SPECIFICALLY TRAINING COURSE

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY SAFETY TRAINING COURSE

Hitachi, Ltd., Ho Chi Minh City Urban Railway Line 1 Project Office
Ho Chi Minh City Urban Railway Construction Project Ben Thanh – Suoi Tien Section (Line 1)
“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

CONFINED SPACE ENTRY SAFETY TRAINING

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

1. Confined Space
2. Confined Space
Entry Permit
3. Gas testing and
PPE Requirements
4. Responsibilities
5. Emergency Rescue
1. Confined Space
1. What is a confined space ?

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

1. Confined Space
1. What are confined spaces ?

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

1. Confined Space

What are confined spaces /Không gian hạn chế là gì ?

1. Large enough to allow entry of any

body part/ Đủ lớn để chứa người
lao động làm việc
2. Limited or restricted entry or
exit/space, work location/ Hạn chế
lối ra vào, không gian, vị trí làm việc
3. Not designed for continuous
employee occupancy/ Không được
thiết kế cho người vào làm việc
thường xuyên.

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

1. Confined Space
DETERMINATION OF CONFINED SPACE
START

Does the space now Is access/egress so

Is the space enclosed enough restricted that emergency
have or has it previously NOT A
to contain a hazardous exit or rescue requires
had contents that could CONFINED
atmosphere or other physical extra manpower or SPACE
be harmful?
equipment?

YES YES YES

THIS IS A CONFINED SPACE

Class 1 – No Hazard Class 2 – Potential Hazard Class 3 – Hazard Exists

A Confined Space in which there does not
exist and is not likely to exist:
❖ A hazardous gas, vapour, dust or fumes
❖ An oxygen content less than 19.5 % or more
than 23% by volume
A Confined Space in which A Confined Space in
there has existed or was likely which there now exists:
to exist: A hazardous gas, vapour, dust or fumes
❖ A hazardous gas, vapour, dust or fumes An oxygen content less than 19.5 % or
❖ An oxygen content less than 19.5 % or more than 23% more than 23% and which cannot be
and, which has been purged, ventilated and steps taken ventilated to
to provide and maintain a safe

Class 1 – No Hazard Class 2 – Potential Hazard Class 3 – Hazard Exists

Entry Requirements
Communication with back-up
❖ Atmospheric Testing (if applicable)
❖ All PPE identified and worn
❖ Rescue plan in place
❖ Rescue Equipment readily available
Entry requirements Entry requirements
❖ Confined space permit ❖ All requirements listed in class 2 plus the
❖ Lockout/Tagout procedure followed following:
❖ Isolation procedure followed ❖ Breathing apparatus mandatory for all
❖ Continous atmospheric testing mandatory personal entering
❖ Confined space purged & ventilated
❖ Rescue plan in place rescue equipment set up

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

1. Confined Space
Hazards of confined spaces

❖ Oxygen deficient atmospheres < 19.5%

❖ Oxygen enriched atmospheres> 23.5%
❖ Flammable atmospheres
❖ Toxic atmospheres
❖ Heat stress
❖ Engulfment hazards
❖ Physical hazards : noise, wet surfaces, falling objects

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

1. Confined Space
Oxygen deficient atmospheres

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

1. Confined Space
Oxygen deficient atmospheres
Suspect O2 deficient when/ Low oxygen Levels are produced through:
❑ Displacement : Gases such as methane or nitrogen can displace oxygen, creating
oxygen deficient atmospheres.
❑ Depletion: through work performed welding
❑ Chemical reactions: such as rusting with a tank

Pipe opening where a confined space was

inadvertently created
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1. Confined Space
Oxygen enriched atmospheres
Oxygen level above 23.5 %.
❑ Causes flammable and combustible
materials to burn violently when ignited.
❑ Hair, clothing, materials, etc.
❑ Oil soaked clothing and materials.
❑ Never use pure oxygen to ventilate.
❑ Never store or place compressed
oxygen tanks in a confined space.

