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METHODS OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION.

Concentration of solution is the amount of solute dissolved in a known amount of the solvent or solution. The
concentration of solution can be expressed in various ways as discussed below.
(1) Percentage : It refers to the amount of the solute per 100 parts of the solution. It can also be called as parts per
hundred (pph). It can be expressed by any of following four methods :
Wt . of solute
= ×100
(i) Weight to weight percent (% w/w) Wt . of solution (ii) Weight to volume percent (% w/v)
Wt . of solute
= ×100
Volume of solution
Vol . of solute
= ×100
(iii) Volume to volume percent (% v/v) Vol . of solution (iv) Volume to weight percent (% v/w)
Vol . of solute
= ×100
Wt . of solution
(2) Parts per million (ppm) and parts per billion (ppb) : When a solute is present in trace quantities, it is convenient to

express the concentration in parts per million and parts per billion. It is the number of parts of solute per million
(106 ) or per

billion
(109 ) parts of the solution. It is independent of the temperature.
mass of solute component mass of solute component
ppm= ×106 ppb= ×109
Total mass of solution ; Total mass of solution
3
(3) Strength : The strength of solution is defined as the amount of solute in grams present in one litre (or dm ) of the

solution. It is expressed in g/litre or

( g/dm 3 ) .
Mass of solute in grams
Strength=
Volume of solution in litres
(4) Normality (N) : It is defined as the number of gram equivalents (equivalent weight in grams) of a solute present per
litre of the solution. Unit of normality is gram equivalents litre–1. Normality changes with temperature since it involves volume.
When a solution is diluted x times, its normality also decreases by x times. Solutions in term of normality generally expressed
as,
N= Normal solution; 5 N= Penta normal, 10 N= Deca normal; N /2= semi normal
N /10= Deci normal; N /5= Penti normal
N /100 or
0.01 N = centinormal, N /1000 or 0.001= millinormal
Mathematically normality can be calculated by following formulas,
Number of g . eq . of solute Weight of solute in g .
Normality ( N )= =
(i)
Volume of solution (l) g . eq . weight of solute×Volume of solution (l)
Wt . of solute per litre of solution Wt . of solute 1000
N= N= ×
(ii) g eq . wt . of solute , (iii) g . eq. wt . of solute Vol . of solution in ml
Percent of solute × 10 Strength in g l−1 of solution Wt%×density×10
N= N= N=
(iv) g eq . wt . of solute , (v) g eq. wt . of solute (vi) Eq . wt .
V1 N1 N2 V2
(vii) If volume and normality is so changed that new normality and volume and then,
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N 1 V 1 =N 2 V 2
(Normality equation)

(viii) When two solutions of the same solute are mixed then normality of mixture
( N ) is
N 1 V 1+ N 2 V 2
N=
V 1+ V 2
(V 2 −V 1 ) N2 V 1 ml N
(ix) Vol. of water to be added i.e., to get a solution of normality from of normality 1

( )
N 1 −N 2
V 2 −V 1 = V1
N2

(x) If Wg of an acid is completely neutralised by

V ml of base of normality N
Wt . of acid VN Wt . of base Vol . of acid ×N of acid
= =
g eq . wt . of acid 1000 ; Similarly, g eq. wt . of base 1000
V a ml Na V b ml Nb
(xi) When of acid of normality is mixed with of base of normality
V a N a =V b N b
(a) If (Solution neutral)
V a N a >V b N b
(b) If (Solution is acidic)
V b N b >V a N a
(c) If (Solution is basic)
V a N a +V b N b V b N b +V a N a
= =
(V a +V b ) (V a +V b )
(xii) Normality of the acidic mixture (xiii) Normality of the basic mixture
No. of meq * of solute
N=
(xiv) Vol . of solution in ml (* 1 equivalent = 1000 milliequivalent or meq.)

