DIASS – REVIEWER – 3RD QUARTER

**Please read all of these and understand them well. I’ve given notes on some lectures. God Bless!

LESSON 1 SOCIAL SCIENCES AND APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES

SOCIAL SCIENCE pertain to a major category of academic discipline that deals with the study of particular aspects of
human society and organization, social relationships, and individual human behavior and action
-Social Sciences are disciplines concerned with the systematic study of social phenomena.
-The term SOCIAL denotes that the discipline deals with people, communities, and experiences that define human
existence.
-The term SCIENCE tells us that this process of human inquiry is conducted in a systematic way (social science research)
and follows a process developed from the scientific tradition.
-Social sciences are more specific and focused on a distinct facet of a social phenomenon,
-People who study to solve social problems are called social scientist.
-Scientific method refers to standardized ways of techniques for building scientific knowledge systematically such as how
to interpret and generalize results which start from identifying problems and ends with conclusions and recommendations.
Steps in Scientific Method:
1. Defining the problem
2. Reviewing the related Literature
3. Forming Hypothesis
4. Collecting and Analyzing Data
5. Drawing Conclusions and Recommendations
-The view that each disciplines is a distinct and totally independent field of study is inaccurate because the disciplines of
social sciences rely on one another and routinely cross into another’s stream or domain.
- The social sciences perspective CAN be used to address societal issues or problems

DISCIPLINES UNDER SOCIAL SCIENCES:

*Economics *Political Science *Geography *Sociology *History * Psychology *Demography *Linguistics
*Criminology *Anthropology

APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCE is the application of social science theories, concepts, methods, and findings to problems
identified in the wider society.
-“there can be no social issue that is purely one-dimensional”
-Applied social science aims at presenting a well-developed understanding of social systems, social theory, and social
policy. It integrates theory, social research, skills and professional experience, and critical thinking skills
necessary to fully address social phenomena.
-Applied social sciences generate practical solutions to complex social problems.

DISCIPLINES OF APPPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES:

1. Counseling 2. Social Work 3.Communication

LESSON 2 THE DISCIPLINE OF COUNSELING (the first Applied Social Science)

The professionalization of guidance and counseling was realized through REPUBLIC ACT 9258 or the GUIDANCE and
COUNSELING ACT OF 2004 -“the profession that involves the use of an integrated approach to the development of a
well-functioning individual primarily by helping him/her to utilize his/her potentials to the fullest and plan his/her present and
future in accordance with his/her abilities, interests, and needs.”

COUNSELING
-Is a relationship characterized by the application of one or more psychological theories and a recognized set of
communication skills appropriate to a client’s intimate concerns, problems, or aspirations.
**inaapply sa counseling ang mga theories at pag-aaral sa field ng PSYCHOLOGY na akma sa pangagailangan ng iyong
kliyente at mayroong tamang paraan ng pakikipag-usap sa kanila (hindi pwdeng pasigaw or pagalit)
-The process of guiding a person during a stage of life when reassessments or decisions have to be made about himself
or herself and his or her life course.
-Generally, a non-clinical intervention. (walang gamutan o medisina na kasama sa counseling kundi tamang pag-gabay
at pag-alalay lamang)
-Counseling is widely considered the heart of the guidance services in schools.
-COUNSELING is aimed at empowering a client

COUNSELORS are professionally trained, certified, and licensed and competent enough to perform counseling. They must
observe CONFIDENTIALITY of the client’s case all the time. (Dapat siya tao may integridad, mapagkakatiwalaan, malinis
ang record at kilala bilang maayos, mahusay at kagalang-galang na indibidwal. Hindi rin sila maaring magbigay ng
kanilang mga sariling opinyon sa client)
CLIENTS are individuals or a group in a demoralized, distressed, or in a negative state of mind about their situation or
context. *may iba’t – ibang dahilan ang mga tao kung bakit sila lumalapit sa Counselors dapat honest din sila sa lahat ng
kanilang sasabihin kay Counselor.

Methods o mga pamamaraan kung paano posibleng isagawa ang Counseling

face-to-face dialog, group work, telephone / cellphone call, email, or other written materials, different types of
video calls

Maraming bagay nakakaapekto sa tagumpay ng counseling sessions.

