Modern Physics
ERNST MACH - He opposes the theory based
1. PARTICLE ACCELERATORS. - They were
developed in the 1960s, enabling higher energy
interactions to be studied.
2. LAW OF GRAVITATION FOR POINT
MASSES. - It states that there is a power of
gravity about all bodies proportional to the
several quantities of matter that they contain.
3. JOHN DALTON. - He advances the atomic
theory of matter to explain the law of definite
proportions. Again, he advances the atomic
theory of matter to explain the law of definite
proportions. Who is this?
4. ALBERT EINSTEIN. - He uses molecules to
explain Brownian motion and determines the
approximate value of their size and mass.
5. AVOGADRO - He proposes that all gases at the
same temperature, pressure and volume contain
the same number of molecules.
6. NEUTRINOS - They are classified as hot, dark
matter because the term hot refers to the high
speeds at which they move throughout the
universe.
7. ROBERT BROWN - he observed the
microscopic random motion of suspended grains
of pollen in water.
8. NEWTON’S PRINCIPIA - it explains the
behavior of tides, the precision of the equinoxes,
and the irregularities in the moon's orbit.
9. CANNIZZARO - he makes the distinction
between atoms and molecules, advancing the
ideas of Avogadro
10. MURRAY GELL-MANN - he was awarded the
1969 Nobel Prize for discovering a system for
classifying subatomic particles, known as the
quark model.
11. PRINCIPLE OF EQUIVALENCE - it states
that no experiment can be done in a small
confined space that can detect the difference
between a uniform gravitational field and an
equivalent uniform acceleration.
12. DIMENSIONS - These are the parameters
required to describe the position and relevant
characteristics of any object within a conceptual
space.
13. DIFFUSE REFLECTION. - It is a type of
scattering that occurs when light waves traveling
in one direction are made to travel in many
different directions.
14. INDEX OF REFRACTION - It is the ratio of
the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light
in the material.
15. RAYLEIGH - It is a rule which states that the
shorter the wavelength of the incident light, the
more light is scattered.
16. DIFFRACTION - It occurs when an object
causes a wave to change direction and bend
around it.
17. REFRACTION OF LIGHT - It is caused by a
change in the speed of a wave when it passes from
one material to another. Refraction of light.
18. MAXWELL. - He unified the electric and
magnetic forces as fundamentally the same force.
Again, he unified the electric and magnetic forces
as fundamentally the same force.
19.
on logical positivism. He opposes the theory of
Robert Brown based on logical positivism.
20. IONIC BOND - It is the attraction between two
oppositely charged ions. It is the attraction
between two oppositely charged ions.
21. COVALENT BONDS. - They are formed when
two atoms share electrons.
22. MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS - These are
compounds that contain molecules bonded with
covalent bonds. These are compounds that
contain molecules bonded with covalent bonds.
23. QUANTUM ENTANGLEMENT - It is a very
bizarre theory that arose out of quantum
mechanics.
24. GENERAL RELATIVITY - It includes the
effects of accelerating objects and their mass on
space-time.
25. STRING THEORY - It arose in the late 1960s
in an attempt to understand the strong nuclear
force.
26. BOSOMIC STRING THEORY - This theory
describes bosons but not fermions.
27. PRINCIPAL It is a quantum number with a
positive integer.
28. MAGNETIC MOMENTUM - The quantum
number with an integer from negative lambda to
positive lambda.
29. ANGULAR MOMENTUM - It is a quantum
number with an integer from 0 to n-1.
30. QUANTUM MECHANICS - It is the study of
processes which occur at the atomic scale.
Quantum. Quantum mechanics.
31. What role does nuclear physics play in modern
science education?
• Medical applications like radiology.
32. Why is the study of modern physics relevant in
the science classroom?
• It enhances critical thinking skills.
33. What does the study of quantum mechanics
contribute to students' understanding?
• Behavior of matter and energy at the
atomic and subatomic levels
34. Why is the study of dark matter and dark energy
significant in modern physics education?
• They make up the majority of the
universe.
35. How can the theory of relativity be beneficial in
a science classroom?
• It provides insights into the behavior
of objects at high speeds.
36. How does the studying particle physics benefit
students in the science classroom?
• It introduces students to the
fundamental particles of the universe.
37. What is the significance of teaching string theory
in the science classroom?
• It introduces student to the theory of
everything.
38. In what way does the study of modern physics
topics contribute to technological advancement?
• It leads to innovations like GPA
systems and medical imaging
39. How does the study of modern physics topics
align with stem education?
 • It provides a foundation for
understanding complex scientific
concepts
40. What is the relevance of teaching modern physics
topics in a culturally diverse classroom?
• They provide a universal standing of a
fundamental principles of the universe
41. How can modern physics topics contribute to
fostering curiosity and wonder in students?
