Senior

High
School

   

    
 
   
 

Redeveloped Division Initiated Self-Learning Module

Department of Education – Division of Palawan

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Earth and Life Science-SHS
Redeveloped Division Initiated - Self-Learning Module
Quarter 1 – Module 8: Geological, Hydrometeorological and Coastal Hazards, Mitigation
and Adaptation
Second Edition, 2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government
agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of
such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a
condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright
holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these
materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not
represent nor claim ownership over them.

Published by the Department of Education, Division of Palawan

Schools Division Superintendent:
Roger F. Capa, CESO VI
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendents:
Rufino B. Foz
Arnaldo G. Ventura

Development Team for

Development Team
Redevelopment Activity
Writers: Lesson 1- Eric M. Montemar
Writers: Lesson 1- Eric M. Montemar
Lesson 2-3 -Ronnie G. Dalgo Jr.
Lesson 2-3 -Ronnie G. Dalgo Jr.
Content Editor: Liezel M. Camanga
Content Editor: Jenny Loren M. Echanes
Language Editor: Kristine Hemor
Illustrator/Layout Artist: Harold D.
Garcellano
Management Team:
Reviewer: Rosalyn C. Gadiano
Aurelia B. Marquez
Rosalyn C. Gadiano
Management Team:
Rodgie S. Demalinao
Aurelia B. Marquez
Rosalyn C. Gadiano
Rodgie S. Demalinao

Department of Education – MIMAROPA Region – Division of Palawan

Office Address: PEO Road, Barangay Bancao-Bancao, Puerto Princesa City
Telephone: (048) 433-6392
E-mail Address: palawan@deped.gov.ph
Website: www.depedpalawan.com

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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can
continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-step
as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM.
This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need
to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the
lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-
check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust
that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, notes to the Teacher are also provided
to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best
help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part of
this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks
in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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 Earth and Life
Geological, Hydrometeorological
Science
First Quarter and Coastal Hazards, Mitigation
Week 8 and Adaptation
This module is divided into three lessons, namely:
• Lesson 1- Areas Prone to Geologic Hazards: Its Effect and Precautionary Measures
• Lesson 2- Hydrometeorological Hazards: Mitigation and Adaptation
• Lesson 3- Marine and Coastal Processes, Its Effect and Mitigation

MELCs:
1. Using hazard maps identify areas prone to hazards brought about by
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides. (S11/12ES-If-31)
2. Identify human activities that speed up or triggered landslides. (S11/12ES-If-33)
3. Use hazard maps identify areas prone to hazards brought about by tropical
cyclones, monsoons, floods or ipo-ipo. (S11/12ES-Ig-36)
4. Describe how coastal processes result in coastal erosion, submersion and
saltwater intrusion. (S11/12ES-Ih-38)
5. Cite ways to prevent or mitigate the impact of land development, waste disposal,
and construction of structures on coastal processes (S11/12ES-Ii-41)

Objectives:

1. Identify areas prone to hazards brought by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and

landslides.
2. Identify human activities that speed up or triggered landslides.
3. Give practical ways of coping with geological hazards caused by earthquakes,
volcanic eruption and landslides.
4. Identify places in the country at risk due to hydro meteorological hazards.
5. Evaluate your community for potential hazards induced by extreme atmospheric
and hydrologic conditions.
6. Recognize the coastal processes that influence the coastal landforms and
associated hazards.
7. Describe how the coastal processes determine the present coastal hazards whether
coastal erosion, submersion or saltwater intrusion
8. Explain the different ways to cope with coastal hazards, particularly on coastal
erosion, submersion and saltwater intrusion.
9. Evaluate the appropriateness and effectivity of the different mitigation measures to
minimize or prevent various coastal hazards

