physiological changes that -scientists have found that drug occur when you face a destroys neurons that make MODULE 6: The Powers of the perceived threat serotonin, a chemical crucial in Mind the emotional or physical controlling sleep, violence, mood Brain symptoms of uncontrolled swings and sexual urges. wrinkled, pinkish-gray, three- stress. pound organ that is primarily Stressors THE DOMINANT SIDE OF composed of fat and water situations where you feel the THE BRAIN control system of the body demands outweigh your LEFT DOMINANCE sends electrical signals telling resources to successfully cope. Classical music you how to move the factors of which create the Being on time Three major parts: stress in your life. Careful planning 1. Brain Stem When your stress response is To consider alternative -connects the spinal cord and the triggered, a series of changes occur Being thoughtful brain. within your body. They include: Monopoly, scrabble, or -involuntary actions Redirection of blood away -controls functions that keep chess from extremities and instead to major people alive such as breathing, organs heart rate, blood pressure and food RIGHT DOMINANCE The release of cortisol and digestion. Popular music other hormones, which bring other 2. Cerebellum A good times short- and long-term changes. -controls voluntary movement. To visualize the outcome The stress response is 3. Cerebrum To go with the first idea intended to give you a burst of energy -responsible for thoughts and Being active so you’re able to fight off attackers or feelings Athletics, art, or music run away from them effectively. -is the largest of the three brain Mind mapping is a powerful KEEP STRESS UNDER sections, accounts for about 85 thinking tool. CONTROL: MODULE 7: Mental Health and attractive and whether others like your These people might include: Well-Being in Middle and Late looks friends Adolescence parents and other family members Mental health What Influences a Person's Self- someone who seems “like a the way your thoughts, Esteem? parent” to you feelings, and behaviors affect other adults whose advice you your life. 1. Puberty and Development 2. Media Images and Other would value—perhaps a favorite Good mental health leads to positive teacher or coach, a member of your self-image and in-turn, satisfying Outside Influences 3. Families and School church or other place of worship, relationships with friends and others. or a good friend’s parent. Having good mental health helps you Second Step, Take Action The make good decisions and deal with Common Eating Disorders more you know, the easier it is life’s challenges. 1. Anorexia It is not uncommon for teenagers to -have a real fear of weight gain and a distorted view of their Nothing is worse than nothing develop problems with their mental health. Problems can range from mild body size and shape. It’s All in the Attitude to severe, and can include depression, 2. Bulimia -is similar to anorexia. Here are some important anxiety, body esteem issues, and reminders: suicide, among others. -With bulimia, people might Mental health is as important as Strategies for Becoming a Critical binge eat (eat to excess) and then try to compensate in physical health. In fact, the two are Viewer of the Media closely linked. • All media images and messages are extreme ways, such as making Mental health problems are real, constructions. They are NOT themselves throw up or and they deserve to be treated. reflections of reality. Advertisements exercising all the time, to It’s not a person’s fault if he and other media messages have been prevent weight gain or she has a mental health carefully crafted with the intent to send Here are some strategies for problem. No one is to blame. a very specific message. supporting someone with mental Mental health problems are not a • Advertisements are created to do one health concerns: sign of weakness. They are not thing: convince you to buy or support a Encourage the person to seek something you can “just snap out specific product or service. • To help and support from an adult. of” even if you try. convince you to buy a specific product Spend time with the person, Whether you’re male or female, or service, advertisers will often listen to his/her concerns. it’s ok to ask for help and get it. construct an emotional experience that Be hopeful; help them feel like There’s hope. People improve looks like reality. Remember that you their life will get better. and recover with the help of are only seeing what the advertisers Stand by them. Invite your treatment, and they are able to want you to see. friend to things that you are enjoy happier and healthier lives. • Advertisers create their message doing; keeping busy and Healthy eating nourishes the based on what they think you will want staying in touch with friends body, including the brain, and to see and what they