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

1. Confined Space
Flammable atmosphere
A gas mixture is flammable when the concentration of flammable in air is within the lower
and upper explosive limits (LEL and UEL). A flammable mixture presents a fire and
explosion risk that can kill or injure.
❑ 2 critical factors:
❖ oxygen content in the air
❖ Presence of a flammable gas, or vapor more than 10% of it’s LEL
❑ Typical ignition sources:
❖ Sparking or electric tool
❖ Welding /cutting operations
❖ Smoking

Never store compressed gas cylinders/tanks in a confined

space, regardless of their contents.
“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”
1. Confined Space
Toxic atmospheres
Toxic materials can result in many different adverse health effects, ranging from mere itchiness to death. The most
common method of entry into the body within a confined space is through inhalation.
The maximum amount of toxic material that a person can safely tolerate can be presented in different ways.
▪ The Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) is the maximum value a worker should be exposed to, through
inhalation, for 8 hours working day without harmful effects.
▪ The Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) on the other hand expresses the maximum value that a person can
withstand for 15 minutes without harmful effects
▪ Presence of any actutely hazardous substance in an atmospheric concentration above The Permissible
Exposure Limits (PEL)

ASPHYXIATION IS THE
LEADING CAUSE OF
DEATH IN CONFINED
SPACES

Check your Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) for information on the toxicity and flammability
of chemicals where exposure potential exists. Plan your actions accordingly and ensure that the
appropriate protective measures are in place.

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

1. Confined Space
Toxic atmospheres

▪ Products stored in a confined space:

✓ Gases released when cleaning
✓ Materials absorbed into walls of confined space
✓ Decomposition of materials in the confined space
▪ Work performed in a confined space
✓ Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering
✓ Painting, scraping, sanding, degreasing
✓ Sealing ,bonding, melting.
▪ External hazard adjacent to a confined space, such as
combustion engineers.

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

1. Confined Space
Toxic atmospheres
▪ Typical toxic gases in confined space

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

1. Confined Space
Toxic atmospheres
▪ Typical toxic gases in confined space

▪ Solvents such as kerosene, gasoline, pain strippers, degreasers, at not only

flammable but if inhaled at high concentrations can cause central nervous system
effects
“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”
1. Confined Space
Heat Stress

▪ Heat stress is caused by a combination of factors, such as

environmental, work load and clothing factors, the
environmental factors include heat or solar load, air movement
and humidity.
▪ Heat related illnesses which include heat rash, heat cramps,
heat exhaustion and heat stroke, are the effects of over
exposure to heat
▪ Heat stroke is the most serious heat-related injury with high
risk of death, and heat exhaustion is the most common seen
heat- related injury.

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

1. Confined Space
Physical Hazards
▪ Mechanical hazard
▪ Electrical hazard:
▪ Noise hazards
▪ Radiation hazards
▪ Environmental hazards:
▪ Transportation hazards
▪ Engulfment by liquid or flowing solids
▪ Hazards from manual operations
▪ Biological hazards.
▪ Visibility –lighting

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

2. Confined Space Entry Permit

▪ Space large enough to enter No

▪ Limited or restricted entry or exit Not a confined space
▪ Not designed for continuous
human occupancy

Yes

Confined space

Hazardous atmosphere
or

Yes Engulfment hazard No Non permit

Permit required
or required confined
confined space
space
Configuration hazard
or
Any other recognized serious
hazard

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

2. Confined space entry permit

Permit Required Confined Space

❑ A permit required confined space is confined space that has one or more of the
following characteristics:
❑ Contains or has the potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere;
❑ Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant
❑ Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could become trapped or
asphyxiated;
❑ Contains any other serious safety or health hazards
Non-permit Confined Space
A confined space that:
❑ Does not contain or , with respect to atmospheric hazards,
❑ Does not have the potential to contain any hazard capable of causing death
of serous physical harm

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

2. Confined Space Entry Permit

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

2. Confined space entry permit
Confined space entry process
Conduct risk assessment , key factors to be considered in
the assessment would include:
❑ Previous contents of the confined space
❑ Remaining residues
❑ Surface, and other contamination
❑ Oxygen deficiency/enrichment
❑ Physical dimensions of, and equipment inside the confined
space
❑ Chemical to be used for cleaning or other purposes
❑ Sources of ignition
❑ Isolation of the confined space and possible ingress of
substances
❑ The breathing environment inside the confined space.