1. Itsura ng lugar kung saan ito gaganapin (dapat laging maaliwalas, malinis)
2. Kooperasyon at kahandaan pareho ng kliyente at ng counselor.
3. Kung paano ipinadaloy o ginawa mismo o pamamaraan ng Counselor sa counseling session.
4. Mga nakagisnang kultura o kaugaliaan ng kliyente
5. Mga nakapaligid na tao sa kliyente na my malaking epekto sa pagbalik ng sigla niya. Suporta ng mga tao ay
kailangan.
Mga maling akala ng mga tao kapag nadinig nilang pumunta sa Counselor at nagpa Counseling ang isang tao:
1. Hindi dahil nagpa counseling ang isang tao ay siya ay mayroon ng mental health problem or illness. Maaring
kailangan lamang niya ng isang taong makikinig sa kanya at magbibigay na gabay at pagdamay sa kanyang
pinagdadaanan.
2. Ang counseling ay hindi pagbibigay ng advice. Sa counseling hindi mga advise ang ibinigay ng Counselor kundi
OPTIONS o mga opsyon na kanyang pamimilian at hahayaan ng counselor na magdesisyon ang kliyente para sa
kanyang sarili para magkaroon pa rin siya ng pakiramdam na siya pa rin ang may control sa kanyang buhay.
3. Sa paaralan hindi pag sinabing napa Guidance office ay may masama na agad ginawa ang isang estudyante.
Maaring may mga bagay lamang na kailangang pag-usap kasama ang school guidance counselor para mas
matulungan ang isang estudyante.
4. Hindi taga lutas ng problema ang Counselor. Laging gabay lamang ang ibinibigay nito.

SIX STAGES that apply to all problem areas in the process of counseling: (VELLEMAN 2001)
1. Developing trust
2. Exploring problem areas (malaman lahat ng problema ng client, hangga’t maari ay walang ng maitatagong
problema ng posibleng maging sanhi na naman ng kanyang pagkalungkot o pagkabagabag sa buhay)
3. Helping to set goals
4. Empowering into action
5. Helping to maintain change
6. Agreeing when to end the helping relationship (sa needs assessment pa lang ay alam na dapat ng counselor at
client kung kailan matatapos ang counseling sessions at mayroon silang time frame or schedule na susundin pero
ito ay naka batay pa rin sa pag respond ng client or improvement, kung sa tingin ng counselor na hindi pa siya ok
ay maaring ma-extend ang kanilang sessions)

CORE VALUES OF COUNSELING

1.Respect for human dignity
2. Partnership
3. Autonomy (ito ay both ways para kay counselor at client, si Counselor ay sinusunod at pinapakinggan ni client at si client
naman ay pinapakinggan din at hinahayaan ni counselor magdesisyon para sa kanyang sarili sa ilalim ng kanyang
pag-gabay)
4. Responsible Caring
5. Personal Integrity
6. Social Justice

LESSON 3 THE PROFESSIONALS AND PRACTITIONERS IN THE DISCIPLINE OF COUNSELING

CODE OF ETHICS - It states that counselors live and work in accordance with the professional standards of
conduct set forth for the practice of guidance and counseling.

Function of Guidance Counselors

1.helping a client develop potentials to the fullest;
2.helping a client plan to utilize his or her potential;
3.helping a client plan his or her future in accordance with his or her abilities, interests, and needs;
4. sharing and applying knowledge related to counseling such as counseling theories, tools, and techniques;
5. administering a wide range of human development services.

Roles of School Guidance Counselors

-Given that the youth are the future of every nation, the role of providing guidance to them at critical moments of their
growth is a serious nation-building undertaking
-School Guidance Counselors can administer career advocacy activities. These are the activities that are designed to
guide secondary-level students in choosing the career tracks that they intend to pursue. They also involve:
1.Provision of career information and experiences
2.Advising
3.Coordinating and making referrals
4.Career Talks
5.Career and Job Fairs
6.Parent’s orientations
7.Seminar Workshops

Guidance Counselors can facilitate conduct of career advocacy in collaboration with career advocates and peer
facilitators.
Career Advocates are not necessarily registered and licensed guidance counselors but they provide direct guidance on
career and employment guidance. They include homeroom advisers and teachers of all learning areas who can
implement career advocacy activities.
Peer Facilitators are secondary-level students trained to assist career advocates in implementing career advocacy
activities. (it can be SSLG, Organization, and Classroom officers)

Three-stage theory of counseling: (EGAN, 2002) **parehas itong sasagutin ni Client and Counselor
Stage I: What’s going on?
Stage II: What solutions make sense for me? (para kay client anon ga ba yung possible solution sa problema at para
naman kay counselor anon ga bang solution ang pwdeng niyang ibigay ky client)
Stage III: What do I have to do to get what I need or want? (para kay client anon ga bang gagawin niya para makuha yung
gusto niyang pag-hilom o gusto niyang mangyari, at para naman kay counselor ano dapat ang gawin niya para mangyari
yung gusto niyang kalabasan para kay client)

