KOÇ UNIVERSITY – ELC FALL 2023

ELC UPPER-INTERMEDIATE WORDLIST: REFLECT 6

UNIT 1: READING and WRITING / LISTENING and SPEAKING

HEADWORD VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB COLLOCATION
1 ancestor ancestor common ancestry
ancestry to claim/have/share ancestry
2 appealing appeal appeal appealing appealingly appealing look/expression/voice
unappealing unappealingly to find appealing (or not)
appealing to/for
3 appreciate appreciate appreciation appreciated to appreciate sth
appreciative to have/show/develop/express appreciation
deep/great/real appreciation
4 capture capture capture capturing capture the attention
capture a moment
capture film/image/record/photograph
capture somebody’s heart

5 collaboration collaborate collaboration collaborative collaboratively In collaboration with someone/businesses

Collaborate with somebody on/in/in doing
something

6 counter counter counter counter counter Counter argument

Counter an argument with
research/investigation/statistics
Run counter to

7 challenge challenge challenge challenging to challenge sb

challenged to be extremely/very challenging
8 clarity clarify clarification to gain/have clarity about sth
clarity
9 community community communal the business/scientific community
the Muslim/Jewish/Christian community
10 compensate compensate compensation compensatory to compensate sb for sth
11 contribute contribute contribution to contribute to sth
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contributor to make a contribution
12 convey convey to convey information/a message/an idea
13 convince convince conviction convincing convincingly to convince that …
to convince sb to do sth …
to be convinced that …
14 corporate incorporate corporation corporate corporate culture
incorporation incorporated to incorporate sth into/in sth
15 demonstrate demonstrate demonstration demonstrative to demonstrate something
demonstrator to clearly demonstrate to sb
to demonstrate against/for sth
16 differentiate differentiate differentiation different differently to differentiate between things
differ difference to differentiate sth from sth
17 enable enable enabler to enable sb /sth to do sth
18 encounter encounter encounter to encounter sth/sb
to encounter difficulties/problems
19 engage engage engagement engaged to engage sth/sb
engaging to engage in sth
20 enhance enhance enhancement enhanced to enhance sth
21 ensure ensure to ensure sth
22 ethical ethic/ethics ethical ethically ethical dilemma
ethics and morals/work ethic
23 eventually eventual eventually
exaggerate exaggerate exaggeration exaggerated exaggeratedly highly/greatly/slightly exaggerated

24 facilitate facilitate facilitator to facilitate sth

25 finance finance finance financial financially to finance largely/partially
financier a financial adviser
26 foundation found foundation the foundation of sth
founder to be founded in + year/by + person
to set up/establish foundation
27 generate generate generation generational to generate sth
generator to generate electricity
28 genuine genuineness genuine genuinely genuine opinion
genuine self
genuine improvement

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29 guideline guide guideline guidelines for sth
practical/clear/helpful guidelines
to develop/draw up/offer/stick to guidelines
30 initiative initiate initiation initial initially to initiate a project/debate etc.
initiative the initial speaker
31 invest invest investor to invest in sth
investment to invest time/energy/money in sth
good/excellent/profitable investment
32 launch launch launch to launch a product
the launch of the space shuttle
33 literacy literacy literate literately visual literacy
digital literacy
highly/barely/musically literate person
34 overall overall overall the overall effect/picture/impression
an overall result/impact/aim/strategy
35 preservation preserve preservation preservable preservation of sth
preservationist
36 prosperity prosper prosperity prosperous prosperously economic/future/growing/great prosperity
prosperous region/country/year/family
37 pursue pursue pursuit in pursuit of
to pursue a career in + a field
38 recognize recognize recognition recognized facial recognition
recognizable recognition of sth
unrecognizable formal/official recognition
39 reinforce reinforce reinforcement reinforced to reinforce an idea/outcome etc.
to reinforce a stereotype
positive/negative reinforcement
40 resource resource resourceful to allocate resources
financial/natural/renewable resources
41 strict strictness strict strictly strict with/about sth
strict rules/regulations/instructions etc.
42 sustainable sustain sustainability sustainable sustainably sustainable development
to sustain sth
43 trait trait personality/character traits
genetic/inherited traits
44 unique uniqueness unique uniquely
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UNIT 1: EXTRA WORDS

HEADWORD VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB COLLOCATION
1 accelerate accelerate acceleration to accelerate a process
2 annually annual annually annual income; an annual meeting/report
3 asset asset to be an asset to sth/sb
financial/capital assets
4 bargain bargain bargain to make/look for/get/find a bargain
to bargain for/over sth
5 capable capability capable capably to be capable of doing sth
incapable to have capability
6 coincidence coincidence by coincidence; pure coincidence
a set of coincidences
7 constrain constrain constraint constrained constraint on
8 dare dare dare dare to do sth
9 detect detect detection to detect sth
10 eliminate eliminate elimination to eliminate a need/problem/possibility/risk
11 firm firm up firm firm firmly to be firm with sb
firmness to firm up the offer
12 supplement supplement supplement supplemental supplement for sth
to supplement one’s income
a vitamin supplement

UNIT 2: READING and WRITING / LISTENING and SPEAKING

HEADWORD VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB COLLOCATION
1 acknowledge acknowledge acknowledgement to acknowledge sth/sb
1
2 addictive addiction addicting addictively to be addicted to sth
2 addictive to become/get addicted to sth
addicted
3 adjust adjust adjustment adjustable to adjust to (doing) sth
3 to adjust yourself to sth