w V × N 10 . 6 100×N 1000×10 . 6
= = N= =2
g eq . wt . 1000 ; 53 1000 ; 100×53
(4) Molarity (M) : Molarity of a solution is the number of moles of the solute per litre of solution (or number of
millimoles per ml. of solution). Unit of molarity is mol/litre or mol/dm3 For example, a molar (1M ) solution of sugar means a
23
solution containing 1 mole of sugar (i.e., 342 g or 6 . 02×10 molecules of it) per litre of the solution. Solutions in term of
molarity generally expressed as,
M
1 M = Molar solution, 2 M = Molarity is two, 2 or 0.5 M = Semimolar solution,
M M
10 or 0.1 M = Decimolar solution, 100 or 0.01 M = Centimolar solution
M
1000 or 0.001 M = Millimolar solution
 Molarity is most common way of representing the concentration of solution.
1
Molarity ∝
 Molarity is depend on temperature as, Temperature

 When a solution is diluted (x times), its molarity also decreases (by x times)
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Mathematically molarity can be calculated by following formulas,

No. of moles of solute ( n) Wt . of solute (in gm ) per litre of solution

M= M=
(i) Vol . of solution in litres , (ii) Mol. wt . of solute

Wt . of solute (in gm ) 1000 No. of millimoles of solute

M= × M=
(iii) Mol. wt . of solute Vol . of solution in ml . (iv) Vol . of solution in ml

Percent of solute ×10 Strength in gl−1 of solution

M= M=
(v) Mol. wt . of solute (vi) Mol. wt . of solute

10×Sp. gr. of the solution ×Wt . % of the solute

M=
(vii) Mol. wt . of the solute

(viii) If molarity and volume of solution are changed from

M 1 , V 1 to M 2 , V 2 . Then,

M 1 V 1 =M 2 V 2 (Molarity equation)

(ix) In balanced chemical equation, if

n1 moles of reactant one react with n2 moles of reactant two. Then,

M1 V 1 M2V 2
=
n1 n2

(x) If two solutions of the same solute are mixed then molarity (M) of resulting solution.

M 1 V 1+ M 2 V 2
M=
( V 1 +V 2 )

(xi) Volume of water added to get a solution of molarity

M 2 from V 1 ml of molarity M 1 is

( )
M 1−M 2
V 2 −V 1 = V1
M2

Relation between molarity and normality

Molecular mass
¿
Normality of solution = molarity Equivalent mass

Normality  equivalent mass = molarity  molecular mass

Molecular mass
For an acid, Equivalent mass = basicity

So, Normality of acid = molarity  basicity.

Molecular mass
For a base, Equivalent mass = Acidity So, Normality of base = Molarity  Acidity.
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(5) Molality (m) : It is the number of moles or gram molecules of the solute per 1000 g of the solvent. Unit of molality is
mol /kg . For example, a 0 . 2 molal (0 . 2m ) solution of glucose means a solution obtained by dissolving 0.2 mole of glucose
in 1000 gm of water. Molality (m) does not depend on temperature since it involves measurement of weight of liquids. Molal
solutions are less concentrated than molar solution.
Mathematically molality can be calculated by following formulas,
Number of moles of the solute Strength per 1000 grams of solvent
m= ×1000=
(i) Weight of the solvent in grams Molecular mass of solute
No. of gm moles of solute Wt . of solute 1000
m= m= ×
(ii) Wt . of solvent in kg (iii) Mol. wt . of solute Wt. of solvent in g
No. of millimoles of solute 10×solubility
m= m=
(iv) Wt . of solvent in g (v) Mol. wt . of solute
1000×wt . % of solute ( x ) 1000×Molarity
m= m=
(vi) (100−x )× mol . wt . of solute (vii) (1000×sp. gravity )−(Molarity × Mol . wt . of solute)

Relation between molarity (M) and molality (m)

Molarity Molality × density
=
Molarity × molecular mass Molality × molecular mass
Density− 1+
Molality (m) = 1000 Molarity (M) 1000

