A Survey On The Knowledge Attitude and Practices of Pregnant Women Regarding 2 1

INTEGRATED MIDWIVES ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES
(IMAP) FOUNDATION SCHOOL OF MIDWIFERY, INC.

# 41 Burgos St., Brgy. Magdalo, La Paz, Iloilo City
Email Address: imapburgos@yahoo.com.ph
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Pregnant Women on

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
A Research Proposal
Presented to
Integrated Midwives Association of the Philippines
Foundation School of Midwifery, Inc.
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Midwifery
By:
MAYLANIE G. BONGAR MARY JOYCE B. PERLAS
ROSEL P. JADE ALLYN MAE C. SILBOL
MA. GILLIAN S. JUCABAN APRILENE T. SOLOTIN
January 26, 2024

2
Table of Contents
PAGE
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study...……………………………………………. 3-4
Statement of the Problem…………………………………………….. 5
Conceptual Framework………………………………………………. 5
Significance of the Study…………………………………………….. 6
Scope and Delimitations……………………………………………... 6
Conceptual Definition………………………………………………… 7
Operational Definition………………………………………………... 8
II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE………………………………… 10
III MATERIALS AND METHODS………………………………………. 16
Research Design………………………...……. 16
Participants of the Study………...…………………………...…. 16
Sampling…………………………………………… 16
Research Instrument…………………………………………….……. 17
Validity……………………...…………………………. 20
Reliability…….……………………………………… 21
Data Gathering Procedures………………..…...…………………... 21
Pilot Phase……………………………....…………………………… 21
Procedure…………………………………………………………….. 22
Data Analysis……………………..………………………….………. 22
Ethical Considerations……….…………………………………… 23
Informed Consent……………………...…………………….. 23
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………...… 24-26
ANNEX……..……………………………………………………………………… 27
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Pregnancy has been considered throughout history as a profoundly transformative

experience for the mother, as it is a natural process which occurs when a woman’s body
undergoes numerous changes to support the growth and development of the baby. During
pregnancy, physiological and hormonal changes occur to support the developing fetus, such
increased levels of estrogen and progesterone that trigger these adaptations which affect almost
every organ system in the body.
Due to hormonal factors, pregnant women frequently experience physical manifestations
like weight increase, breast growth, and changes in skin pigmentation. In order to support the
growing fetus, nutritional needs also change, requiring a higher consumption of specific vitamins
and minerals. Physiological adjustments, such the loosening of ligaments and joints, also aid in
accommodating the expanding uterus and preparing the body for birthing (Lundborg et al., 2020).
Also, pregnant women may undergo immune system changes that render them more vulnerable to
specific infections in addition to exhibiting an increased sensitivity to tastes and scents. Hormonal
changes can have a significant impact on expectant mothers' emotional health, which can lead to
mood swings and stress levels. There may be an impact on sleep patterns as well; elevated
tiredness and vivid nightmares are frequent side effects (Tantengco et al., 2022).While these traits
are usually observed in pregnant women, individual experiences might differ, so it's crucial to
remember that medical professionals watch over and manage these changes to protect the health
of the mother and the growing fetus.
In addition, pregnancy is a pivotal period in a woman’s life, and it is considered to be a
metaphorical “window” through which healthcare professionals can monitor and assess her future
well-being. This is primarily due to the multifarious changes that take place within a woman’s
body during this phase. One of the many physiological transformations that has a chance to occur
4
during pregnancy is the development of glucose intolerance, which is characterized by elevated
blood sugar levels which causes hyperglycemia, or referred to as gestational diabetes mellitus
(Alejandro et al., 2020). This change poses a risk not only to the mother’s health but to the
developing baby inside the uterus.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or GDM is defined as various degrees of glucose
intolerance with an onset or first diagnosed during pregnancy (Alfadhli, 2015; Buchanan &
Xiang, 2005). The prevalence rate for GDM varies from 1 – 20% worldwide, however it tends to
be significantly higher for African, Asian, Hispanic, and Indian women than for Caucasian
women, and is typically detected to occur after 20 – 24 weeks or around 5 – 6 months of
pregnancy (Alfadhli, 2015 & Zhuang et al., 2020). This condition poses both short and long-term
complications for mothers and infants such as; hypertension, macrosomia or large birth weight
and development of type 2 diabetes or T2DM (Hirst et al., 2012; Liberman et al., 2011; Alfadhli,
2015; Pineda-Cortel et al., 2018). In addition, it is also associated with maternal and perinatal
morbidity, including excessive fetal size which leads to birth trauma (Dy & Yao, 2022).
In the Philippines, there is a significant jump in numbers of the prevalence rate of
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, from 14% in 1996 (Litonjua et al., 1996; as cited in Sarmiento et
al., 2019) to 29.27% this 2018 following the International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy
Study Groups (IADPSG) criteria (Pineda–Cortel et al., 2018). Studies of GDM in South East Asia
increased in the last 10 years, however, they are often conducted in Singapore, Thailand, and
Malaysia. Despite the high prevalence rate of GDM recorded in the Philippines, the condition
remains understudied. It was only in recent years that the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
was implemented to be a mandatory test taken by pregnant women in the Philippines as per the
guidelines indicated by the UNITE Clinical Practice Guidelines or UNITE CPG. According to Dy
and Yao (2022), there are still many areas of concern regarding GDM management which are
lacking in general consensus among various authorities. Examples are: the timing of screening,
diagnostic criteria and classification among others.
In recent years, there has been a growing concern regarding the health conditions of
pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Numerous studies from
various parts of the world have expounded on this topic, presenting valuable insights into the
lives of women affected by GDM. However, when it comes to the specific context of the
5
Philippines, there is a noticeable lack of local studies and literature addressing this pressing issue.
The scarcity of research on GDM in the Philippines is concerning, as it leaves healthcare
professionals and policymakers with limited resources and information to effectively address this
problem in the local setting. There have been relatively few studies on GDM conducted in the
country. The study of Litonjua et al. conducted in 1996 contains the only information currently
available on the prevalence of GDM which is at 14%. Another more recent research study was
conducted, although it was limited to the University of Santo Tomas Hospital-Clinical Division
(USTH-CD) and had a narrow population focus. The study found that the USTH-CD had a 7.5%
prevalence of GDM and that turned out to be linked to family history of diabetes, hormone use
and rising body mass index (Lim-Uy et al., 2010 as cited in Pineda et al., 2018). By
acknowledging this gap in knowledge, the researchers aim to bridge this substantial void by
conducting a comprehensive study that delves into the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of
pregnant women diagnosed with GDM especially at Sta. Barbara Rural Health Unit, Iloilo,
Philippines..
In conclusion, despite the abundance of literature on GDM from different parts of the
world, the scarcity of local studies in the Philippines calls for urgent attention. The researchers
aim to address this gap by conducting a comprehensive study that determines the knowledge,
attitudes, and practices of pregnant women diagnosed with GDM in the Philippines. The findings
of this research will provide invaluable insights into the unique challenges faced by Filipino
women dealing with GDM, particularly from Sta. Barbara Health Unit and will inform the
development of tailored interventions and educational programs to improve the management and
outcomes of GDM in the locality.
Statement of the Problem
The study aims to determine the knowledge, attitude and practices of pregnant women on
gestational diabetes mellitus at Sta. Barbara Rural Health Unit. Specifically, it aims to answer the
following questions:
6
1. What is the educational attainment of pregnant women?
2. What is the gravidity of employment of pregnant women?
3. What is the socio-economic status of pregnant women?
4. What is the pregnancy trimester of pregnant women?
5. What is the level of knowledge of pregnant women on gestational diabetes mellitus?
6. What is the attitude of pregnant women on gestational diabetes mellitus?
7. What is the practice of pregnant women on gestational diabetes mellitus?
8. Is there a relationship between the attitude and practices of pregnant women on
gestational diabetes mellitus?
9. Is there a relationship between the knowledge and practices of pregnant women on
10. Is there a relationship between the knowledge and attitude of pregnant women on
Conceptual Framework
Independent Variable Dependent Variable Outcome
Socio-demographic Knowledge on GDM