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4 adverse adversity adverse adversely adverse
effects/findings/event/factor/consequences/
comment/reaction
struggle with adversity
5 affect affect effect effective effectively to affect sb/sth greatly
4 effectiveness ineffective ineffectively to have an effect on sth
to be/seem effective
6 ailment ailment a/an stomache / emotional ailment

7 alert alert alert alert to stay alert

5 alertness mentally alert
8 align align alignment to align yourself with sb/sth
6 to be aligned with sb
closely align
9 anticipate anticipate anticipation unanticipated to anticipate a problem
7 in anticipation of sth
10 cognitive cognition cognitive cognitively cognitive function
8
11 complexity complexity complex (great/extreme) complexity of
9 to be/look complex
12 compound compound
10
13 consequently consequence consequent consequently catastrophic/devastating/severe
11 consequences
to have/lead to/suffer consequences
14 constantly constant constant constantly to remain/stay constant
12
15 consumption consume consumer consumption of sth
13 consumption to protect/satisfy a/the consumer
consumerism to boost/increase/reduce consumption
16 contradict contradict contradiction contradictory to contradict a person or idea
14 contradiction between one thing and another
17 cope with cope to cope with sth/sb
15 to be able/unable to cope
18

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19 deficiency deficiency deficient deficiently Deficiency of nutrients/sleep
Dietary/ hormone/ immune deficiency
20 deprived deprive deprivation deprived Deprive of someone or something
Deprived areas/backgrounds
Sleep deprived
21 diverse diversity diverse diversely ethnic diversity/ biological diversity
17 to create/protect diversity
to be/become diverse
22 evaluate evaluate evaluation evaluative to evaluate sth (fully/carefully)
18 evaluation process
23 evidence evidence empirical evidence
evident evidently
19
24 evolve evolve evolution evolved the theory of evolution
20 evolutionary gradual/rapid/natural evolution
to evolve from/into
25 exhibit exhibit exhibition to exhibit signs/symptoms/behavior
21 exhibit
26 exposure expose exposure exposed (to be) exposed to sth
22 to expose sth
to expose sb to sth
high/massive/excessive exposure
27 impact impact impact to have an impact on sth
25 to impact sth
to have/create an impact
a considerable dramatic/enormous impact
28 habitat habitat natural habitat/human habitation
23 habitation wildlife/coastal/marine habitat
to destroy/provide/protect habitat
29 identify identify identification identifiable to identify with
24 identity (un)identified confirm his/her identity
30 implication imply implication to clearly/usually imply
26 implicate to have a clear/obvious/crucial implication
to have/understand/assess implications
31 indicate indicate indication indicative to indicate sth
27 indicator indicative of sth
32 inhabit inhabit inhabitant inhabitable
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28 uninhabitable
33 insufficient suffice sufficiency sufficient sufficiently sufficient to do sth
29 insufficient insufficiently sufficient for sth/sb
34 invisible invisibility invisible invisibly invisible to sb/sth
30 visibility visible visibly
35 isolation isolate isolation isolated to isolate sb/sth from sth/sb
31
36 interfere interfere interference interfering interfere with
external/direct/excessive interference
37 mitigate mitigate mitigation mitigating Mitigation efforts
Mitigate the effects
38 mental mentality mental mentally mentality of teenagers; mental illness
32
39 moderate moderate moderator moderate moderately to be of moderate ability
33 moderate immoderate immoderately moderate exercise/politician
40 modify modify modification modified to modify sth
34 genetically-modified food
41 necessarily necessitate necessity necessary necessarily basic necessities
35 unnecessary unnecessarily necessity for sth
the necessity of doing sth
42 occur occur occurrence to occur to sb
36 to occur in/among
43 persistent persist persistence persistent persistently to persist in
37 to show persistence
44 publish publish publisher to publish sth
38 publishing newspaper/book publishing
45 stimulate stimulate stimulation stimulating stimulatingly help/design/intend to stimulate
lack of/direct/artificial stimulation
46 reaction react reaction reactive reactively (to have) a reaction to sth
39
47 recruit recruit recruitment to recruit sb to do sth/ an army/police recruit
40 recruit
48 regulate regulate regulation regulated strict/tight/government/school regulations
41
49 source source source the source of income/information
42
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50 valid validate valid valid for
43 invalid a valid argument/claim/passport
to be/become/remain valid
51 widespread widespread widespread beliefs/support/criticism
44

UNIT 2: EXTRA WORDS

HEADWORD VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB COLLOCATION
1 affiliated (with) affiliate affiliation affiliated to be affiliated with/to sb/sth
2 alter alter alteration alternative alternatively to alter something
alternative to make/undergo alterations
3 compose compose composer to be composed of sth
composition
4 comprise comprise to be comprised of sth
5 core core core curriculum/values
6 inhibit inhibit inhibition inhibited to inhibit sth
7 mobility mobility mobile social/geographical/career mobility
8 philosophical philosophy philosophical philosophically to speak philosophically
philosopher
9 prestige prestige prestigious
10 psychology psychology psychological psychologically clinical/educational/child/sport psychology
11 radical radical (a person) radical radical changes/ideas/solutions
12 tackle tackle to tackle a problem/challenge/job/issue/poverty

UNIT 3: READING and WRITING / LISTENING and SPEAKING

HEADWORD VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB COLLOCATION
1 accept accept acceptance acceptable acceptably to gain acceptance
unacceptable unacceptably general/widespread acceptance
acceptance of
2 accomplished accomplish accomplishment accomplishable to accomplish sth

