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Graph Theory and Its Applications
Graph Theory and Its Applications
CONTENTS
Preface
1. INTRODUCTION to GRAPH MODELS
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Graphs and Digraphs Common Families of Graphs Graph Modeling Applications Walks and Distance Paths, Cycles, and Trees Vertex and Edge Attributes: More Applications Supplementary Exercises Glossary Graph Isomorphism Automorphisms and Symmetry Subgraphs Some Graph Operations Tests for Non-Isomorphism Matrix Representations More Graph Operations Supplementary Exercises Glossary Characterizations and Properties of Trees Rooted Trees, Ordered Trees, and Binary Trees Binary-Tree Traversals Binary-Search Trees Huffman Trees and Optimal Prefix Codes Priority Trees Counting Labeled Trees: Priifer Encoding Counting Binary Trees: Catalan Recursion Supplementary Exercises Glossary Tree Growing Depth-First and Breadth-First Search Minimum Spanning Trees and Shortest Paths Applications of Depth-First Search Cycles, Edge-Cuts, and Spanning Trees Graphs and Vector Spaces Matroids and the Greedy Algorithm Supplementary Exercises Glossary 2 15 22 28 39 48 51 53
2.
57
3.
TREES
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 116 124 132 137 141 146 151 156 158 160
115
4.
SPANNING TREES
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 164 171 176 182 190 197 207 212 213
163
5.
CONNECTIVITY
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Vertex- and Edge-Connectivity Constructing Reliable Networks Max-Min Duality and Menger's Theorems Block Decompositions Supplementary Exercises Glossary 218 223 231 241 244 245
217
6.
247
7.
285
337
9.
GRAPH COLORINGS
J.I 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Vertex-Colorings Map-Colorings Edge-Colorings Factorization Supplementary Exercises Glossary 372 386 393 407 411 413
371
10.
417
11.
469
493
13.
533
577
613
16.
NONPLANAR LAYOUTS
16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 Representing Imbeddings by Rotations Genus Distribution of a Graph Voltage-Graph Specification of Graph Layouts Non-KVL Imbedded Voltage Graphs Heawood Map-Coloring Problem Supplementary Exercises Glossary 652 659 664 670 672 677 678
651
APPENDIX
A.I A.2 A.3 A.4 A.5 A.6 Logic Fundamentals Relations and Functions Some Basic Combinatorics Algebraic Structures Algorithmic Complexity Supplementary Reading 681 683 686 687 692 694
681
BIBLIOGRAPHY
B.I B.2 General Reading References 695 697
695
709 757