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

2. Confined space entry permit
Confined space entry process
A Safe system of work must then be established by competent person and put
into place, this must include consideration of:
❑ Removal of hazards where practical
❑ supervision of , and competence for, confined space working by the individuals concerned
❑ Communications
❑ Atmospheric testing
❑ Purging and ventilation
❑ Residue removal
❑ Isolation( process, mechanical, electrical
❑ Suitable equipment
❑ PPE and RPE
❑ Gas supplies, by pipelines, hoses and cylinders
❑ Entry and exit
❑ Fire prevention
❑ Lighting / Radioactivity
❑ Static electricity
❑ Emergency procedures
❑ Working time limits
❑ Smoking in a confined space must be prohitbited

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

2. Confined Space Entry Permit
Preparing The Confined Space For Entry

1. Initiate the confined space entry permit and issue instructions: JSA, RA
2. Purge, flush and remove toxic vapour-releasing residues: purging can be
accomplished using steam, water, inert gas, and air
3. Isolate the confined space and release any stored energies: LOTO
4. Ventilate
5. Test the atmosphere of the confined space
6. Check that all hazardous energies are controlled or eliminated
7. Complete the confined space entry permit form

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2. Confined Space Entry Permit

Preparing The Confined Space For Entry

Ventilate

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2. Confined Space Entry Permit

Preparing The Confined Space For Entry

Ventilate

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2. Confined Space Entry Permit
Performing the activity safely
1. Prepare for safe work prior to entry
❑ Items to be checked and examined
❑ Low voltage, intrinsically safe lamps/lights
❑ Electrical tools, complete with earth/ ground leakage or residual current protection
❑ Integrity of oxy acetylene hoses and electrical cables
❑ Communications equipment
❑ Ingress and egress equipment
❑ Sign and barriers
❑ Rescue services

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

2. Confined Space Entry Permit
Enter to space and proceed with job

Any time a limit is exceeded, no matter what the

reason, all personnel shall immediately exit the
space, and no others shall enter until
atmospheric conditions are returned to safe
levels.

THERE ARE NO EXCEPTIONS TO THIS !

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

2. Confined Space Entry Permit
Periodic Re-testing

❑Prior to every entry when the space is vacant;

❑After a 10 minute ventilation period (if ventilation is
necessary);
❑At least 4 hour for permit-required confined spaces.
❑More frequently, if conditions or suspicions warrant.

Always try to find the bad air with

the monitor!

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2. Confined Space Entry Permit
When the job is done

Remove all personnel, tools, and debris from the space.

Sign off the log.
❑Close the space.
❑Cancel the permit.
❑Review the job with the client (hazards, problems, other
employers, etc.).

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

3. Gas Testing and PPE requirements
Gas Testing
Atmospheric testing must be conducted by an authorized
Gas tester to:
❑ Evaluate the hazards of the permit space
❑ Verify that the confined space is safe for entry
❑ Oder of gas testing

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3. Gas Testing and PPE requirements
Gas Testing

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3. Gas Testing and PPE requirements
Gas Testing
ENTRY WITHOUT RESPIRATORY PROTECTION PERMITTED
▪ Oxygen concentration between 19.5 % & 23.5 %
▪ H2S concentration is less than 10 ppm
▪ Air Contaminants are below permissible exposure limits (PEL)
▪ Hydrocarbon concentration is less than 1% of LEL
▪ Adequate flow of fresh air is maintained.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION REQUIRED FOR ENTRY

▪ Oxygen content is less than 19.5% or greater than 23.5%.
▪ H2S concentration is greater than 10 ppm.
▪ Air contaminants are above permissible exposure limit (PEL)
▪ Hydrocarbon concentration is greater than 1%LEL but less than 10%LEL

NO ENTRY
▪ Hydrocarbon concentration is greater than 10% LEL.
▪ Hazardous materials such as acids or caustics are present.
▪ The toxicity of atmosphere is immediately dangerous to life or health.
▪ The facility or associated process is experiencing operational problems.

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

3. Gas Testing and PPE requirements
What is different between Multi Gas Detector and Personal Gas Detector?
➢ A multi gas detector is used to detect the oxygen level, flammable
gases and toxic gases in all areas of a confined space (see picture at
right).
➢ A personal gas detector is carried by a person on his chest to detect
the presence of gases surrounding him. This should not be used to do
the work of a multi gas detector (see picture below).