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accomplished
3 achievement achieve achievement achievable lifetime achievement
unachievable an achievable goal
4 acquire acquire acquisition acquisitive to acquire knowledge/skills
language acquisition
5 adopt adopt adoption adopted to adopt a child/a policy

6 advocate advocate advocate advocative advocate for [the public, women, the
community]
advocate [on her behalf, on behalf of]
advocate to [ensure, improve, assist, make,
help]
advocate to [reduce, increase, prevent]
advocating [in court, at trial]
advocating in [favor, support] of
animal welfare/environmental advocate
7 aid aid aid to ask for/give/provide aid
food/medical/financial aid
8 attribute attribute attribution to attribute sth to sb

9 boost boost boost booster to boost sb’s confidence/motivation/ego

booster a booster shot
a program booster (supporter)
10 campaign campaign campaign to launch/start/organize/run a campaign
campaign for/against
11 combat combat combat combat with/against

12 commitment commit commitment committed to show/lack commitment

complete/full/lifelong commitment to sth
to be/feel committed to sth
13 competent competence competent competently academic/communicative competence

14 comprehensive comprehend comprehension (in)comprehensive (in)comprehensively extremely/fully/quite comprehensive

(in)comprehensible
15 conduct conduct conduct to conduct one’s business
to conduct an experiment/investigation/a
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survey/research
16 conservation conserve conservation conservation of sth
wildlife conservation
17 consultant consult consultation consulting to consult with
consultant to consult sb about sth
18 crucial crucial crucially crucial for

19 demonstrate demonstrate demonstration demonstrative demonstratively to demonstrate something

demonstrator to clearly demonstrate to sb
to demonstrate against/for sth
20 deny deny denial to deny sth firmly/strongly/consistently
denier in denial
21 discriminate discriminate discrimination discriminating to discriminate against sb
indiscriminate positively/unfairly discriminate
class/gender/race/religious discrimination
22 emerge emerge emergence emerging emergence of
to emerge from/into sth
emerging economy
23 empower empower empowerment empowered economic empowerment
sense of empowerment
empower individuals/countries

24 enable enable to enable sb to do sth

25 fundamental fundamentals fundamental fundamentally fundamental rights

to seem/remain/consider sth fundamental
26 judgement judge judgement judgmental judgmentally have a judgement
value judgements
judge by/on appearence

27 implement implement implementation implement procedures/a law/system/plan

effective/complete implementation
to implement sth fully/ successfully
28 input input input input for/into
to receive/get/provide input
29 insight insight insightful insightfully to have/gain/ get insight for/into
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30 intense intensify intensity intensive intensively intensive training/program/course

intensive care
31 manipulation manipulate manipulation manipulative manipulatively manipulation of sth
manipulator to manipulate a situation or a person
careful/clever/deliberate manipulation
32 minimal minimize minimum minimal minimally to minimize sth

33 motivate motivate motivation motivated the motive behind/for sth

motivator motivating the motivating factor
34 outcome outcome outcome of the meeting
academic/acceptable/actual outcome

35 perceive perceive perception perceptive to perceive clearly /easily/readily

to have/gain perception
clear/common/widely-held perception
36 phenomenon phenomenon phenomenal

37 probability probability probable probably highly probable

improbable/ probable outcome/result/consequence
38 prone prone prone is prone to [mishaps, accidents, falls]
she is (quite) accident prone
accident-prone [areas, roads, regions]
the [area] is prone to [flooding, floods]
[error, injury, mistake] -prone
is prone to [errors, mistakes, failure]
(rather) prone to [mood swings, bouts of
depression]
39 relieved relieve relief relieved to relieve pain/tension/pressure/stress
relieving
40 reluctance reluctance reluctant reluctantly to be reluctant to
reluctance to
reluctant to do sth
41 self-conscious (self)consciousness (un)self-conscious consciously to lose/regain consciousness
conscious unconsciously to be/seem highly/very conscious of sth
unconscious
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42 skeptical skepticism skeptical skeptically to be skeptical of

43 structure structure structure structural structurally the structure of sth

44 superior superior/superiority superior is superior to [all others, every other one, the
competition]
[fought, defended, oversaw] from a superior
position
superior [size, speed, strength]
is made of superior quality [materials, steel]
are superior in [number, strength]
[have, possess] superior knowledge
45 transformation transform transformation transformative to transform sth
to undergo a dramatic/amazing
transformation

UNIT 3: EXTRA WORDS

HEADWORD VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB COLLOCATION
1 cautious caution caution cautious cautiously cautious approach
cautious about
treat with caution
2 compulsory compulsory compulsively compulsory education
compulsive compulsive behavior
3 deception deceive deception deceptive deceptively to deceive sb
4 depressed depress depression depressed depressively to be depressed about sth
depressive depressingly a depressing movie/book/conversation
depressing
5 deviation deviate deviation deviant to deviate from
standard deviation
6 empathetic empathize empathy empathetic empathetically to empathize with
7 fulfill fulfill fulfillment fulfilled to fulfil an aim/a goal/an objective
fulfilling to fulfil a requirement/condition/obligation etc
8 identical identical identically identical to/with sth
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identical twins
9 incentive incentive to have an incentive for sth
big/considerable/sufficient/financial incentive
10 logical logic logical logically logical explanation
11 mainstream mainstream mainstream politics
12 maturity mature maturity mature maturely to be very (im)mature
immature
13 neutral neutral neutrally to be neutral about sth
to remain/stay neutral
14 penalty penalize penalty penal penalty of doing sth; penalty for sth
to impose/face penalty
a penal colony
15 postpone postpone postponement to postpone decision
16 seek seek seeking to seek revenge/damages/compensation
seeker (person) job/attention/publicity seeker
17 simulate simulate simulation simulated to simulate a situation (or substance, like
diamonds)
18 tension tense up tension tense tensely tension between one thing and another
to be/ become tense