factors
(age, educational Maternal and
status, gravidity, Fetal Health
Employment status Status on
& socio-economic Gestational
class and frequency Attitude on GDM Diabetes
of prenatal check up) Mellitus
of pregnant women
diagnosed with
GDM Practices on GDM
7
Figure 1.0. Shows the relationship between the independent and dependent variables of
the study.
The conceptual framework shows that demographic factors and healthcare access
influences will collectively influence the knowledge, attitude, and practices of pregnant women.
The knowledge, attitude, and practices of pregnant women are expected to contribute to maternal
and fetal health outcomes.This conceptual framework focuses exclusively on the factors directly
related to pregnant women and their perceptions and behaviors regarding Gestational Diabetes
Mellitus.
Significance of the Study
The study is significant for several groups of individuals, including:
Pregnant Women
The study is beneficial to pregnant women, as the research aims to understand their
knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). The findings
can provide pregnant women with the information needed to make informed decisions, adopt
healthier practices, and effectively manage GDM during pregnancy.
Healthcare Providers
The study is beneficial to healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses, and
midwives especially at Western Visayas Sanitarium and General Hospital. The study can provide
insights into areas where additional patient education or support may be required, enabling
healthcare providers to enhance the quality of care provided to pregnant women with or at risk of
GDM.
Hospital Administrators
The study is beneficial to the hospital administrators to guide resource allocation, design
targeted interventions, and improve the overall quality of maternal healthcare services.
8
Understanding the special needs and challenges related to GDM can lead to better management
practices and improved outcomes.
Public Health Practitioners

The study is beneficial to public health practitioners since it will be able to develop and
implement targeted interventions for GDM prevention and management. The results of the study
can contribute to the development of public health campaigns and educational initiatives focused
on pregnant women in the Western Visayas region.
Researchers and Academia

The study is beneficial to future researchers since it will contribute to the existing body of
knowledge on GDM, particularly in the Western Visayas region. Researchers and academia can
use the findings for further analysis, comparisons, and as a basis for future studies related to
maternal health, diabetes, and healthcare practices.
Government Health Agencies

The study is beneficial to national and regional health agencies to inform policy decisions
and guidelines related to maternal health, particularly in the context of GDM. The findings can
help contribute to the development of evidence-based strategies for preventing and managing
GDM at a broader public health level.
Conceptual Definition
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or GDM is defined as various degrees of glucose
intolerance with an onset or first diagnosed during pregnancy (Alfadhli, 2015; Buchanan &
Xiang, 2005). This condition emerges from the same spectrum of genetic and physiological
abnormalities which characterizes diabetes. Furthermore, it is considered to be a form of
hyperglycemia which occurs when the insulin supply is inadequate and unable to meet tissue
9
demands for normal glucose regulation (Buchanan & Xiang, 2005). The prevalence rate for GDM
varies from 1 – 20% worldwide, however it is considerably higher for African, Asian, Hispanic
and Indian women than for Caucasian women; and often occurs after 20 - 24 weeks or 5 - 6
months of pregnancy (Alfadhli, 2015 & Zhuang et al., 2020).
Pregnancy
Pregnancy is a natural process that occurs when a fetus develops inside a woman’s uterus
which usually lasts for 9 months or 40 weeks. It is a transformative experience for the mother, as
their body undergoes various physiological and hormonal changes, enabling the body to adapt
and support the development of the fetus.
Knowledge
Knowledge refers to the understanding, information, or awareness that an individual
possesses about a particular subject or topic. It can be assessed through tests, assessments,
surveys, or observations to determine the level of understanding or factual information someone
has about a specific area of knowledge.
Attitude
Attitude refers to an individual's feelings, beliefs, opinions, or evaluations towards a
person, object, event, or situation. It can be assessed through self-reports, surveys, interviews, or
observed behaviors to gauge someone's positive or negative disposition, preferences, or outlook
towards a specific subject.
Practices
Practices refer to the behaviors, actions, or activities that individuals engage in regularly
or habitually. It can be observed or reported through surveys, interviews, or direct observation to
10
understand the specific actions or routines that individuals follow when it comes to a particular
subject or area of interest.
Operational Definition