➢ A personal gas detector

modified by attaching a rope
to lower and raise it inside a
confined space will not do the
function of a multi gas
detector.

➢ A multi gas detector is

equipped with a telescopic
probe that will measure
accurately all the gases in
all levels of a confined
space.
3. Gas Testing and PPE requirements
PPE requirements

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

4. Responsibilities
Entrant Responsibilities
❑ Know the hazards faced during entry including warnings
and consequences.
❑Understand MSDS.
❑To assure that the space has been adequately ventilated,
isolated, emptied, or otherwise made safe for entry.
❑To communicate with the attendant as necessary and
immediately exit a space,
when advised by the attendant, no matter what the reason.
❑ To follow all safety rules and procedures that apply to the
job.
❑Proper use of PPE.

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

4. Responsibilities
Attendant/Hole Watch
❑To know the potentials hazards of the confined space.
❑To monitor entrants during the job and during entry & exit to
help insure their safety.
❑The attendant may not abandon his post for any reason
while personnel are in the space unless relieved by another
qualified attendant.
❑To monitor atmospheric conditions in the space prior to and
during entry.
❑To communicate with authorized entrants as necessary and
to alert entrants of need to evacuate.
❑To control access to the confined space.

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

4. Responsibilities
Attendant
❑To assess hazards in and around the space, and
take actions.
❑Orders entrants to evacuate when:
❑Detecting a prohibited condition ( ventilation).
❑There is a change from the initial conditions.
❑Detecting a situation outside the space that may
endanger the authorized entrants ( storms, etc.)
❑Communication interrupted or difficult to maintain.
❑To summon emergency assistance as needed.
❑To keep records of confined space work, such as air
test results, personnel entry/exit, etc.
“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”
4. Responsibilities
Attendant

❑To assess hazards in and around the space, and take actions.
❑Orders entrants to evacuate when:
❑Detecting a prohibited condition ( ventilation).
❑There is a change from the initial conditions.
❑Detecting a situation outside the space that may endanger the
authorized entrants ( storms, etc.)
❑Communication interrupted or difficult to maintain.
❑To summon emergency assistance as needed.
❑To keep records of confined space work, such as air test
results, personnel entry/exit, etc.

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

4. Responsibilities
Supervisor Responsibilities
❑ To assure adequate protection is provided to the entrants by verifying
adequate lockout / tagout and that all hazards are securely isolated.
❑ To ensure that necessary permits are complete and the MSDS are attached
to the permit as needed.
❑ To ensure required tests have been performed.
❑ To ensure equipment required by permits is in place
❑ To support the attendant’s authority in controlling access to a confined space.
❑ To assure that all personnel involved are aware of the hazards associated
with the space.
❑ To assure that emergency services are available prior to entry and ensure
they are known to attendants and entrants.
❑ To verify that all personnel have existed prior to closing the space.
❑ To terminate and cancel permits.

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5. Emergency Rescue
Supervisor Responsibilities
RESCUE TYPES:
◼ Horizontal : Entry rescue
◼ Vertical : Non-entry rescue

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5. Emergency Rescue

A means must be provided for

both safe normal entry or exit ,
and emergency extrication.
Tripods with hoist, lifeline, and
full body harness are often
used for emergency extrication

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5. Emergency Rescue
First aid measures
❑ In all case of doubt, or when
❑ symptoms persist, seek medical attention.
❑ Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
❑ Inhalation :
❖ Remove to fresh air, keep patient warm and at rest.
❖ Seek immediate medical attention.
❖ Give nothing by mouth

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Confined Space
6. Confined space safety control
Risk assessments should take into account

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Confined Space
6. Confined space safety control

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Confined Space
6. Confined space safety control

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

Confined Space
6. Confined space safety control

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

Confined Space
6. Confined space safety control

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

Confined Space
6. Confined space safety control

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

Confined Space
6. Confined space safety control

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

Confined Space
6. Confined space safety control

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

Confined Space
6. Confined space safety control

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

Confined Space
6. Confined space safety control

“ Health, Safety, and Environmental Always Comes First”

Confined Space

On the successful completion of the Confined Space Training

Course will be issued with a helmet sticker