think will affect will help your friend feel supports mental health through: you and compel you to buy their better, when they are ready. Improved overall health product. Just because they think their Learn as much as you can and vitality approach will work with people like about mental illness so that Increased ability to concentrate you doesn’t mean it has to work with you understand what is going Reduced irritability and you as an individual. • As individuals, on for them. mood swings we decide how to experience the media If you are a close friend or Lowered risk of mental illness messages we encounter. We can choose family member of someone Physical Activity and Mental to use a filter that helps us understand with a mental health problem, Health: Physical activity can what the advertiser wants us to think or make sure that you get help as make you feel good physically and believe and then choose whether we well. Talk to someone about build confidence. want to think or believe that message. what is happening. This will -contribute to improved mood and We can choose a filter that protects our help you be a better support increased self-esteem, self- self-esteem and body image. person. confidence and sense of control Put the person’s life before Make you feel better physically Self-esteem your friendship. If the person and feel better about yourself. mentions thoughts of suicide, -is all about how much you feel you are Improve your mood. don’t keep it secret, even if the worth — and how much you feel other Improve self-esteem person has asked you to. people value you Reduce physical reactions to HELP HOW-TO’S stress. First Step: Reach Out To People Body image Help you sleep better. You Trust Give you more energy. -is how you view your physical self — Think of all the people you can including whether you feel you are turn to for support. Increases body temperature, thus may do academically. IQ is just one weakly that they will not be relaxing muscle tension. measure of our abilities, though. addressed. Releases feel-good chemicals Emotional intelligence -is the ability Aggressive response: -is that improve mood. to understand, use, and manage our asking for what you want or Offers a “time-out” from worries emotions. Emotional intelligence is saying how you feel in a and depressing thoughts. sometimes called EQ (or EI) for short. threatening, sarcastic or Increases self-confidence, feeling 1. Improving Your EQ humiliating way that may of competence and a sense of Emotional intelligence -is a offend the other person(s). mastery. combination of several Assertive response: means Provides a sense of belonging different skills: asking for what you want or and mutual support when 2.Being Aware of Your Emotions saying how you feel in an participating with others. -simply noticing them as we honest and respectful way that feel them — helps us manage does not infringe on another Sleep and Mental Health Most our own emotions. person's rights or put the teens need 9-11 hours of sleep 3. Understanding How individual down. every night. Problems from not Others Feel and Why -being being fully rested include: able to imagine how other Irritability people might feel in certain Difficulty concentrating and situations. learning Empathy -Being able to imagine what Don’t move information from emotions a person is likely to be short-term to long-term memory as feeling (even when you don't actually well know) Falling asleep in class 4. Managing Emotional Mood swings and behavior Reactions -means problems knowing when, where, and how to express yourself. More accident prone When you understand your More prone to depression emotions and know how to Suggestions for getting a good manage them, you can use night sleep: self-control to hold a Stay away from stimulants like reaction if now is not the caffeine in the evening, including right time or place to chocolate, colas, and other express it. caffeinated beverages. These delay 5. Choosing Your Mood Bipolar Disorder sleep and increase night waking. Part of managing emotions Do not go to bed hungry, have a is choosing our moods. Bipolar Disorder light snack. Moods are emotional states Characteristics of a Manic Turn off any TV’s, computes, or that last a bit. We have the Episode cellphones, or just do not have power to decide what A distinct period of abnormally electronics in the bedroom. mood is right for a and persistently elevated, Disengage from any stimulating situation, and then to get expansive or irritable mood activities like exercise, computer into that mood. Choosing During the period of mood games or talking on the phone for the right mood can help disturbance, at least three of at least 30 minutes prior to someone get motivated, the following symptoms have bedtime. Reading is much more concentrate on a task, or persisted (four if the mood is relaxing and may help