Gestational diabetes mellitus refers to a condition during pregnancy where blood sugar
levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. It is typically
diagnosed between the 24th and 28th week of pregnancy through an oral glucose tolerance test
(OGTT).
Pregnancy
Pregnancy is a biological process in which a fertilized egg implants and develops in the
uterus, leading to the growth and development of a fetus. It typically lasts around 40 weeks from
the first day of the woman's last menstrual period until childbirth.
Knowledge
Knowledge refers to the understanding, information, or awareness that pregnant women
possess regarding gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This will be assessed through a survey to
determine the level of understanding or factual information women have regarding gestational
diabetes mellitus.
Attitude
Attitude refers to a pregnant woman’s opinions, feelings, beliefs or evaluations towards
gestational diabetes mellitus. Women’s attitude will be assessed through a survey to gauge
whether they have a positive or negative disposition or outlook towards GDM.
Practices
11
Practices refer to the actions, or activities that women engage in regularly or habitually
on dealing with gestational diabetes mellitus. Data on women’s practices will be gathered through
a survey form.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This section will provide an overview of the studies about a survey on the knowledge,
attitude and practices of pregnant women regarding gestational diabetes mellitus at Sta. Barbara
Rural Health Unit. The discussion is as follows: (1) Pregnancy (2) Gestational Diabetes Mellitus,
(3) Health Complications Caused by GDM, (4) Global approach on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
(5) Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the Philippines (6) Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of
pregnant women about GDM.
Pregnancy
Pregnancy is a complex process that involves various changes in a woman's organs and
tissues due to the growth of a developing fetus. On average, this entire process takes about 266 -
270 days or nearly nine months. Throughout pregnancy, the size of most endocrine glands
increases, some of which undergo functional changes. However, these glands return to their
normal state after childbirth. The islets of Langerhans, located in the pancreas and responsible for
insulin production, also grow in size during pregnancy. Any improvement in their function can be
seen as a balanced response to the body's requirement for carbohydrate metabolism products.
During pregnancy, there is an increase in the amount of plasma insulin or insulin-like molecules,
and the breakdown of insulin occurs at a faster rate, which causes diabetes. Diabetic women face
additional risks such as preeclampsia, infections, and hydramnios. If left untreated, diabetes can
lead to various complications including fetal abnormalities, abortions, stillbirths, premature labor,
and larger-than-normal newborns. Over time, there has been a significant improvement in the
management of diabetes in pregnant women, with less than 1% of them dying from diabetes
during pregnancy or the postpartum period. Pregnancy often has an impact on diabetes, causing
disruptions in glucose metabolism and sometimes requiring diabetic women to use less insulin.
With proper medical management, most diabetics and their infants can successfully navigate
through pregnancy (Huffman, 2023). However, there remains room for improvement when it
comes to dealing with gestational diabetes, as it occurs in one of the most sensitive time periods
of a woman’s life.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a health condition that occurs during pregnancy
due to hormonal changes leading to glucose intolerance. It is distinct from pre-existing diabetes
and is becoming more common as obesity and type 2 diabetes rates rise among pregnant women.
Proposed diagnostic criteria may further increase the prevalence of GDM if universally adopted.
Approximately 4% of pregnancies experience the said illness . Hormonal changes during
pregnancy result in maternal tissue insulin resistance, contributing to GDM. Pregnant women
with GDM require medical supervision, which may include nutritional treatment and insulin
therapy. Insulin treatment is particularly important for the developing baby. It is recommended
when fasting blood glucose repeatedly exceeds 6.1 mmol/L or when mean blood glucose
exceeds 7.2 mmol/L, even if fasting blood glucose is below 6.1 mmol/L(Weiss and Coustan
1988; Reece et al. 2009). GDM is a chronic disease that can have adverse outcomes for both
mother and baby. Hormonal changes during pregnancy, as well as lifestyle factors such as
increased adipose deposition, decreased exercise, and increased caloric intake, contribute to
insulin resistance and the development of GDM. Managing blood glucose levels during
pregnancy is crucial to reduce complications for both individuals. Nutritional treatment and
insulin therapy are the current management strategies for GDM. Nutritional treatment involves
developing a well-balanced meal plan to control blood glucose levels, while insulin therapy is
initiated when blood sugar levels remain high despite dietary modifications. Regular medical
supervision and close monitoring of blood glucose levels are essential to ensure the effectiveness
of these management strategies (Alfadhi, 2015). GDM is associated with various complications
and adverse outcomes for both the mother and the baby. These include an increased risk of
developing type 2 diabetes, preeclampsia, cesarean section delivery, hypertension, macrosomia,
birth injuries, hypoglycemia, respiratory distress syndrome, and an increased risk of obesity and
type 2 diabetes for the baby (Coustan, 2013). To minimize these risks, it is important to manage
GDM through regular monitoring, a healthy diet, physical activity, and, if necessary, insulin
therapy. Close medical supervision throughout pregnancy is crucial for the well-being of both the
mother and the baby. The diagnosis and management of GDM are areas of ongoing research and
discussion, with proposed diagnostic criteria and controversies surrounding optimal approaches.
Further research is needed to inform evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management
(Bánhidy, 2010).
Health complications caused by GDM

Pregnancy complications, such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), increase the risk
of developing type II diabetes after delivery. These potential outcomes include macrosomia,
stunted development, obstetric damage, hyperbilirubinemia, hypoglycemia, infection, and critical
care unit stay. Since weight gain is positively linked to the development of GDM, weight gain
can be prevented through a combination of diet and exercise. The prevalence of GDM is affected
by weight, with obese women having a higher prevalence. Thus, pregnant women who are
overweight or obese are also 2.14-3.56 times more likely than those who are in a healthy weight
range to acquire gestational diabetes. Using percentages, the prevalence of GDM is as follows:
0.7% in women who weigh a healthy weight, 2.3% in overweight women, 4.8% in obese women,
and 5.5% in women with a body mass index higher than 35 (Laredo-Aguilera, 2020). GDM is a
rare condition that sometimes goes unnoticed until prenatal testing. Despite the absence of
symptoms, GDM can result in serious pregnancy complications such as macrosomia,
hypoglycemia, stillbirth, infant death, and birth trauma. The woman is more likely to develop
hypertension while pregnant, and cesarean deliveries are more common. GDM usually goes away
after childbirth, but it can lead to type 2 diabetes within five to ten years, as well as hypertension
and cardiac problems later in life. Children of GDM moms have an increased risk of childhood
obesity, early onset type 2 diabetes, and adult cardiovascular disease (Carolan, 2016).
Global approach on GDM