• By presenting the beauty and
complexity of the natural world
42. How does studying modern physics topics
contribute to the developing analytical and
problem solving skills?
• It involves solving complex problem
and understanding abstract concepts
43. What role do modern physics topics play in
understanding real world challenges such as
energy production and environmental issues?
• They provide solutions and insights
into addressing this challenges
44. What is the electric charge of a neutron?
• Neutral
45. How do modern physics topics encourage
interdisciplinary connections in education ?
• They bridge connections between
physics and other field such as
engineering and biology
46. Which of the following is not a Barrion?
• Meson
47. What are the two main category of fundamental
particles that make up matter?
• Leptons and quarks
48. How are quarks and leptons different from
protons, neutrons, electrons?
• They are composite particles
49. Which of the following is a type of leptons?
• Electron
50. What is the charge of an electron?
• Negative
51. How many types of quarks are there?
• 6
52. Which of the following is not a type of leptons?
• Down quark
53. How do leptons differ from quark in terms of
color charge?
• Quarks have color charge while
leptons do not
54. What is the primary role of quarks in forming
hadrons?
• Determining color charge
55. How does the behavior of leptons differ from that
of quarks in terms of color charge?
• Neither quark nor leptons have color
charge
56. What is the significance of the Higgs bosons in
the standard model of particle physics?
• It provides mass to quarks and leptons
57. What is the role of neutrinos in the weak nuclear
force interaction?
• They do not participate in the weak
nuclear force
58. How does the mass of quark and leptons compare
to the mass of protons and neutrons?
• Quarks and leptons have lesser mass
59. Which of the following particles is not a fermion?
• Photons
60. In terms of charge, how do protons and electrons
compare?
• Opposite, protons have positive charge
while electrons have negative charge
61. How do scientific model contribute to the
predictive aspect of experimentation?
• By representing relationships between
variables and predicting outcomes
based on theoretical framework
62. Which of the following statements is correct
regarding the stability of quarks and leptons?
• Quarks and leptons are stable and don
not decay
63. What is the primary role of the scientific models
in experimental science?
• To provide predictions of experimental
outcomes and guide researchers
64. How do the quantum numbers of quarks differ to
that of leptons?
• Quarks have spin one half while
leptons have spin zero
65. What is the role of gluons in the strong nuclear
force interaction between quarks?
• They mediate the force
66. Why is it important for experimental scientists to
use scientific models in their research?
• It provides a structured framework
for generating hypothesis making
predictions and guiding research
efforts
67. In what way do scientific models guide
experimental scientist in suggesting promising
lines of research?
• By providing a framework that
suggests avenues for further
investigation
68. How can a well develop scientific models impact
the efficiency of experimental research?
• By simplifying experimental
procedures
69. In what way does experiment relate to theoretical
predictions to gravity research?
• Experiments provide evidence that can
either support or challenge theoretical
predictions leading to the refinement
or rejection of theories
70. What is the primary role of logical arguments in
scientific discourse particularly in the context of
gravity theories?
• To provide a structured and reasoned
framework explaining phenomena and
evaluating theoretical descriptions of
gravity
71. How do logical arguments contribute to the
development of new theoretical predictions to
gravity research?
• By providing a clear and reasoned
basis for proposing modifications or
alternatives to existing theories
72. Why are there motivations for developing new
theoretical descriptions of gravity in scientific
research?
• To address observed phenomena that
current theories cannot explain
73. How do scientist use logical arguments to
evaluate and refine current existing gravity
theories?
• By critically examining the logical
coherence of theories, identifying
potential inconsistencies and
proposing modifications or new
concepts
74. How does the relationship between experiment
and theoretical predictions contribute to the
scientific method?
• It allows for the interactive process of
hypothesis testing, refinement and
theory development
75. What is the significance of logical coherence in
the context of theoretical descriptions of gravity?
• It ensures the theories are internally
consistent and logically sound

Enumeration
• Effects of metallic bonding
1. Electrical conductivity
2. Heat conductivity
3. Ductility
4. Malleability
5. Luster
• Fundamental conservation laws
1. Conservation of energy
2. Conservation of linear
momentum
3. Conservation of angular
momentum
4. Conservation of electric
charge
• Three particles historically considered
the fundamental building blocks of
matter
1. Protons
2. Neutrons
3. Electrons
• Different ways to get polarized light
1. Reflection
2. Absorption
3. Scattering
• Characteristics of particles
1. Distance
2. Mass
• Two Major types of Particles
1. Fermions
2. Bosons
• Two kinds of fundamental matter
1. Quarks
2. Leptons
• Four fundamental forces
1. Strong nuclear
2. Weak nuclear
3. Gravitational
4. Electromagnetism