you fall try again instead of giving only irritable) and have been asleep. up. persistent to a significant Taking a warm bath or shower 6. EQ: Under Construction degree helps prepare the body for sleep. - is something that – Inflated self esteem or If you are not feeling rested and develops as we get older. If grandiosity functioning at your best most days, it didn't, all adults would – Decreased need for talk to your parents. You may need act like little kids, sleep to speak to a doctor if you are expressing their emotions – More talkative than having problems sleeping in spite physically through usual or pressure to of trying the above tips. stomping, crying, hitting, keep talking Try a cup of hot milk. yelling, and losing control! – Flight of ideas or subjective experience MODULE 8: Emotional TYPES OF RESPONSES that thoughts are Intelligence Passive response: means not racing IQ -stands for "intellectual quotient." It expressing your own needs and – Characteristics (Cont.) can help predict how well someone feelings, or expressing them so – Distractability, i.e. – Usually late Variable - most cover attention too easily adolescence or early fully drawn to unimportant adulthood. However Mean number of or irrelevant external some after age 50. lifetime episodes 8-9 stimuli Late onset is more Cyclothymic Disorder – Increase in goal- commonly Type II. Characteristics directed activity or Genetics For at least two years (one for psychomotor agitation Greater risk in first degree children and adolescents) – Excessive involvement relatives presence of numerous in pleasurable (4-14 times risk) Hypomanic Episodes and activities which have a Concordance in monozygotic numerous periods with high potential for twins >85% depressed mood or loss of painful consequences, Concordance in dizygotic interest or pleasure that did not e.g. unrestrained twins – 20% meet criterion A of a Major buying sprees, sexual Secondary Causes of Mania Depressive Episode indiscretions, or Toxins During a two year period (one foolish business Drugs of Abuse year in children and investments – Stimulants adolescents) of the disturbance, Characteristics (Cont.) (amphetamines, never without hypomanic or Mood disturbance sufficiently cocaine) depressive symptoms for more severe to cause marked – Hallucinogens (LCD, than a two month time impairment in occupational PCP) Characteristics (Cont.) functioning or in usual social Prescription Medications No clear evidence of a Major activities or relations with – Common: Depressive Disorder, or Manic others, or to necessitate antidepressants, L- Episode during the first two hospitalization to prevent harm dopa, corticosteroids years of the disturbance (or one to self or others Neurologic year for children and At no time during the disturbance Nondominant frontal CVA adolescents) have there been delusions or Nondominant frontal tumors Not superimposed on a chronic hallucinations for as long as two Huntington’s Disease psychotic disorder, such as weeks in the Multiple Sclerosis schizophrenia or Delusional absence of prominent mood Secondary Causes of Mania Disorder symptoms (Cont.) Not due to the direct Not superimposed on Infectious physiologic affects of a schizophrenia, Neurosyphilis substance or a general medical schizophreniform disorder, or HIV condition delusional disorder or Endocrine Epidemiology psychotic disorder NOS Hyperthyroidism Lifetime prevalence 0.4 – 1.0 The disturbance is not due to Cushing’s Disease % the physiologic effects of a same for males and females substance or general medical Treatment Age of onset disorder Education and Support – Usually in adolescence Presentations of Bipolar Medication or early adulthood Disorder Acute mania Genetics Manic Lithium, – Major Depression and Depressed Carbamazepine, Valproate, Bipolar Disorder more Mixed Lamotrigine, antipsychotics, common in first degree Types benzodiazepines relatives Type I - manic/mixed episode Cyclothymic Disorder +/- major depressive episode Long Term Mood Secondary causes of Type II - hypomanic episode + Stabilization cyclothymic disorder major depressive episode Lithium, Bipolar Disorder Epidemiology Carbamazepine, Valproate, Mood disorders due to a Lifetime prevalence Lamotrigine, possibly atypical general medical condition Type I - 0.7 - 0.8% antipsychotics Treatment Type II - 0.4 - 0.5% Course Initiation of biologic treatment – Equal in males and Acute Episode is dependent on the degree of females Manic - 5 weeks impairment – Increased prevalence Depressed - 9 weeks If treatment is indicated, it is in upper Mixed - 14 weeks similar to that of Bipolar socioeconomic classes Long Term Disorder Age of Onset Schizophrenia * Examples Causes… Human Behavior hearing voices feeling bugs crawl Scientists do not know all the Common Misconception… on skin seeing objects or faces causes… People who have schizophrenia do