Agarwal (2015), stated that gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is poorly screened and
diagnosed worldwide. Not only do diagnosis practices vary throughout nations, but also within
countries. Moreover, this disparity exists between hospitals and even within a single institution in
any given nation. These differences have multiple explanations. Prominent health groups like the
World Health Organization cannot agree on anything internationally. The nation's regional
obstetric association, local health society, and national diabetes organization all advocate distinct
approaches to GDM, which frequently lead to dispute. There are situations when there are very
evident justifications for choosing an alternative approach, like when a hospital with little funding
is unable to follow the strict, ivory-tower recommendations of its association. However, in the
majority of cases, there is no discernible justification for abiding by a rule, breaking a rule, or
adhering to an alternative rule within the same geographic area. The illness has been much more
common during the past 20 years (ACOG, 2004, AIHW, 2008, Dabelea et al., 2005). GDM was
diagnosed for the first time during pregnancy, currently affects 2-6% of pregnancies in Europe
(Buckley et al., 2012), 5-8% of all pregnancies in Australia (AIHW, 2008), and 2-10% of
pregnancies in the US (NDIC: National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse, 2012). Risk factors
for the disease include advanced maternal age, migration from areas with high rates of GDM
prevalence (Indian subcontinent and Asia), and obesity. Every one of these factors influences the
prevalence of GDM and its consequences for moms and their babies. Rates can go as high as 14–
19% in a number of population groups, including Asian, European, American, and indigenous
populations. Additionally, white women have the lowest incidences (Carolan, 2016).
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the Philippines

In the Philippines, there are only 12 doctors for every 10,000 homes, which is a low
physician-to-household ratio. The government-run health insurance business PhilHealth offers
coverage for hospitalizations due to diabetes, but the policies aren't extensive enough to cover
everyone in the country. Government hospitals with diabetes clinics provide low-income patients
with free consultations and cost-effective medication. The barangay health units run by city
governments provide basic diabetic self-management instruction. In tertiary hospitals, patients
who pay privately can obtain outpatient diabetes consultations from doctors with expertise in
endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism. In the Philippines, there are just seven recognized
training facilities. Moreover, there has been very limited research on GDM (Tan, 2015). And
Litonjua et al.'s 1996 study is the only one available on the prevalence of GDM in the Philippines.
The frequency of GDM in the Philippines is 14%, according to this data. A more recent study,
however with a narrow demographic scope was done, covering only the University of Santo
Tomas Hospital-Clinical Division (USTH-CD). The study discovered a 7.5% prevalence of GDM
at the USTH-CD, and that GDM was associated with a higher BMI, a family history of diabetes,
and the use of hormones. The burden of the condition is increased by the lack of research on
GDM and the challenge in diagnosing the condition in the Philippines using various criteria
(Pineda-Cortel, 2018).
Knowledge, attitude and practices of women about GDM

Poor understanding of medical information can significantly impact adherence to
management strategies. This can have detrimental effects on overall health outcomes, especially
in the case of pregnancy. Therefore, improving health literacy and ensuring individuals have a
comprehensive understanding of their medical conditions is crucial for promoting adherence to
management strategies and achieving positive health outcomes (Baker, 2006). In the study of
Bhavadharini et. al., (2017), there is a poor knowledge regarding GDM among pregnant women
in rural areas. The unawareness towards the risk factors of GDM in women living in rural areas is
about 48.8% while 55.9% of urban women have a record of family history of diabetes. The
results also show 49.2% of urban and 75.6% of rural women were not aware of the long-term
consequences of GDM to babies from their mother who was diagnosed with GDM. In the
comprehensive study Ibrahim et al. (2023), findings showed that participants' knowledge of GDM
was limited, their attitudes were positive, and their practice levels were average. On the basis of
the results, it was noted that first-trimester pregnant women adhered to practices more than third-
trimester pregnant women. While the likelihood of achieving sufficient practical scores was
decreased by the presence of comorbidities, age was negatively correlated with pregnant women's
practice. There was a low level of GDM awareness among the people surveyed on the study of
Yizukanji & Mwanakasale (2023). Poor practices, a positive attitude, and low knowledge levels
were noted among people who were aware of GDM. One major factor was the absence of
pregnancy-related diabetes education initiatives. In order to increase knowledge and distribute it
among women, who will ultimately change their attitudes and habits, prenatal and child health
clinics should incorporate an organized educational program on gestational diabetes and its
complications. The results showed that 134 participants, or 64.4%, have poor understanding
about GDM. Knowledge, attitude, and practices were on average. A descriptive study which was
carried out in Malaysia, revealed that there is a sufficient knowledge hence negative attitude on
GDM among the maternal patients. A self-designed Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Knowledge
Questionnaire, a modified version of the Diabetes Integration Scale (ATT-19), and the Diabetes
Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire were used to gather the data. Data elaboration was achieved
by the use of descriptive analysis with SPSS 20. There was 76.6% adequate information on GDM
according to the results and 23.3% lacked sufficient information. Regarding attitudes of the
disease, 23.3% of the patients had a good attitude whereas 76.66% had a negative attitude.
Overall, the findings indicate that while participants' knowledge and treatment satisfaction scores
were high, the attitudes remained unchanged, making it difficult for them to manage their illness
(Hussain et al., 2014). By these results, it shows that in order to provide pregnant women with the
necessary management techniques, attitudes, and habits to prevent GDM, therapeutic education
practices, especially group education, needs to be institutionalized.
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
The purpose of this study is to determine the relationships between knowledge, attitudes
and practices among pregnant women receiving care at Sta. Barbara Rural Health Unit regarding
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). Utilizing a descriptive correlational design, the primary
method involves a survey to investigate and comprehend the various dimensions of knowledge,
attitudes, and practices related to GDM. This chapter included the strategies for sampling, the
methods and process of data gathering, and the steps of the analysis that will be used in this
study.
Research Design
This study will use a descriptive correlational design, which is a research method that
emphasizes a thorough analysis of correlations between variables without interfering or changing
them. In this approach, the emphasis will be on describing and comprehending the existing
relationships between multiple variables relevant to the phenomenon under the study. The
descriptive aspect involves a comprehensive analysis of the characteristics and attributes of the
variables, offering a rich depiction of the studied phenomenon. Additionally, the correlational
components allow for the investigation of connections or patterns between these variables,
providing vital insights into their relationship and dependability within the context of the study.
This design allows for a more broad and in-depth examination, allowing for a complete
understanding of the phenomenon's complexity without the need of experimental interventions.
Participants of the Study
The study will take place at the Sta. Barbara Rural Health Unit that focuses on pregnant
women aged 18 and above who have been diagnosed with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus only.
The selection of pregnant women aligns with the research purpose, as it focuses on a group where
the dynamics of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus are particularly relevant. The rationale for
selecting this specific hospital setting is based on the availability of necessary resources and an
appropriate setting for medical research. The Sta. Barbara Rural Health Unit provides access to
medical records, healthcare personnel, and facilities required for thorough data collecting and
monitoring during pregnancy. The inclusion of only diagnosed pregnant women with GDM
serves a significant purpose. It enables the identification of factors associated with GDM and
contributes to a broader understanding of the condition. This approach is essential for identifying
potential risk factors and symptoms that are limited only to the common group of participants.
Ethical considerations are crucial in the participant selection procedure. Conducting the study in a
hospital setting guarantees that the research follows ethical criteria. The engagement of pregnant
women seeking medical care is consistent with established ethical standards, and the informed
consent procedure can be successfully applied within this healthcare framework. The selection of
participants from the Sta. Barbara Rural Health Unit reflects an attention to diversity. The
hospital most certainly serves a diverse population, which increases the scope of the study's
results. The involvement of participants from different backgrounds helps to provide a more in-
depth knowledge of GDM in a broader perspective. Furthermore, the hospital setting offers
practical benefits such as easier access to resources like medical equipment and laboratories, as
well as collaboration with healthcare professionals. This collaboration is critical for guaranteeing
data accuracy, rigorous participant monitoring, and a better understanding of the clinical features
of gestational diabetes mellitus. Selecting pregnant women aged 18 and above diagnosed only
with GDM, from Sta. Barbara Rural Health Unit is an accurate approach. It ensures contextual
relevance, addresses ethical considerations, makes appropriate use of available healthcare
resources, and promotes collaboration between researchers and medical practitioners for a
comprehensive study on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.
Sampling
Purposive Sampling will be used in this study to gather data. It is a nonprobability