UNIT 4: READING and WRITING / LISTENING and SPEAKING

HEADWORD VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB COLLOCATION
1 abundance abundance abundant abundantly to have an abundance of sth
2 account for account for account for their [actions, decisions]
accounted for the [deaths, destruction, corruption]
(does not) account for the [disparity, difference,
mistake]
accounted for [50%] of [sales, deaths, foreclosures]
3 affordable afford affordable affordable housing/price
4 appeal appeal appeal appealing appealingly appealing look/expression/voice
unappealing find appealing
appealing to/for
5 assemble assemble assembly assembled assemble the [furniture, mechanism] from the
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[parts, components, pieces]
instructions to assemble
some assembly required
requires assembly before
6 assumption assume assumption assumed to assume that + sentence
to make assumptions about sth
7 concrete concrete concretely concrete evidence
8 confine confine confinement confined is confined to his [cell, room]
confined to bed rest (after the operation)
confined for [two months]
confined at home
confine the use of phone

9 consideration consider consideration considerable considerably considerable amount/number etc of sth

(in)considerate considerable effect/variation/difference
10 consistent inconsistency inconsistent inconsistently inconsistent with
consistency consistent consistently
11 countless countless countless examples of
countless opportunities (for)
12 dispose dispose disposal disposable Rubbish/sewage/waste disposal
dispose of sth
13 distribute distribute distribution market/asset distribution
equal/regional distribution
to distribute sth to sb/somewhere
14 dramatically dramatize dramatic dramatically to increase/rise/decrease dramatically
to have a dramatic effect/impact on sth
a dramatic increase/change/improvement
15 effectiveness affect effect effective effectively to affect sb/sth greatly
effectiveness ineffective ineffectively to have an effect on sth
to be/seem effective
16 efficiency efficiency efficient efficiently working/operating efficiently
efficacy inefficient inefficiently the efficacy of sth (medicine/idea)
17 emphasize emphasize emphasis emphatic emphatically to emphasize sth
to place emphasis on sth
18 ensure ensure to ensure sth
19 equipment equip equipment equipped to be equipped for/with sth
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to equip with sth
to be equipped to do sth
20 explicitly explicitness explicit explicitly explicit statement/reference/instructions
explicit in/about
make explicit
21 exterior exterior exterior exteriorly exterior to the main house
the exterior walls of the houses
22 foundation found foundation the foundation/founder of sth
founder to be founded in + year
to set up/establish foundation a
charitable/private foundation
23 horizon horizon to broaden/expand/widen horizons
24 incident incident incidence incidental major/serious incident
incidentally
incident report
25 incorporate incorporate corporation corporate corporate culture
incorporation incorporated to incorporate sth into/in sth
26 infer infer inference to infer sth from sth
to infer that
27 influence influence influence influential highly influential
influential figure
28 infrastructure infrastructure infrastructural infrastructure improvement/investment
29 innovative innovate innovation innovative innovatively technical innovation

30 inspire inspire inspiration inspired to be inspired by sb/sth

inspirational inspiration for
31 integrate integrate integration integral integrally to integrate into/with
integrated to encourage/achieve/require/lead to integration
32 maintain maintain maintenance to maintain sth (properly/well/poorly)
to carry out/need/require maintenance
annual/regular/routine maintenance
33 obstacle obstacle to be an obstacle to sth
to pose/overcome an obstacle
34 participate participate participant to be a participant in sth
participation to participate in sth
35 precaution precaution precautionary precautionary measures
precaution against
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36 priority prioritize priority prioritized priorly to prioritize sth
prior prior to sth
prior warning/notice; prior knowledge
37 recovery recover recovery recoverable recovery from sth
to make a (full/good) recovery
38 regulation regulate regulation regulated strict/tight/government/school regulations

39 reinforce reinforce reinforcement reinforced to reinforce an idea/outcome etc.

to reinforce a stereotype
positive/negative reinforcement
40 resist resist resistance resistant hard/impossible/difficult to resist; can/able to
resist
41 stable stabilize stability stabilized to stabilize something
in a stable condition
42 strength strengthen strength strong strongly to strengthen a relationship/ties/bonds etc.
to strengthen the role of somebody/something
43 tendency tend tendency tendency to do sth
tendency towards/to sth
44 trigger trigger trigger trigger to trigger sth
the trigger event

UNIT 4: EXTRA WORDS

HEADWORD VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB COLLOCATION
1 accidentally accident accidental accidentally accidental damage
2 confess confess confession confessed to confess to doing sth
3 conspiracy conspire conspiracy to be involved in a conspiracy
conspirator a conspiracy theory
4 decisive decide decisiveness decisive decisively decisive factor/effect/influence
indecisive decisive role/step/action