(6) Formality (F) : Formality of a solution may be defined as the number of gram formula masses of the ionic solute
dissolved per litre of the solution. It is represented by F . Commonly, the term formality is used to express the concentration of
the ionic solids which do not exist as molecules but exist as network of ions. A solution containing one gram formula mass of
solute per litre of the solution has formality equal to one and is called formal solution. It may be mentioned here that the
formality of a solution changes with change in temperature.
Number of gram formula masses of solute Mass of ionic solute (g )
Formality (F)= Volume of solution in litres = ( gm. formula mass of solute )×(Volume of solution (l))
W B (g ) W B ( g)×1000
F= or
Thus, GFM×V (l ) GFM×V ( ml)
(7) Mole fraction (X) : Mole fraction may be defined as the ratio of number of moles of one component to the total
number of moles of all the components (solvent and solute) present in the solution. It is denoted by the letter X . It may be
noted that the mole fraction is independent of the temperature. Mole fraction is dimensionless. Let us suppose that a solution
W g W g
contains the components A and B and suppose that A of A and B of B are present in it.
WA WB
n A= n B=
MA MB
Number of moles of A is given by, and the number of moles of B is given by,
MA MB
where and are molecular masses of A and B respectively.
B=n A +n B
Total number of moles of A and
nA nB
X A= X B=
n A +n B n A +n B
Mole fraction of A , ; Mole fraction of B ,
The sum of mole fractions of all the components in the solution is always one.
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nA nB
X A+ X B= + =1
n A +n B n A + nB .

Thus, if we know the mole fraction of one component of a binary solution, the mole fraction of the other can be
calculated.
Relation between molality of solution (m) and mole fraction of the solute (XA).

m
X A=
55 .5+ m

(8) Mass fraction : Mass fraction of a component in a solution is the mass of that component divided by the total mass of
w A gm w gm B
the solution. For a solution containing of A and B of
wA wB
Mass fraction of A= Mass fraction of B=
w A +w B wA+wB
;

1. A solution contains 25% water, 25% ethanol and 50% acetic acid by weight. Find out the
mole fraction of each component.
(Mole fraction of water = = 0.502 Mole fraction of ethanol = = 0.196 Mole fraction of acetic acid = = 0.301)
2. 4.45 g of pure sulphuric acid is added to 82.20 g water. The density of the solution was found to be 1.029 g/ml.
Calculate (a) weight percent (b) mole fraction (c) mole percent (d) molality (e) molarity and (f) normality of sulphuric
acid solution.

3. Commercially available concentrated HCl is an aqueous solution containing 38% HCl by mass. It’s density is 1.19 g ml –1.
Calculate
(a) Molarity of the solution
(b) How many ml of this HCl are required to make 1 litre of 0.1 M HCl.
4. One litre of an aqueous solution contains 15 g of a solute of mol.wt 150. If the density of the solution is 1.005 g cm –3, find
out the mole fraction of solute.
5. Find out the molarity of 20% solution of NaOH.
6. Calculate normality of the solution obtained by mixing 40 ml of 0.05 N HCl and 60 ml of 0.1 N H2SO4.

7. Calculate the molarity of water if its density is 1000Kg/ m3 .

8. A sugar syrup of weight 214.2 gm contains 34.2 gm of sugar (C12H22O11). Calculate (i)
molal concentration (ii) mole fraction of the sugar in the syrup.

9. The density of a 3M sodium thiosulphate solution is 1.25 gm cm-3. Calculate the molalities of Na+
andS2O3-- ions; percentage of weight of solution and mole fraction of sodium thiosulphate .

10. 15 g of methyl alcohol is dissolved in 35 g of water. The weight percentage of methyl alcohol in solution is

(a) 30% (b) 50% (c) 70% (d) 75%

−3
11. Sea water contains 5 . 8×10 g of dissolved oxygen per kilogram. The concentration of oxygen in parts per million is
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(a) 5.8 ppm (b) 58 .5 ppm (c) 0 . 58 ppm (d) 0 . 05 ppm

12. A 500 gm toothpaste sample has 0 .2 g fluoride concentration. The concentration of fluoride ions in terms of ppm level is
(a) 250 ppm (b) 200 ppm (c) 400 ppm (d) 1000 ppm

13. Normality of a solution containing 9.8 g of

H 2 SO 4
in 250 cm 3 of the solution is
(a) 0.8 N (b) 1 N (c) 0 . 08 N (d) 1 .8 N
14. Amount of NaOH present in 200 ml of 0 . 5 N solution is
(a) 40 g (b) 4 g (c) 0.4 g (d) 4.4 g