smelling things 1. Genetics – “runs in the not have multiple personalities or a Symptoms cont. family” Causes… split personality 3. Psychosis 2. Prenatal Damage They are split from reality – cannot * lack of touch with reality * Malnutrition tell what is real and what is not… * Example… * Viruses Eugen Bleuler (1857–1939) disordered Causes… coined the term thought process 3. Environment "Schizophrenia" in 1908 Symptoms cont. * Family Stress Schizophrenia 4. Disorganized thinking or * Poor Social Interactions definition – mental condition speech * Infections or Viruses at an involving distorted perceptions of * Example… early age reality and inability to function in speak very little change thought * Trauma at an early age most aspects of life mid-sentence Causes… DID or MPD Symptoms cont. 4. Neurotransmitters (Biological) Dissociative Identity Disorder 5. Inappropriate Behavior * too much dopamine, low Multiple Personality Disorder * Examples… levels of serotonin and When 2 or more personalities are childlike silliness violence glutamate present within the same individual Symptoms cont. Causes… DID or MPD 6. Catatonia 5. Brain Abnormalities Most common with people who * flexed in a certain position (Biological) have been sexually or physically for a period of time * reduced number of neurons abused “Waxy Flexibility” – persons arms * enlarged ventricles Amnesia cause the other will remain frozen if moved by * thalamus abnormalities personality to take over someone else for long periods of Causes… Each personality has its own time 6. Reinforcement of a bizarre memories, behaviors and Negative Symptoms behavior (Behaviorists) relationships (also different Flat Effect – absence of normal Treatments… allergies, physical symptoms) behavior or emotion 1. Medication – Anti-psychotic Who has schizophrenia? Examples drugs Most common mental illness – 1- Social withdrawal * many are made to block and 2% of the population Absence of emotion and expression alter dopamine and Who has schizophrenia? Reduced energy, motivation, and serotonin receptors Common in all cultures, genders, activity * not a cure, but reduces and races Poor hygiene symptoms (in 50%) Men tend to develop symptoms ** occurs before and after positive * side effects… earlier symptoms tremors, dystonia Symptoms Types of Schizophrenia… (muscle contraction), NOTE – 2 or more of these for a 1. Disorganized restlessness, month would classify you as a * lack of emotion involuntary/abnormal schizophrenic * disorganized speech movements of mouth (40%), Can be gradual or abrupt * silly/childlike behavior weight gain, skin problems There are positive and negative * makes no sense when talking Treatments symptoms Types of Schizophrenia… 2. Counseling… Symptoms cont. 2. Catatonic * family counseling / POSITIVE – exaggerations or * waxy flexibility psychological therapy distortions of normal processes or * reduced movement * occupational training behaviors * rigid posture * Goal – make them a useful Symptoms cont. * sometime too much member of society 1. Delusions movement John Forbes Nash Jr. * bizarre or false beliefs about Types of Schizophrenia… Timeline of John Nash reality 3. Paranoid 1928 – born in Bluefield, WV * Examples… * strong delusions 1945-48 – attended Carnegie someone out to get them aliens * strong hallucinations Institute believe they are famous Types of Schizophrenia… 1949-50 – attended Princeton Symptoms cont. 4. Undifferentiated / Simple Ph.D. 1950 2. Hallucinations * disturbances of thought or Nash Equilibrium * bizarre, unreal sensory behavior or emotion 1950-51 – taught at Princeton perceptions of the * does not fit into another 1951-59 – taught at MIT environment category Timeline of John Nash 1953 – 1st child with Eleanor Stier Restricted, repetitive behavior, Complex tics present • John David (refused to patterns of behavior, interests, Normal neurological exam, have contact with) imagination normal lab exams 1957 – married Alicia Lopez- Early onset (before 3-5 years) Rapid improvement following Harrison de Lard Other observed behaviors therapy 1958 – showed 1st signs of mental Lack of awareness of feelings Reach quasi-normal abilities illness of others by age 5-6 1959 – admitted to McClean Bizarre speech patterns After age 6, usually fall into Hospital Lack of spontaneous and other psycho-pathological Diagnosed with Schizophrenia make-believe play category, ADHD son John Charles born – no name Preoccupation with parts of Purine Autism for 2 year objects Classical criteria met was also schizophrenic Repetitive motor movements Too high/too low levels of uric Timeline of John Nash Marked distress over changes acid 1961-1965 – returned to teach at Begins when… Constipation Princeton 80% of cases began as Gout in family members 1963 – Alicia divorced Nash “Infantile Autism” Seizures and self-injury in 1960-70 – In and out of mental