sampling method that is used to recruit certain participants that possess specific characteristics
that meet the criteria or qualities required for the research. Purposive sampling is also known as
judgmental or selective sampling. This method is commonly used when researchers seek to gain
in-depth understanding or specific insights about a particular phenomenon, rather than seeking to
represent a larger population. The process of purposive sampling involves identifying and
selecting individuals or cases based on their unique characteristics, expertise, reputation, or
relevance to the research topic. Researchers often rely on their expertise, judgment, or
recommendations from knowledgeable others to identify suitable participants.
Research Instrument
The data on pregnant women's knowledge, attitudes, and practices of pregnant women on
gestational diabetes mellitus will be collected using four tools; a structured self-administered
questionnaire, gestational diabetes mellitus knowledge questionnaire (GDMKQ), gestational
diabetes mellitus attitude scale (GDMAS) and gestational diabetes mellitus practices
questionnaire (GDMPQ).
Structured self-administered questionnaire
The questionnaire will be developed by the researchers in order to gather the data on
pregnant women’s demographic characteristics such as age, educational status, employment
status. Also, it will collect data about the obstetric history such as gravidity, frequency of prenatal
visits and trimester.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Knowledge Questionnaire
In order to determine the knowledge of pregnant women on gestational diabetes, the

researchers constructed the questionnaire based on the literature review of Eigenmann et al,
2011; El-Ansary et al., 2020; Tan et al., 2023.
The GDMKQ scoring system involves assigning a score of (1) for a "correct" answer and
(0) for an "incorrect" answer. The total score for each participant will range from 0 - 18,
reflecting their overall knowledge level.
Knowledge levels will be categorized into "poor," "fair," and "good" based on the
following criteria: poor (<50%), fair (50% to 75%), and good (>75%). This classification
provides an accurate understanding of the distribution of knowledge levels among the

participants.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Attitude Scale
To assess the attitudes of pregnant women on gestational diabetes mellitus, the scale will
be adopted from the study of Tan et al., 2023; Anderson et al., 1998)
The GDAQ scoring system will assign a score of (1) for an "agree" response and (0) for a
"disagree" response. The total attitude score per participant ranges from 0 to 15.
Attitudes will be classified as either "negative" (<50%) or "positive" (>50%). This

classification simplifies the interpretation of participants' attitudes toward GDM, offering a clear
distinction between those with predominantly positive or negative attitudes.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Self-Care Practices Questionnaire
To evaluate the practices of pregnant women with regards to gestational diabetes

mellitus, the questionnaire will be adopted and revised based on the study of Toobert, Hampson
and Glasgow, 2000; Tan et al., 2023.
The GDMSCPQ scoring system will be examined using a list of 15 items, where each
item was rated on a (1-2) Likert scale (1 for "no" and 2 for "yes").
If the participant scored more than or equal ≥ 50%, she was