5 displacement displace displacement displaced displacement of

6 domain domain domain name (computer website)
private/public domain

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7 exceed exceed to exceed the limit
8 exempt exempt exemption to be exempt from sth (requirements, etc)
9 impose impose imposition imposing to impose sth on sb
10 modest modesty modest modestly a modest increase
immodest to be modest about sth
11 prohibit prohibit prohibition prohibitive to prohibit sth
prohibitory to prohibit from sth
to impose/lift prohibitions
12 project project project projected to project something
projection
13 purchase purchase purchase purchase of
to purchase sth
cash/credit purchase
14 reject reject rejection to reject sb/sth
15 resign resign resignation resigned resignedly to resign from sth
to resign your position
16 specify specify specification specific specifically

17 utilize utilize utility utilizable to utilize service/resource/skill

utilization to utilize in

18 welfare welfare welfare a welfare state

UNIT 5: READING AND WRITING / LISTENING and SPEAKING

HEADWORD VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB COLLOCATION
1 abstract abstraction abstract abstract art/idea/concept
2 acceptance accept acceptance acceptable acceptably gain acceptance
unacceptable unacceptably general/widespread acceptance
acceptance of
3 accessible access access accessible to have access to sth
inaccessible to access sth
to be (in)accessible
4 accuracy accuracy accurate accurately absolute/complete accuracy
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inaccurate inaccurately to be (very/extremely/highly) (in)accurate
5 activate activate activation active actively activate by
deactivate
6 anticipate anticipate anticipation anticipated to anticipate a problem
unanticipated in anticipation of sth
7 apparently apparent apparently to be/become/seem apparent
to be apparent that …
8 awareness awareness aware to have awareness
unaware to be/become aware of sth
a lack of awareness
9 classify classify classification (un)classifiable to classify sth under/as sth
(un)classified
10 contemporary contemporary contemporarily a contemporary [design, painting, painter,
artist]
a contemporary [version, rendition,
adaptation, example] of
contemporary [poetry, music, dance, fiction,
furniture]
11 comment comment comment to comment on sth
to have/make a comment
12 consensus consent consensus to build/arrive at/reach a consensus
consent
13 consumerism consume consumer consumption of sth
consumption to protect/satisfy consumer
consumerism to boost/increase/reduce consumption
14 crucial crucial crucially crucial for

15 declare declare declaration declarative declare victory

declare bankruptcy
declare war (on)
declare your [independence from, support for]
16 distinct distinguish distinction distinct distinctively distinction between one thing and another
distinctive
17 distinguish distinguish distinction distinct distinctively distinction between one thing and another
distinctive
18 distorted distort distortion distorted to (seriously/severely) distort sth
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to cause/create/lead to distortion of sth
19 eventually eventual eventually
20 exhibit exhibit exhibition to exhibit signs/symptoms/behavior etc.
exhibit
21 expert expertise expert expertly expertise in sth/doing sth
lack/need/require expertise
22 extend extend extension extensive extensively extension of sth
extent a contract extension
extensive reading/research
extensive coverage
23 foster foster foster to foster sth/ a foster child
24 heritage heritage heritage mixed/culltural heritage
heritage of a country
25 inevitably inevitable inevitably inevitable result/consequence
26 interaction interact interaction interactive interactively to interact with sb
27 interpretation interpret interpretation interpretive to interpret correctly/wrongly/differently
to make an interpretation
correct/right/valid/false/wrong interpretation
28 involvement involve involvement involved to involve sb in sth
to be involved in sth
29 manufacture manufacture manufacture to manufacture sth from sth
manufacturer manufacture of sth
30 neglect neglect negligence neglected
31 obviously obvious obviously
32 perspective perspective to have a (adjective) perspective on sth
different/new/broader perspective
to see things from a different perspective
33 policy policy foreign policy; economic/public policy
policy on/for sth
to adopt/implement new/firm policies
34 presume presume presumption presumed presumably to rightly/wrongly presume
strong/general presumption about/against
35 prominent prominence prominent prominently prominent place/position
prominent part/role
prominent member/figure
prominent in
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36 query query query (question) question/query about sth

37 recognition recognize recognition recognized facial recognition

recognizable recognition of sth
unrecognizable formal/official recognition
38 relevant relevance relevant to have/lack/lose relevance
irrelevance irrelevant to be/seem/become relevant to
relevant to
39 remarkable remarkable remarkably remarkable achievement/accomplishment
40 reproduction reproduce reproduction reproductive reproductively reproductive system/health/organs/behavior

41 response respond respondent responsive to respond to sb/sth

response
42 severe severity severe severely a severe injury/illness
severe problems/depression/pain/case etc.
43 significant signify significance significant significantly significance of sth
insignificant insignificantly to attach significance to
44 speculate speculate speculation speculative speculatively speculate on/about
speculative theories
45 substitute substitute substitute substitute to substitute for sth
substitution a substitute teacher
46 the latter latter latter latterly choose the latter
the latter [point, description, category] is
in the latter half of the [day, year]
during the latter [stages, parts] of
in latter [months, years]

UNIT 5: EXTRA WORDS

HEADWORD VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB COLLOCATION
1 accountable accountability accountable accountable for/ to
directly accountable
2 accumulation accumulate accumulation accumulated accumulation of
to slowly/rapidly accumulate

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to lead to / prevent accumulation
3 appropriate appropriateness appropriate appropriately to be (in)appropriate
inappropriate inappropriately
4 automatically automate automation automatic automatically

5 derive derive derivative derivative derive sth from sth

derivation to be derived from sth
6 dissolve dissolve dissolution dissolve parliament
dissolve in
dissolve sth in sth
7 forecast forecast forecast weather forecast; sales/profit forecast
to make a forecast
8 the former former former formerly prefer the former
go for the former
9 inflation inflate inflation inflated to inflate a balloon
inflatable to inflate prices/cost/numbers etc.
10 mutual mutual mutually mutual admiration/trust/respect/ understanding