Screening Model for Infantile majority hospital Autism “Purine”:abnormal levels of 1965-67 – researcher at Brandeis Is child’s eye-to-eye contact end product (uric acid) of all University normal? purine pathways 1970 – moved back in with Alicia Is he/she comforted by Quote on Purine Autistic 1970-90 – little known about Nash, proximity/body contact? “the boy was an irritable baby slowly improved mental health Does he/she often smile or who resisted any change in 1994 – Nobel Prize laugh unexpectedly? routine and never looked at 1996 – published research again Does he/she prefer to be left people around him. By 2 years 2001 – remarried Alicia alone? of age, the few words he had AUTISM Systematic Feature were rapidly disappearing. He By: Examination lined up his toys in long Pauline Narciso Hand stereotypies (strange straight lines instead of playing Philip Lai looking or posturing) with them. He developed pica, Henry Kang Stiff gaze, avoidance of teeth-grinding, compulsive Overview Little reaction to strong, biting to the point of bleeding.” Pauline unexpected noise On the functioning end.. – General Survey of Passive, obvious lack of Asperger’s: meet criteria, but Autism interest have normal IQ functioning – Neural/Chemical Disease Entities within Autism Autistic Savants: special skills Correlates IABD in memory, music, math, Philip Zapella Dysmaturational calendar calc, drawing, and – Comparison of subgroup hyperalexia reading. Consciousness Purine Autism Theories on contributing Henry Asperger’s and Autistic factors – Treatments Savants Unfavorable pre, peri, post- – General Notes All share common Autistic natal factors Autism as a Syndrome: behaviors Cellular and structural changes multiple disease entities Infantile Autistic Bipolar in Limbic System (amygdala, Autism is a developmental Disorder cerebellum, and hippocampus) syndrome: Regression after initial normal L-hemi neural substrates fail to Common deficit: theory of development develop (loss lang., mind Meets classical criteria for consciousness, motor planning Bit of History Autism Locus Coerulus:Mediates input 1943- Kanner Autistic symptoms have a from senses-underdeveloped “extreme aloneness from the cyclical pattern Low mercury levels beginning of life and anxiously Positive family history of BD Who’s affected? obsessive desire for the or Depression 1% of general public under the preservation of sameness.” Different from Autistic who Autism Spectrum Initial cause: Bad parents later has onset of BD Most often tend to be males Diagnostic Criteria Zapella Dysmaturational Altered States Compared to Severe abnormality of subgroup Normal reciprocal social relatedness Loss of language after initial Resistance to change, Insist on Severe abnormality of normal dev sameness communication development Meets classical criteria Strong attachments to objects; Autistics tend to go on with Mirror Neurons Cont. Spins objects their favorite subjects and do So mu wave suppression will Difficulty in mixing with not give the other person a reflect activity of the mirror others chance to talk. neuron system. Throw Temper Tantrums People with autism might stand In autistics, there was mu Tend not to want to cuddle or too close to the other person. suppression in their own hand be cuddled Body language, facial movements, but no mu Over-sensitivity or under- expressions, and gestures do suppression to the observed sensitivity to pain not match what they are hand movements. No fears of danger saying. Autism Treatment Sensory Processing Attention Behavioral modification and Painfully sensitive to certain Trouble handling multiple communication approaches sounds, textures, tastes, and stimuli of attention. Dietary and biomedical smells. approaches Either too sensitive or less Very narrow focused attention, Complementary approaches sensitive than normal. Some can not keep up with more than Behavioral & Communication autistic have difficulty one thing at a time. Applied Behavior Analysis interpreting sensory Shifting attention is a slow – Rewarded behavior information. process, usually involves TEACCH Like normal these experiences pauses or moments of delay. – Understand the world are not hallucinations but based Productivity PECS on real experiences. Great deal of variety among – Picture exchange Some avoid being touched, a autistics. Social Stories gentle touch for most, will hurt Some autistic may never learn – Theory of Mind or shock autistics. to talk and be dependent Sensory Integration Some are insensitive to pain, throughout their lives. Biomedical Treatments and fail to notice injuries. Others may do well in special Medications Emotions supportive settings, working in – Serotonin Re-uptake Take major emergencies in a sheltered environment. Inhibitors stride but become upset over There are autistics that are – Anti-Psychotic minor disruption. fully independent and