15. 50 ml of
10 N H 2 SO 4 , 25 ml
of 12N HCl and 40 ml of 5 N HNO3
were mixed together and the volume of the mixture
was made 1000 ml by adding water. The normality of the resulting solution will be
(a) 1 N (b) 2 N (c) 3 N (d) 4 N

16. 100 ml of 0.3N HCl is mixed with 200 ml of

0 . 6 N H 2 SO 4
. The final normality of the resulting solution will be

(a) 0.1 N (b) 0.2 N (c) 0 . 3 N (d) 0 . 5 N

17. An aqueous solution of 6.3g oxalic acid dihydrate is made up to 250 ml . The volume of 0.1N NaOH required to
completely neutralize 10 ml of this solution is

(a) 40 ml (b) 20 ml (c)10 ml (d) 4 ml

18. 10.6 g of Na2 CO 3 was exactly neutralised by 100 ml of

H 2 SO 4
solution. Its normality is
(a) 1 N (b) 2 N (c) 1.5 N (d) 0.5 N

19. The molarity of pure water (d=1 g /l ) is

(a) 555 M (b) 5.55 M (c) 55.5 M (d) None
3
20. The number of iodine atoms present in 1 cm of its 0 . 1 M solution is

23 22 19 20
(a) 6 . 02×10 (b) 6 . 02×10 (c) 6 . 02×10 (d) 1 .204×10

21. Equal volumes of

0 . 1 M AgNO 3 and 0.2M NaCl are mixed. The concentration of NO−3 ions in the mixture will be

(a) 0 . 1 M (b) 0 . 05 M (c) 0.2 M (d) 0 . 15 M

22. The molarity of

H 2 SO 4 solution that has a density of 1 .84 g /cc at 35o C and contains 98% by weight is

(a) 4 .18 M (b) 8 . 14 M (c) 18 . 4 M (d) 18 M

((COOH )2 . 2 H 2 O)
23. Amount of oxalic acid in grams that is required to obtain 250 ml of a semi-molar solution is
(a) 17.25 g (b) 17.00 g (c) 15.75 g (d) 15.00 g

24. Volume of 10 M HCl should be diluted with water to prepare 2 .00 L of 5 M HCl is
(a) 2 L (b) 1 .5 L (c) 1 .00 L (d) 0 . 5 L

25. The volume of 95%

H 2 SO 4
(density =1.85g cm−3 ) needed to prepare 100 cm 3 of 15% solution of
H 2 SO 4
(density =
−3
1 .10 g cm ) will be
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(a) 5 cc (b) 7.5 cc (c) 9.4 cc (d) 12 . 4 cc

0 . 2 N Na2 CO 3
28. The molarity of a solution will be
(a) 0 . 05 M (b) 0 . 2 M (c) 0 . 1 M (d) 0 . 4 M

29. If 20 ml of 0.4 N NaOH solution completely neutralises 40 ml of dibasic acid. The molarity of acid solution is
(a) 0 . 1 M (b) 0 . 2 M (b) 0 . 3 M (d) 0 . 4 M

30.
H 2 SO 4
solution whose specific gravity is 1.98 g ml−1 and
H 2 SO 4
by volume is 95%. The molality of the solution will
be
(a) 7.412 (b) 8.412 (c) 9.412 (d) 10.412
H 2 SO 4
Hence molality of solution is 9.412

31. The density of 2

H SO 4
solution is 1.84 gm ml−1 . In 1 litre solution H 2 SO 4 is 93% by volume then, the molality of
solution is
(a) 9.42 (b) 10.42 (c) 11.42 (d) 12.42

32. A solution contains 16 gm of methanol and 10 gm of water, mole fraction of methanol is

(a) 0.90 (b) 0.090 (c) 0.1 (d) 1.9
33. A solution has 25% of water, 25% ethanol and 50% acetic acid by mass. The mole fraction of each component will be
(a) 0.50, 0.3, 0.19 (b) 0.19, 0.3, 0.50 (c) 0.3, 0.19, 0.5 (d) 0.50, 0.19, 0.3