11 occupy occupy occupation occupied to occupy sb with (doing) sth

to occupy a place
12 precisely precise precisely to be precise about sth

13 proportion(s) proportion proportional proportionally in proportion to

14 restrict restrict restriction restricted to restrict sth/sb

restrictive to restrict yourself/somebody to (doing) sth
restricted access/area
15 revolutionary revolt revolution revolutionary to carry out/conduct revolution
revolutionary idea/changes
16 steadily steadiness steady steadily to increase/grow etc. steadily

17 tactic tactic tactical tactically tactics for

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UNIT 6: READING and WRITING / LISTENING and SPEAKING

HEADWORD VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB COLLOCATION
1 abandon abandon abandonment abandoned to abandon sth
abandon sb/sth (completely/entirely)
to be forced to abandon
2 adequate adequacy (in)adequate adequately adequacy of sth
inadequacy inadequately to be/seem adequate for sth
3 aspect aspect an aspect of sth; in every aspect of sth
to have/focus on/study an aspect
(key/crucial) aspect of sth
4 boundary boundary national boundaries
cross/mark the boundary
5 clarity clarify clarification to gain clarity about sth

6 collapse collapse collapse collapsed Collapse (bridge,building)

collapsable brink of collapse
cardiovascular collapse
7 commerce commerce commercial commercially e-commerce
local commerce
8 commodity commodity commodity market
valuable commodities
9 decline decline decline declining to decline in importance/size
steep/steady/sharp decline in sth
10 defense defend defense defensive defensively to defend sth/sb against/from sth/sb
defender defenseless to defend yourself against/from sth/sb
11 diagnose diagnose diagnosis diagnostic be diagnosed as
be diagnosed with
make a diagnosis
diagnosis of
12 distort distort distortion to (seriously/severely) distort sth
to cause/create/lead to distortion of sth
13 diverse diversity diverse ethnic diversity; biological diversity
great/wide/immense diversity
to create/protect diversity
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to be/become diverse
14 dominant dominate dominance dominant dominantly to achieve/assert dominance over sth
domination to seem/become/remain dominant
15 efficient efficiency efficient efficiently working/operating efficiently
inefficient inefficiently
16 estimate estimate estimate estimates of
overestimate overestimation difficult to, hard to estimate
underestimate underestimation early, initial estimate
to make an estimate
17 forbid forbid forbidden forbiddingly to forbid sb from doing sth
forbidding strictly forbid sth
to look/speak forbiddingly
18 functional function function functional functionally the function of sth
functionality to fulfill/perform a function
19 hazard hazard hazard hazardous hazardously hazard to
a health/fire hazard
hazard a guess
20 inconvenient inconvenience inconvenient inconveniently inconvenience of
convenience convenient
21 intensive intensify intensity intensive intensively intensive training/program/course
intensive care
22 misinterpretation interpret misinterpretation interpretive to interpret correctly/wrongly/differently
interpretation to make an interpretation
correct/right/valid/false/wrong interpretation
23 optimize optimize Ootimization optimal optimally the optimization of

24 overcome overcome to overcome difficulties/problems stc.

25 permanent permanence permanent permanently permanent job/change/situation

26 precious preciousness precious preciously to be precious to sb

precious time/moment
27 previously previous previously

28 primarily primary primarily primary concern

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29 procedure proceed procedure procedural to proceed with sth
to proceed to do sth
30 projection project projection projected projected rate/level/range
projected earnings/growth/increase
self-projection
31 rely on rely reliability reliable reliably to rely on sth
reliance unreliable to assess/ensure reliability
high/poor reliability
to be very reliable
32 remote remoteness remote remotely to work remotely

33 revenue revenue revenue stream

tax revenue; annual revenue; average revenue
34 setback setback suffer/experience a setback

35 sophisticated sophistication sophisticated highly sophisticated

36 transition transition transition transitional transition to….from…

transitory
37 transmit transmit transmission transmit sth (from sb/sth) to sb/sth
transmitter
38 uninhabited uninhabited an uninhabited island/region/area

39 variety vary variation varied variously variation of sth

variety various to vary widely
to offer great/huge variety

UNIT 6: EXTRA WORDS

HEADWORD VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB COLLOCATION
1 accuse accuse accusation accusing to accuse sb of (doing) sth
2 allocate allocate allocation to allocate sth to sb/ath
3 attain attain attainment attainable attain standard/status/degree/position
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unattainable attain goal/objective
4 cease cease cease to cease doing sth
to cease to do sth
5 contend contend to contend with sb/sth
6 converse converse conversation conversational to converse with sb
7 delicate delicacy delicate delicately delicate matter; delicate skin/features etc.
8 elaborate elaborate elaboration elaborate elaborately elaborate system/structure
elaborate on

9 endurance endure endurance (un)endurable physical/mental endurance

10 extract extract extraction to extract sth (from sth else)
a brief/short/long extract from sth
11 intimate intimate intimate intimate intimately intimate knowledge of sth
intimate link/connection/relationship/detail
12 magnificent magnificence magnificent magnificently magnificent view
13 notable notable notably notable feature/example
notable achievement/success/victory
notable for
14 obliged oblige obligation obliged to feel obliged to do sth
obligatory
15 preliminary Preliminary (ies) preliminary preliminary to sth
preliminary stages
16 prime prime prime prime time
in his/her/my prime
17 suspend suspend suspension to suspend sb from sth
to be suspended by/from sth
18 thorough thoroughness thorough thoroughly a thorough investigation/check-up etc.