considered to have "good practices," while a score less than ˂50%
indicated "poor practices." This classification will determine whether
the pregnant women have good practices or bad practices towards
GDM.
Data Gathering Procedure
The data of the study will be gathered through structured self-design questionnaires,
focusing on three main domains: knowledge, attitudes, and practices of pregnant women on
gestational diabetes mellitus from Sta. Barbara Rural Health Unit, GMTD Street Sta. Barbara,
Iloilo. The study will be conducted in the month of April to March. The questionnaires will be
designed based on validated instruments, including the Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Knowledge
Questionnaire (GDMKQ), Gestational Diabetes Attitude Scale (GDAQ) and Gestational Diabetes
Mellitus Self-Care Practices Questionnaire (GDMSCPQ).
Pilot Phase
A pilot study will be conducted to determine if the questionnaires are clear, concise, and
would collect relevant and rich data. Adjustments and improvements will be made to the script
and the questionnaire after the pilot test is concluded and reviewed. A total of 25 participants will
be used for the pilot testing.
Prior to the commencement of the pilot testing, the researchers contacted and sought
permission from the hospital/medical center where they will conduct the pilot test and the data
gathering procedure. Following a script the researchers prepared, they facilitated and instructed
the pilot test participants on the process of answering the survey questionnaire. After the pilot
testing is carried out, the researchers will debrief the participants and answer any questions they
may have.
Once the pilot phase is done, the researchers will review the result of the pilot test, check
if the questionnaire is able to gather the necessary data needed and the flow of the instructions
and debrief. Necessary adjustments are made according to the findings of the pilot phase.
Procedure
On the designated schedule of the data gathering, the researchers will gather the selected
participants in a room free of distractions and external factors which may affect their wellbeing.
The estimated duration of the data collection will last from 15 minutes up to 45 minutes. Once the
data collection commences, the researchers will provide copies of the information sheet/informed
consent to the participants, which they will proceed to discuss. The research facilitator will go
over each point, emphasizing the rights of the participants, particularly their voluntary
participation.
After the introduction, the researchers will proceed to discuss the instruction to the
participants and will provide the opportunity to ask for clarifications should there be any. Next,
the survey form was distributed to all the participants to answer. Once every participant is able to
answer, the researchers will gather the survey forms and debrief the participants about the
research, its purpose and the significance of the results. Furthermore, additional questions will be
entertained at this time and compensations for their time and effort will be given.
Statistical Analysis
Percentage, numbers and descriptive analysis will be used to determine the results of the
study. All analyses were performed by solving the mean values that were used to represent the
results of knowledge and attitude. The data analysis will involve a multifaceted approach.
Descriptive statistics will be utilized to present a comprehensive overview of the participants'
knowledge levels, attitudes, and practices. Mean values and percentages will be calculated to
quantify the central tendencies and prevalence of specific responses.
Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficients were employed to uncover relationships

between variables. The results will reveal if there is a significant correlation between knowledge,
attitude and practice scores if the p-value is p<0.01. This will emphasize the association of
variables towards GDM.
Scope and Delimitations

This study will aim to determine the knowledge, attitude and practices of pregnant
women regarding gestational diabetes mellitus from Sta. Barbara Rural Health Unit,. The
participants are limited only to pregnant women who are admitted or have their prenatal check up
at the aforementioned hospital. The study will be conducted and data will be collected from the
months of March to April, 2024 in Sta. Barbara Rural Health Unit, GMTD Street Sta. Barbara,
Iloilo.
Validity
The validity of a research study refers to how the results represent true findings among
similar individuals outside of the study. To ensure the internal validity of the study, the
researchers meticulously selected and employed adequate methods; from framework, participant
recruitment, sample size, research instruments, data collection, and data analysis to address the
research questions and to collect sufficient data and accurate results. Furthermore, the research
questions, methods and feasibility will be approved by the research adviser.
Reliability
To ensure reliability, the researchers will randomly select 25 pregnant women with or
without GDM from Sta. Barbara Rural Health Unit, database within the year October 2023 and
onwards. The researcher will mail consent letters and send the same questionnaires to the
respondents twice, two weeks apart. In the instructions, the participants will be oriented not to
participate in diabetes education, consult books or websites, or seek advice from colleagues
within the two-week interval.
Ethical Considerations
Ethical approval was obtained from the participants, which are pregnant women prior to
commencement of the study. All participants will be given informed consent and were made
aware that they will be participating in a research study regarding gestational diabetes mellitus
and that data will be used for the purpose of analysis and dissemination. There are no risks that
have been identified in the study, furthermore, the participants' confidentiality and their autonomy
is prioritized by the researchers.
Informed Consent
As per international standard, the participant's written consent has been collected and
preserved by the researchers. The purpose of the study, which explains the nature and importance
of the research is discussed, as well as the processes involved and the participants rights.
The researchers emphasized the participants' rights to voluntary participation and their
right to withdraw at any given time should they feel or experience discomfort. In addition, they
also have the right to extract the data they have provided if they decide to do so. In addition, the
benefits of the study for their community and as individuals, and their compensation for
participating in this study were also discussed and explained.
Aside from that, the researchers explained in detail how their data was protected,
anonymized, and used in the study. The researchers also explained the procedures adopted to
manage and store the data, including the duration of the storage of their personal information and
the data they provided in the study.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Pregnant Women on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Survey Questionnaire
Dear Participant,
Thank you for taking the time to participate in our survey. Your input is incredibly
valuable and will help us gather important information for our research. To ensure the accuracy
and completeness of the data, please carefully follow these instructions as you fill out the
questionnaire.
This survey is based on a study by Tan, J., Chen, L., Wu, Y., Zhu, X., & Fei, H. (2023)
entitled: "Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Regarding Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Study". We sincerely thank the
authors for their valuable research, which has helped the development of this questionnaire.
General Guidelines: Read each question carefully before answering. Ensure that your responses
are honest and based on your own knowledge, attitude and practices about Gestational Diabetes
Mellitus. Once you have completed the questionnaire, review your responses and please return it
to the researchers with complete answers on each pages.
Demographic Profile
Fill up the blank the necessary information. If a question does not apply to you, please mark
"N/A" or leave it blank, unless otherwise instructed.
Name (optional): ____________________ Address: _______________________ Date: _____
Age: ___________ Civil Status: ___________ Weight: _______
Monthly Income: _____________________ No. of Households: Male ____ Female _________
Current Trimester: _____________________
What year you were diagnosed with GDM? __________
Name of healthcare facility where you were diagnosed with GDM: ___________________
Do you family history of gestational diabetes mellitus (Yes or No): _______
Please put a check (✓) before the word on the options provided.
Educational Status: Employment Status:
( ) Elementary ( ) Employed
( ) High School ( ) Unemployed
( ) College Graduate
( ) Vocational Parity:
( ) No Education at all ()0
()1
Gravidity: ()2
( ) Multigravida ( ) More than 2
( ) Primigravida
INTEGRATED MIDWIVES ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES (IMAP)
FOUNDATION SCHOOL OF MIDWIFERY, INC.
# 41 Burgos St., Brgy. Magdalo, La Paz, Iloilo City Email
Address: imapburgos@yahoo.com.ph
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Knowledge Questionnaire (GDMKQ)

Instructions: Please carefully read and follow the instructions below to ensure accurate responses. Answer
it honestly and to the best of your knowledge. For each item listed below, indicate whether the
statement applies to you by checking (✓) the appropriate box (YES OR NO).
Knowledge YES NO
1. Do you know how a woman is diagnosed of GDM?
Do you know the effect diabetes on your pregnancy?
2. Can GDM affect the baby?