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 What I Know

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. During volcanic eruption, some useful gases are sent out. Which of the
following gases is used as fertilizer?
A. Ammonia C. Carbon dioxide
B. Hydrogen D. Carbon monoxide
2. What should you do before an earthquake?
A. Stay under the study table.
B. Stay away from cliffs.
C. Avoid touching live wires.
D. Perform an earthquake drill regularly
3. Ashes from an erupting volcano are all over your place. What should you do
to protect yourself?
A. Wear a hat. C. Stay outside the house.
B. Wear sunglasses. D. Cover the nose with a wet cloth or mask.
4. How should you behave during an earthquake? Which is not included_______
A. Keep calm
B. Rush to overcrowd the place
C. Listen to the radio for the latest update
D. Don’t touch the live electric wires in the street
5. Which of the following factors best refer to the magnitude of an earthquake?
A. The falling of loose rocks.
B. The extent of damage of an earthquake
C. The vibrations on the earth’s surface
D. The amount of energy released by an earthquake
6. What do earthquakes and volcanic eruption have in common?
I. Nature in Action
II. Changes Earth’s surface
III. Can be destructive
IV. Can be constructive
A. I and II C. III and IV
B. I and IV D. I, II and III
7. Why does Earth’s size remain the same despite of the movement of plates
away from each other at oceanic ridges?
A. The edges of continents are maintained.
B. It is composed of continental and oceanic crusts of constant sizes.
C. Creation of crust at divergent margins is balanced by destruction at
convergent margins.
D. What happens at oceanic ridge merely shakes the ocean waters and does
not cause these to rise to increase the size of earth.

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 8. Which of the following is an example of hydrometeorological hazards?
A. Landslide C. Volcanic Eruption
B. Earthquakes D. Typhoon
9. Why is it beneficial to be able to predict when and where natural hazards will
occur?
A. Communities can be notified to evacuate
B. We can stop it from happening again
C. Scientists know where to go in to study it
D. We can harness its power for renewable energy source
10. What natural hazard hit Tacloban, Philippines on November of 2013?
A. Earthquake C. Volcanic Eruption
B. Typhoon D. Forest Fire
11. Which of the following is NOT an example of factors affecting beach erosion?
A. Waves break on a shore
B. Popping of parrot fish
C. Waves smash rocks and pebbles on the shore into each other
D. Migration of people in coastal areas
12. What do you call to a violent rotating column of air born from a
thunderstorm?
A. Monsoon C. Typhoon
B. Tornado D. Hurricane
13. What process is responsible for the dissolution by weak acids such as when the
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is dissolved into water turning it into a weak
carbonic acid?
A. Abrasion C. Attrition
B. Corrosion D. Hydraulic Action
14. Which of the following describes deposition?
A. When waves lose energy and leave sediments / sand along a coast.
B. The wearing away of land, removal of beach rocks/sand by water or wind.
C. An area of land that smells different to other places.
D. An area that has a lot of wind.
15. Which of the following is NOT an effect of a coastal process?
A. Coastal Erosion c. Deposition
B. Plucking d. Transportation

Lesson Areas Prone to Geologic Hazards: Its

Effect and Precautionary Measures
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Geophysical events are destructive phenomena. However, these are part of the
normal functioning of our dynamic planet. These so-called hazards are due to naturally
occurring processes in the earth's interior.

The Philippines is located along the Ring of Fire, and people who live along the
ring of fire have to put up with earthquakes and volcanic eruption. The ring of fire is a
roughly 25,000-mile chain of volcanoes and seismically active sites that outline the
Pacific Ocean. It traces the meeting points of many tectonic plates.

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 The plates are constantly sliding past, colliding into each other. This movement
results in deep ocean trenches, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes along the
boundaries where the plates meet, called fault lines. The resulting ground motion due to
an earthquake produces another natural hazard such as landslides. Landslide is the
downslope movement of soil and/or rock.

What is It

AREAS PRONE TO VOLCANIC ERUPTION

Philippines lies within the ring of fire, and this explains the distribution of most
volcanoes in the country. Since volcanoes are not present in some provinces, these
particular areas have no risk to volcanic eruptions. A more recent project by the
Manila Observatory on mapping the Philippines vulnerability to disasters identifies the top
ten provinces most at risk to volcanic eruption. These are either the sites of the most
active or potentially active volcanoes, or their land areas are small and can therefore
be affected entirely by an eruption.

The ten provinces are: Camiguin, Sulu, Biliran, Albay, Bataan, Sorsogon, South
Cotabato, Laguna, Camarines Sur and Batanes.

Camiguin has the highest risk because the land area is so small such that a
volcanic eruption can affect the whole province. Sulu ranked second because it has
the greatest number of active and potentially active volcanoes.