function Medications Unemotional, but can be very fairly well. Risperidone emotional when things are Theory of Mind – Vitamins and Minerals important to them. TOM is absent in autistics, can Dietary Interventions More candid and expressive not attribute mental states. Risperidone with their emotions than Autistic can not reflect on their Two double-blind, placebo- normal people. own mental states. controlled responses of Small amount will have Cause abnormalities in social risperidone difficulty regulating their interactions, communications, – Adults and Children emotions. Individual will have and imagination. Serotonin-Dopamine verbal outburst, usually in Understanding mental states of antagonist strange or overwhelming others can allows individuals to Effective as a short-term environment. make sense of past behavior, treatment Communications allows influence on present – Tantrums, Aggression, Problem with semantic- behavior and permits Self-Injurious pragmatic component, take a prediction of future behavior. Behavior statement or question in a Normal 3 year olds no TOM, – Interfering repetitive literal way. but 4 year olds tend to have a behavior, self-injurious TOM. behavior, sensory Ex.) "I'd like coffee with my Mirror Neurons motor behaviors, cereal“ Tested controls and autistics on affectual reactions, 4 different tasks. overall behavioral Repeating things that have Researchers compared mu symptoms been heard (echolalia) rhythms. At baseline, mu Risperidone Cont. Inability to understand body rhythms will fire in synchrony, Figure 1: Mean Scores for language, tone of voice large amplitude mu Irritability Some autistics are mute oscillations. Risperidone Cont. Communication Cont. Normal when seeing an action Figure 2: Change in Severity of Difficult in sustaining a perform will cause mu rhythms Overall Symptoms conversation. No normal "give to fire asynchronously, Vitamins & Minerals and take" in a conversation therefore resulting in mu Vitamin B suppression. – Most common vitamin Autism. New York: Plenum <http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/ supplement Press, 1989. ~sterling>. Vitamins A and D Gilberg,Christopher and Strock, Margaret (2004). – Eye contact and Coleman, Mary. The Biology Autism Spectrum Disorders behavior of the Autistic Syndromes. (Pervasive Developmental Vitamin C London: MacKeith Disorders). NIH Publication – Improve symptom Press, 2000. No. NIH-04-5511, National severity Happe, F. “Theory of Mind Institute of Mental – Dietary Interventions and Self.” Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci Health, National Institutes of Gluten 1001 (2003): 134- 144. Health, U.S. Department of – Disruption in Harris, J.C. “Social Health and Human biochemical and neuroscience, empathy, brain Services, Bethesda, MD, 40 pp. neuroregulatory integration, and <http://www.nimh.nih. processes neurodevelopmental gov/publicat/autism.cfm>. – Yeast disorders.” Physiology – Behavioral and & Behavior 79 (2003): 525- medical problems 532. Complementary Approaches McCraken, James T. et al. Improving Communication “Risperidone in Children With Skills Autism and Serious – Music Therapy Behavioral Problems.” Speech The New England Journal of Development Medicine 347 (2002): 314- – Art Therapy 321. Non-verbal, References Cont. Symbolic McDougle, Christopher J., et Expression al. “A Double-blind, Placebo- – Animal Therapy Controlled Study of Physical and Risperidone in Adults Emotional With Autistic Disorder and Benefits Other Pervasive Conclusion Developmental Autism is a spectrum Disorders.” Arch Gen Autistics lack an essential Psychiatry 55 (1998): 633-641. element of consciousness- McQueen, JM and Heck, AM. Theory of Mind “Secretin for the treatment of References Autism.” Ann Pharmacother. Autism Society of America. 36 (2002): 1294-1295. <http:// www.autism- Millward, C., et al. “Gluten- society.org>. and casein-free diets for Bauman, Margaret L. and autistic spectrum disorder.” Kemper, Thomas L., eds. The Cochrane Database Neurobiology of Syst Rev. 2 (2004): CD003498. Autism. Pineda, Jamie. Home Baltimore: John page. Hopkins UP, 1994. <http://www.bci.ucsd.e Centers for Disease Control. du/~pineda/CNL_WEBPAGE/i <http://www.cdc.gov>. ndex.html>. Coates, Sheila and Richer, Pfeiffer, SI, et al. “Efficacy of John, eds. Autism The Search vitamin B6and magnesium in for Coherence. Philadelphia: the treatment of Jessica Kingsley autism: a methodology Publishers, 2001. review and summary of Gabriels, Robin L. and Hill, outcomes.” J Autism Dev Dina E., eds. Autism-From Disord 28 (1998): 580-581. Research to Individualized Schopler, Eric and Mesibav, Practice. Gary. High-Functioning Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Individuals With Autism. New Publishers, 2002. York: Plenum Press, Gilberg, Christopher. 1992. Diagnosis and Treatment of Sterling, Lisa. Home page. 2002