UNIT 7: READING and WRITING / LISTENING and SPEAKING

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HEADWORD VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB COLLOCATION
accomplish accomplish accomplishment accomplishable to accomplish sth
accomplished
1 adapt adapt adaptation adapted to adapt successfully/well
adaptability to be (highly/very) adaptable
2 anticipate anticipate anticipation unanticipated to anticipate a problem
in anticipation of sth
3 appeal appeal appeal appealing (un)appealingly appealing look/expression/voice
unappealing find appealing
appealing to/for
4 assign assign assignment to assign sb sth (a task/role etc.)
to assign sb to sth
5 authority authorize authority authoritarian to have authority over
authoritative to deny/refuse/reject/undermine authority
6 briefly brief briefly to speak/explain briefly

7 clarify clarify clarification to make a clarification

to clarify sth
to gain clarity about sth
8 cognition cognition cognitive cognitively cognitive function

9 consume consume consumer consumption of sth

consumption to protect/satisfy consumer
consumerism to boost/increase/reduce consumption
10 controversial controversy controversial to cause/create controversy
a highly controversial topic
11 convention convene convention conventional conventionally conventional weapons

12 convince convince conviction convincing convincingly to convince that …

to convince sb to do sth …
to be convinced that …
13 demonstrate demonstrate demonstration demonstrative to demonstrate something
demonstrator to clearly demonstrate to sb
to demonstrate against/for sth
14 determine determine determination determined determinedly determination to do th
determining to have/show/demonstrate determination
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undetermined the determining factor
indeterminate
predetermined
15 embrace embrace embrace

16 enforce enforce enforcement enforced to enforce a law/ban etc.

to enforce sth on sb
17 equivalent equivalence equivalent equivalently equivalent to/of
to have an equivalent
18 excess excess excessive excessively excess of

19 habitat habitat natural habitat

habitation fit/unfit for human habitation
wildlife/coastal/marine habitat
destroy/provide/protect habitat
20 implication imply implication to clearly/usually imply
to have a clear/obvious/crucial implication
to have/understand/assess implications
21 inclined to incline inclination inclined incline to/towards
inclination of
22 infer infer inference inferential inferentially to infer sth from sth
to infer that
23 inherit inherit inheritance to inherit sth from sb

24 initiate initiate initiation initial initially to initiate a project/debate etc.

initiative the initial speaker

25 negotiate negotiate negotiation (non)negotiable to negotiate with sb/sth

negotiator can’t/will not negotiate
26 notion notion notion of

27 nurture nurture nurture nurtured nature or nurture

nurture children/garden
nurture ambition
28 obtain obtain obtaining (un)obtainable to obtain something (a degree, etc.)

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29 overview overview provide/give/offer an overview of sth
a broad/general/brief overview
30 pesticide pesticide to apply a pesticide

31 potentially potential potential potentially to reach/realize/ fulfill potential

potential risks/threat/problems/benefits
32 predict predict prediction predictable to predict accurately/successfully
unpredictable to predict that + sentence
predictive to make correct prediction
to be/seem predictable
33 provoke provoke provocation provocative provocatively

34 receptive receive receptiveness receptive receptively receptive to new ideas

receptive language
receive a phone call/email/visit/letter
receive a ball (in sports)
35 refuse refuse refusal to refuse to do sth

36 superficial superficial superficially superficial knowledge

superficial topic/issue
superficial damage/injuries

37 tolerate tolerate toleration tolerant tolerantly to tolerate sb/sth

tolerance
38 trace trace trace traceable trace the origin/process/history of sth

39 vast vast vastly vast majority/ amount of

40 vulnerable vulnerability vulnerable

41 willing will (un)willingness willing willingly willing to do sth

unwilling unwillingly quite/perfectly willing

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UNIT 7: EXTRA WORDS

HEADWORD VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB COLLOCATION
1 administer administer administration administrative administer questionnaire/test
administrator administer justice/punishment
administer sth to sb
2 autonomously autonomy autonomous autonomously
3 blend blend blend blended blended learning
blend with/in
4 coordination coordinate coordination coordinated coordination of
to coordinate with
5 corresponding correspond correspondence corresponding a coordinated response/attack/effort
6 dismiss dismiss dismissal dismissive dismissively to dismiss sb for/from sth
to dismiss an idea/proposal/criticism etc.
7 domestic domesticate domestic domestic domestically domestic market/economy/pets
8 exploiting exploit exploitation exploitative exploitation of
to be vulnerable/open to exploitation
9 invade invade invasion invading to invade one’s space/a country
invader fear of invasion; invasion of privacy
10 invoke invoke to invoke one’s rights
11 lifelong lifelong lifelong friend/ambition/interest
12 misleading mislead misleading misleadingly misleading information/statement/impression
seriously/highly/grossly misleading

13 ongoing ongoing ongoing project, research

14 prompt promptness prompt promptly prompt action
15 reverse reverse reverse reverse to reverse a decision/trend
reversible the reverse side
irreversible
16 seize seize seizure to seize power/control

17 selective select selection selective selectively selective about/in

selectivity highly selective

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18 stem stem stem to stem from sth
19 terminate terminate termination terminal terminally to terminate a contract/pregnancy
terminal