LANDSLIDE

Weathering produces rock fragments and smaller particles. These are acted on
by gravity. Because of friction or cohesive forces, these are prevented from falling down.
But if friction or any upward force is greatly reduced to balance the downward force of
gravity, then the loose materials may fall, slip, or flow. This happens when the slope of the
ground becomes very steep or when friction is greatly reduced by the presence of water
in between particles. Remember that water can act as a lubricant. Roots of trees
prevent loose, materials from falling down. Thus, a slope without trees has a higher
probability of having mass wasting. If cracks are parallel to the slope, then the rock
fragments have a greater possibility to slide down than one in which the cracks are
perpendicular to the slope. Earthquakes can also trigger all kinds of mass wasting.

Landslide is the Layman’s term for Mass Wasting. It occurs when blocks of rock or
masses of unconsolidated material such as soil slide down a slope. These are among the
most destructive of mass movements and may be triggered by rain, melting snow, or
earthquakes. Water seeps between beddings and lubricates the slope.
Landslides are classified according to the type of material that falls and how that
material moves downslope. One particularly destructive type of landslide is known as

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lahar. Lahar are volcanic mud flows or debris flows that are capable of traveling at very
fast speeds down the slope of a volcano.

The trigger is usually water. Excessive rainfall can add extra weight to the land, it
alters the pressure within the slope which leads to slope instability. Other factors that
weaken slope materials include both natural events such as geological weathering and
erosion and human related activities such as deforestation, destruction of vegetation by
droughts, fires, logging, and mining has been associated with increased risk for
landslides.

Most of the provinces, except Palawan, are susceptible to landslide hazards. The
top ten provinces that are at risk to landslides are; Ifugao, Lanao Del Sur, Sarangani,
Benguet, Mountain Province, Bukidnon, Aurora, Davao Del Sur, Davao Oriental and Rizal.
Areas with steep slopes and mountainous regions are particularly susceptible to
landslide hazards.

Mass movements of debris can be prevented. When hillside is altered by

construction, some engineering solutions can be done. A retaining wall is usually built
where a cut has been made in the slope. Some pour concrete over the exposed rock
or just cover the slopes with wire mesh to protect passersby from falling boulders.
Before doing any alteration of the hillside in road construction, geologic studies
of the area should be done to avoid hazard by choosing the least dangerous route for
the road. If a road cut must be made through bedrock that appears prone to sliding, all
of the rock that might slide could be removed. The best solution in preventing mass
wasting lies in educating the public so we can stay out of the worst areas.

WAYS OF COPING WITH GEOLOGICAL HAZARDS

Minimizing the Harmful Effects of Volcanic Hazards

• Do not live near an active volcano. PHIVOLCS has declared permanent danger
zones, about 4 to 6 kilometers from the summit of several active volcanoes (Mayon, Taal,
Canlaon, Bulusan, Hibok-Hibok, Pinatubo). These are areas where people are prohibited
from putting up permanent settlements.

• Despite the restriction, many people choose to live in the shadow of a volcano
because of the fertile soil that is available for farming. If you happen to be with these
families, consult a hazard map which shows the areas around an active volcano where
the different hazards are most likely to take place.

• During an eruption, leave the permanent danger zone immediately. Stay away from
the valleys and avoid all places indicated as dangerous in the hazard map. Cover your
nose with a wet of cloth to avoid inhaling volcanic ash and gases. Outside of the danger
zone, houses and buildings may be prevented from collapsing by continuously shoveling
off the pyroclastic debris accumulating on the roof tops.

• Always be on the alert for warnings of further volcanic unrest issued by PHIVOLCS and
other government agencies.

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WHAT TO DO BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE

Before an Earthquake

• Make sure you have first aid kit, a battery powered radio, flashlight and extra
batteries at home.
• Learn the first aid.
• Turn off the gas, water and electricity.
• Make up plan where to meet your family after an earthquake.
• Don’t leave heavy objects on shelves.
• Anchor heavy furniture, cupboards, and appliances to the walls of floor.