Can GDM lead to macrosomia (large birth weight) in the baby?
Is GDM associated with an increased risk of caesarean section?
Can GDM be diagnosed through an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?
4. Can GDM be managed through diet and exercise?

5. Is there a medication for GDM uncontrolled with diet and exercise?
Is GDM more common in women who are overweight or obese?
Is GDM more common in women with a family history of diabetes?
Does GDM typically resolve after childbirth?
Diabetes Attitude Questionnaire (DAQ)

Instructions: Please carefully read each statement before selecting your response. Choose the number that
best reflects your opinion or attitude on Diabetes and write it on the corresponding box. Write (1) if you
Strongly Disagree, (2) if you Disagree, (3) if you are Neutral, (4) if you Agree and (5) if you Strongly
Agree. There are no right or wrong answers. Please provide your honest assessment.
Attitude Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

Disagree Agree
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1. I am concerned about the potential risks of

gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) during
pregnancy.
2. I believe that proper management of GDM can
lead to a healthier pregnancy.
3. I feel anxious about the possibility of
complications for my baby due to gestational
diabetes mellitus (GDM).
4. I believe that early detection of GDM through
screening tests is beneficial for pregnant women.
5. I think that healthcare providers offer enough
support and resources for women with GDM.
6. I am confident that I can effectively
communicate my concerns and questions about
GDM with my healthcare provider.
7. I believe that raising awareness about GDM in
the community can lead to better outcomes for
pregnant women.
8. I have enough knowledge of my diet and habits
as a person with diabetes
9. I don’t like to be called diabetic.
10. The Nutritional Clinic plays an important role in

the management of patients with GDM.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Practices Questionnaire (GDMP)

Instructions: Please carefully read each statement before selecting your response. Choose the number that
best reflects the frequency of your practices on GDM and write it on the corresponding box. Write (1) if
you Never practice it, (2) if you Rarely practice it, (3) if you Sometimes practice it, (4) if you Often
practice it and (5) if you Always practice it. There are no right or wrong answers. Please provide your
honest assessment.
Practices Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
1. Do you monitor your blood glucose level regularly?
2. Do you follow the instructions of doctors or

dieticians to eat a low-glucose, low-fat, and low-oil
diet on a daily basis?
3. Do you involve your family or support system in
your efforts to manage gestational diabetes?
4. Do you take prescribed medications consistently for
blood glucose control?
5. Do you practice healthy eating habits?(three full

meal, three snacks per day),(1 one cup of rice per
full meal half plates of vegetables and fruits and ¼
plate of protein )
6. Would you ask the community medical service for
help with controlling your blood glucose level?
7. Do you follow specific dietary regimen during
pregnancy?
8. Does doing exercises and weight monitoring part of
your practices in managing GDM?
9. Did you seek consult and information regarding
GDM and its management?
10. Do you engage in stress-reducing activities to
manage emotional well-being during pregnancy?
Note: Your responses will be kept strictly confidential. They will be used for research purposes only and
will not be shared with any third parties. Thank you for your participation!
___________________
Signature of Participant
Researchers:
Maylanie G. Bongar
Rosel P. Jade
Ma. Gillian S. Jucaban
Mary Joyce B. Perlas
Allyn Mae C. Silbol
Aprilene T. Solotin
REFERENCES
Alejandro, E. U., Mamerto, T. P., Chung, G., Villavieja, A., Gaus, N. L., Morgan, E., & Pineda-Cortel, M.
R. B. (2020). Gestational diabetes mellitus: a harbinger of the vicious cycle of diabetes.
International journal of molecular sciences, 21(14), 5003.
Alfadhli EM. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Saudi Med J. 2015 Apr;36(4):399-406. doi:
10.15537/smj.2015.4.10307. PMID: 25828275; PMCID: PMC4404472.
Alia, S., Pugnaloni, S., Borroni, F., Mazzanti, L., Giannubilo, S. R., Ciavattini, A., & Vignini, A. (2019).
Impact of gestational diabetes mellitus in maternal and fetal health: An update. Diabetes Updates,
5(3), 1-6.
Agarwal, M. M. (2015). Gestational diabetes mellitus: an update on the current international diagnostic
criteria. World journal of diabetes, 6(6), 782. Retrieved from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4478575/
Baker DW. The meaning and the measure of health literacy. J Gen Intern
Med 2006;21:878-83
Bánhidy, F., Ács, N., Puhó, E. H., & Czeizel, A. E. (2010). Congenital abnormalities in the offspring of
pregnant women with type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes mellitus: a population ‐based case ‐
control study. Congenital anomalies, 50(2), 115-121.
Bhavadharini, B., Deepa, M., Nallaperumal, S., Anjana, R. M., & Mohan, V. (2017). Knowledge about
gestational diabetes mellitus amongst pregnant women in South Tamil Nadu. Journal of
Diabetology, 8(1), 22-26.
Buchanan, T. A., & Xiang, A. H. (2005). Gestational diabetes mellitus. The Journal of clinical
investigation, 115(3), 485-491.
Carolan-Olah, M. C. (2016). Educational and intervention programmes for gestational diabetes mellitus
(GDM) management: An integrative review. Collegian, 23(1), 103-114. Retrieved from:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1322769615000062
Coustan, D. R. (2013). Gestational diabetes mellitus. Clinical chemistry, 59(9), 1310-1321.
Dy KR, Yao C. Comparison of Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes Among High-Risk Filipino Women With
Gestational Diabetes Diagnosed Before and After 24 Weeks of Gestation. J ASEAN Fed Endocr
Soc. 2022;37(2):9-14. doi: 10.15605/jafes.037.02.05. Epub 2022 Aug 27. PMID: 36578893;
PMCID: PMC9758549.
El-Ansary, E. S., & Fouad, S. (2020). Effect of educational sessions on knowledge, attitude and self-Care
practices among pregnant women with gestational diabetes. Egyptian Journal of Health Care,
11(3), 275-291.
Huffman, J. W. (2023, November 7). pregnancy. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from:

https://www.britannica.com/science/pregnancy.
Hussain, Z., Yusoff, Z. M., & Sulaiman, S. Z. (2014). Gestational diabetes mellitus: Pilot study on patient's
related aspects. Archives of Pharmacy Practice, 5(2).
Ibrahim, R., Al-hajje, A., Khachman, D., & Zein, S. (2023). Comprehensive Assessment of Knowledge,
Attitudes, and Practices, alongside Predictive Factors, Affecting Optimal Management of
Gestational Diabetes in Pregnant Women across Multicenter Sites in Lebanon. Dr. Sulaiman Al
Habib Medical Journal, 1-7.
Laredo-Aguilera, J. A., Gallardo-Bravo, M., Rabanales-Sotos, J. A., Cobo-Cuenca, A. I., & Carmona-
Torres, J. M. (2020). Physical activity programs during pregnancy are effective for the control of
gestational diabetes mellitus. International journal of environmental research and public health,
17(17), 6151. Retrieved from: https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/17/6151
Lim-Uy S, Cunanan E, Andag-Silva A (2010) Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gestational Diabetes
Mellitus at the University of Santo Tomas Hospital. Philipp J Intern Med 48: 24-31.
Lundborg, L., Åberg, K., Sandström, A., Discacciati, A., Tilden, E. L., Stephansson, O., & Ahlberg, M.
(2020). First stage progression in women with spontaneous onset of labor: A large population-
based cohort study. PloS one, 15(9), e0239724.
Malong C, Sia-Atanacio A, Andag-Silva A, Cunanan E (2013) Postpartum Diabetes and Glucose
Intolerance among Filipino Patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus seen at a Tertiary
Hospital. J ASEAN Fed Diabetes Stud 28: 56-63.
Pineda-Cortel, M. R. B., Manalo, M. E. M., Canivel, R. R. C., Matias III, R. S., & Dizon, A. J. B. (2018).
Screening and Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Using 75-g Oral Glucose Tolerance
Test Following the WHO, ADA, and IADPSG Criteria. J Diabetes Metab 9: 799. doi:
10.4172/2155-6156.1000799 Page 2 of 4 J Diabetes Metab, an open access journal ISSN: 2155-
6156 Volume 9• Issue 7• 1000799. criteria also has a higher NPV of, 84, 3.
Tan, G. H. (2015). Diabetes care in the Philippines. Annals of global health, 81(6), 863-869. Retrieved
from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214999615012643#bib16
Tilden, E. L., Phillippi, J. C., Ahlberg, M., King, T. L., Dissanayake, M., Lee, C. S., ... & Caughey, A. B.
(2019). Describing latent phase duration and associated characteristics among 1281 low ‐risk
women in spontaneous labor. Birth, 46(4), 592-601.
Timans, R., Wouters, P., & Heilbron, J. (2019). Mixed methods research: what it is and what it could be.
Theory and Society, 48, 193-216.
Yizukanji, MBChB, S., & Mwanakasale, Ph.D., V. (2023). Knowledge, Attitude and Practices among
Women Attending Antenatal Clinic towards Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Mufulira Town,
Zambia. International Journal of Current Innovations in Advanced Research, 1(7), 1–8. Retrieved
from https://www.ijciar.com/index.php/journal/article/view/68
Zhuang, W., Lv, J., Liang, Q., Chen, W., Zhang, S., & Sun, X. (2020). Adverse effects of gestational
diabetes-related risk factors on pregnancy outcomes and intervention measures. Experimental and
Therapeutic Medicine, 20(4), 3361-3367.

A Survey On The Knowledge Attitude and Practices of Pregnant Women Regarding 2 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

A Survey On The Knowledge Attitude and Practices of Pregnant Women Regarding 2 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

INTEGRATED MIDWIVES ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES

(IMAP) FOUNDATION SCHOOL OF MIDWIFERY, INC.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Pregnant Women on

ROSEL P. JADE ALLYN MAE C. SILBOL

MA. GILLIAN S. JUCABAN APRILENE T. SOLOTIN

January 26, 2024

Background of the Study

Pregnancy has been considered throughout history as a profoundly transformative

Statement of the Problem

Independent Variable Dependent Variable Outcome

Socio-demographic Knowledge on GDM

Significance of the Study

The study is significant for several groups of individuals, including:

Public Health Practitioners

Researchers and Academia

Government Health Agencies

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Health complications caused by GDM

Global approach on GDM

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in the Philippines

Knowledge, attitude and practices of women about GDM

Participants of the Study

Purposive Sampling will be used in this study to gather data. It is a nonprobability

Structured self-administered questionnaire

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Knowledge Questionnaire

In order to determine the knowledge of pregnant women on gestational diabetes, the

provides an accurate understanding of the distribution of knowledge levels among the

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Attitude Scale

Attitudes will be classified as either "negative" (<50%) or "positive" (>50%). This

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Self-Care Practices Questionnaire

To evaluate the practices of pregnant women with regards to gestational diabetes

If the participant scored more than or equal ≥ 50%, she was

Data Gathering Procedure

Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficients were employed to uncover relationships

Scope and Delimitations

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Pregnant Women on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Knowledge Questionnaire (GDMKQ)

2. Can GDM affect the baby?

4. Can GDM be managed through diet and exercise?

Diabetes Attitude Questionnaire (DAQ)

Attitude Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

1. I am concerned about the potential risks of

10. The Nutritional Clinic plays an important role in

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Practices Questionnaire (GDMP)

Practices Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always

1. Do you monitor your blood glucose level regularly?

2. Do you follow the instructions of doctors or

5. Do you practice healthy eating habits?(three full

Huffman, J. W. (2023, November 7). pregnancy. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from:

You might also like