UNIT 8: READING and WRITING / LISTENING and SPEAKING

HEADWORD VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB COLLOCATION
1 acquire acquire acquisition acquisitive to acquire sth (knowledge/skills etc.)
language acquisition
2 alternate alternate alternative alternative alternatively to have an alternative to sth
3 ambiguity ambiguity ambiguous ambiguously ambiguous question/attitude/issue
4 avoid/remove ambiguity
5 analyze analyze analysis analytical analytically to analyze carefully/in depth/scientifically
detailed/thorough analysis
6 bias bias biased biased for/against
political/gender/racial bias
7 commit commit commitment committed to show/lack commitment
complete/full/lifelong commitment to sth
to be/feel committed to sth
to be deeply/highly committed
8 compassion compassion compassionate compassionately show compassion
being compassionate to someone
9 compatible compatibility (in)compatible compatibility of
10 compensate compensate compensation compensatory to compensate sb for sth
11 conform conform conformity conformable conformably conform to/with something
conformable to
conformity to/with
12 consent consent consent consensual with/without (sb's) consent
written/prior consent
give/grant consent to/for sth
seek/apply for/obtain (sb's) consent
13 consequential consequence consequent consequently catastrophic/devastating/severe consequences
consequential to have/lead to/suffer consequences
14 context contextualize context contextual contextually
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15 detrimental detriment detrimental detrimentally without detriment to
to the detriment of
detrimental cause/effect
detrimental to
16 diminish diminish diminishing to diminish the importance/value of sth
diminished a greatly diminished reputation/size
17 distract distract distraction distracting distract sb from sth
distracted
18 dramatic dramatic dramatically to increase/rise/decrease dramatically
to have a dramatic effect/impact on sth
a dramatic increase/change/improvement
19 encounter encounter encounter to encounter sth/sb
to encounter difficulties/problems
20 ethics ethic(s) ethical ethically ethical dilemma
ethics and morals
his/her/my work ethic/strong work ethic
21 exclude exclude exclusion exclusive exclusion of
to be excluded from sth
22 instinct instinct instinctual instinctually have an instinct for
instinctual decisions/passions
23 intentionally intend intention intentional intentionally Intention of
good intentions
24 intervene intervene intervention intervention of
to intervene directly
25 unfocused focus focus (un)focused focused on a goal

26 isolated isolate isolation isolated to isolate sb/sth from sth/sb

27 justify justify justification justified to justify an action
justifiable to give (sb) justification
to provide (sb with) justification
to be/seem justifiable
28 orient orient orientation oriented oriented towards/to sth
29 oppose oppose opposition opposing oppose an idea
opposing sides
30 pose pose posing to pose a question/threat/danger/risk

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31 promote promote promotion promotional promotionally promotion of
promotional video
to promote sth
to get a promotion
32 range range range to range from X to Y
to range enormously/widely
broad/enormous/extensive range of sth
33 reluctant reluctance reluctant reluctantly to be reluctant to / reluctance to
reluctant to do sth
34 reputation reputation reputational earned/established/gained/acquired a reputation
as..
reputation of
enhance/damage somebody’s reputation
reputational damage/risk
35 resist resist resistance resistant hard/impossible/difficult to resist
to resist the temptation/urge to do sth
resistant to sth
36 reveal reveal revealing reveal sth (about sth/sb)
37 sequence sequence sequence sequential sequentially sequence of events
DNA sequencing
38 shift shift shift shift from/towards
to shift attention/emphasis/focus
39 strategic strategy strategic strategically a strategy for sth
effective/good/successful strategy
40 struggle struggle struggle struggling struggle for/with/between
struggle along, through, out, etc.
power struggle
41 temporary temporary temporarily
42 ultimate ultimatum ultimate ultimately the ultimate aim/solution
43 unconscious consciousness conscious consciously to lose/regain consciousness
unconscious unconscious to be/seem highly/very conscious of sth
44 undergo undergo to undergo operation
45 undertake undertake to undertake (responsibility)

46 violate violate violation to violate a law/rights/privacy

47 widespread widespread widespread beliefs/support/acceptance/criticism
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48 withdraw withdraw withdraw to withdraw from sth
withdrawal

UNIT 8: EXTRA WORDS

HEADWORD VERB NOUN ADJECTIVE ADVERB COLLOCATION
1 availability availability available availability of sth
to be/become available
2 bound bound bound(s) boundless boundlessly within the bounds/out of bounds
boundlessness bound to do sth
3 cultivate cultivate cultivation (un)cultivated to cultivate sth
(un)cultivated land/person
4 devoted devote devotion devoted devotedly to be devoted to sb/sth
5 erosion erode erosion erosion of
6 inherently inherent inherently to be inherent in
7 migration migrate migration migration migration of
migrant migratory migratory animals/birds
8 prospective prospect prospective prospective (buyers/employers)
9 remedy remedy remediable remedy for sth
remedial a cold/cough/flu remedy
10 tempt tempt temptation tempting tempt somebody into doing something
11 weaken weaken weakness weak to weaken against sth
12 rationale rationalize rationale rational rationally the rationale behind sth
irrational irrationally a rational argument/debate/explanation
to be/seem/appear irrational
13 resolve resolve resolution to resolve sth through/by sth
14 scheme scheme scheme schematic to introduce/operate/run a scheme
schematic(s) scheme for doing sth
schemata
15 shortage shortage shortage of sth
a severe/growing shortage
to lead to/result in shortage
16 symptom symptom symptomatic symptoms of
to exhibit symptoms
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17 target target target targeted to meet a target (goal)
to target sb
18 worth worth worthy
unworthy prove worth
worthless own worth
worth of

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