11 MAJOR AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION WHERE COUNSELORS WORK: (Peterson and Nesenholz, 1987)
1. Child development and counseling
2. Adolescent development and counseling
3. Gerontology (para sa mga matatanda and all kinds of issues related with aging, yung mga pagsakit sa katawan
etc.)
4. Marital relationship counseling
 5. Health
6. Career/lifestyle
7. College and university
8. Drugs
9. Consultation
10. Business and Industry
11. Other specialties

LESSON 4 THE CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF COUNSELING

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CLIENTELE/AUDIENCES
-Are normal people. They are not in need of clinical or mental help.

TYPE OF CLIENT / CLIENTELE OF COUNSELING

1. Individual 2. Group or Organization 3. Community

As SCHOOL GUIDANCE and COUNSELORS , provides the need for personal guidance by helping students seek more
options and find better and more appropriate ones in dealing with situations of stress or simply decision- making. This
may include career options.
As JOB-HUNTING COACH, provide avenues for people to find necessary information and get employment that is suitable
to them. The services offered may include technical aspects of how to prepare a curriculum vitae (CV) or a resume, how to
talk to employers, and how to present and conduct oneself before employers.
As CONFLICT MANAGEMENT PROVIDERS, provide the need for principles and theory-based approaches to deal with
conflict and deescalate it, if not resolve it positively.
As HUMAN RESOURCES PERSONNEL, these professionals provide the needs common to all workplaces and they are
employed in almost all workplaces to deal with various employee needs that cover aspects of remunerations, social
services, compensations, conflict resolution, and discipline.
As MARRIAGE COUNSELORS, these professionals provide need for conflict-resolution skills to parties, couples, and
children to deal with various stresses and issues that threaten their unity or peaceful coexistence.
As DRUG and REHABILITATION COUNSELORS, these professionals meet the need to help people overcome their
problems or mitigate some of the most negative effects of drug abuse.

LESSON 5 SETTINGS, PROCESSES, METHODS AND TOOLS IN COUNSELING

FRANK PARSONS
Father of Guidance and Counseling
Developed a vocational program that matched an individual’s traits with a vocation.

Classing Conditioning- learning by association. (natutunan ng tao base sa mga ugali ng mga nakakasalamuha niya)
Operant Conditioning- learning by reinforcement. (natutunan ng tao base sa mga rewards or punishment na ibinigay sa
kanya)

PSYCHOANALYSISL is a theory of human emotional development based on observations and treatment for
emotional illness.

ADLERIAN THERAPY- the first six years of life influence an individual. But ensuing behaviour depended on how one
interprets his/her past and its continuing influence on him/her. Human are motivated primarily by social urges

SCHOOL-BASED COUNSELORS
A. ELEMENTARY SCHOOL COUNSELOR (K-6)
-The roles of counsellors are that of intervention and prevention in connection with the common problems that are likely to
interfere with the ability of children to achieve their greatest academic, social, and personal potential.
B. JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL COUNSELOR (7-10)
Is to provide guidance and counselling in dealing with peer relationships and social interactions, and as such includes
work with students, teachers, and parents in an attempt to help each understand the other.
C. SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL COUNSELOR (11-12)
Is to provide guidance and counselling pertaining to educational and career decisions as well as college placement
counselling.
D. COLLEGE LEVEL COUNSELOR
Includes counselling, appraisal, information, placement, research and evaluation, follow up, and student activities.
*Provide referrals when necessary.
*Provide information materials on career and job opportunities

SETTINGS IN COUNSELING
1.GOVERNMENT SETTING
2. PRIVATE SECTORS SETTING
3. CIVIL SOCIETY SETTING
4. COMMUNITY SETTING - Has the greatest and widest application of counseling services considering the diversity
of people, who constitute the community.

LESSON 6 COUNSELING SERVICES, PROCESSES AND METHODS

NEEDS ASSESSMENTS may range from a systematic observation of symptoms to conducting formal surveys using a
questionnaire to determine the felt needs of the potential clients. Is generally a diagnostic procedure.

MONITORING is when both the planned and the unplanned occurrences in the process are documented. Is done during
the implementation phase.

EVALUATION examines the results and finds out if the intended results are being met or not. It concentrates on the
results. It is the basis to continue or to phase out a program.