During an Earthquake

• Stay calm. If your indoors, stay inside. If your outside, stay outside.
• If your indoors, stand against a wall near the center of the building, stand in a
doorway or crawl under heavy furniture. Stay away from windows and outside
doors.
• If your outdoors, stay in the open away from power line or anything that might fall.
Stay away from buildings.
• Don’t use matches, candles or any flame.
• If you’re in a car, stop the car and stay inside the car until the earthquake stops.
• Don’t use elevator.

After an Earthquake

• Check yourselves and others for injuries. Provides first aid for anyone who needs
it.
• Check water, gas and electric lines for damage.
• Turn on the radio. Don’t use the phone unless it’s emergency.
• Stay out of damaged buildings.
• Be careful around broken glass and debris. Wear boots or sturdy shoes to keep
from cutting your feet.
• Be careful of chimneys.
• Stay away from beaches. Tsunamis sometimes hit after the ground has stop
shaking.
• Stay away from damaged areas.
• If you’re at school or work, follow the emergency plan or the instructions of the
person in charge.
• Expect aftershocks.

WHAT TO DO BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER LANDSLIDE

Before a landslide
• Do not build near steep slopes, close to mountain edges, near drainage ways, or
natural erosion valleys.
• Get a ground assessment of your property.

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 • Watch the pattern of storm-water drainage near your home, and note the places
where runoff water converges, increasing flow on channels.
• Learn about the emergency-response and evacuation plans for your area.
Develop your own emergency plan for your family or business.

During Landslide
• Stay alert and awake. Many debris-flow fatalities occur when people are
sleeping. Be aware that intense, short burst of rain may be particularly dangerous,
especially after longer periods of heavy rainfall and damp weather.
• If you are in areas susceptible to landslides and debris flows, consider leaving if it
is safe to do so. Remember that driving during an intense storm can be hazardous.
If you remain at home move to a second story if possible.
• Listen for any unusual sounds that might indicate moving debris, such trees
cracking or boulders knocking together.
• If you are near a stream or channel, be alert of any sudden increase or decrease
in water flow and for a change from clear to muddy water.
• Be especially alert when driving. Do not cross flooding streams.
• Be aware that strong shaking from earthquakes can induce or intensify the effects
of landslides.

After Landslide
• Stay away from the slide area.
• Listen to local radio or television stations for the last emergency information.
• Watch for flooding. Floods sometimes follow landslides and debris flows.
• Check for injured and trapped persons near the slide.
• Help a neighbor who may require special assistance – infants, elderly people and
people with disabilities.
• Look for and report broken utility lines and damage roadways and railways to
appropriate authorities.
• Check the building foundation and surrounding land for damage.
• Replant damaged ground as soon as possible.

What I Can Do

Activity 1. My Hazardous Diagram!

Directions: Using a Venn Diagram, fill in each circle with the different provinces which
are prone to different hazards. In the overlapping circles, write the province/s that are
prone to the same hazard/s. (Refer to the hazard map below, page 8).

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 EARTHQUAKES LANDSLIDES

VOLCANIC ERUPTION

What’s More

Activity 2: Color Everywhere!

Instructions: Using the hazard map below, color the province/s that experience more
than one hazard and explain briefly the possible reason why is this so?

Color coding:
Red- volcano
Green- Earthquake
Brown- Landslide

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 What I Have Learned

Directions: Read the following statement and complete the blank by filling in the
correct term or phrases.

❖ _________________ is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where many
earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur.
❖ Risk to earthquake of Benguet and La Union can be attributed to its location
along the ___________________.
❖ The resulting ground motion due to an earthquake produces another natural
hazard such as _______________. It is the downslope movement of soil and/or rock.
❖ Magma with low gas content produces an __________ eruption.

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 ❖ The point along a fault where movement first occurs is called the earthquake’s
_______________.
❖ Areas with ______________ and ____________are particularly susceptible to
landslide hazards.
_______________ of an earthquake is a measure of the energy released at the
focus, the source of an earthquake. This amount can be estimated from
seismograph readings and is usually expressed by the Richter’s Scale.

Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. A map that highlights areas that are affected by or are vulnerable to a particular
risk, it also indicates where the biggest threat arises and the events most likely to
occur.
A. Topographic Map C. Hazard Map
B. Cadastral Map D. Climate Map

2. The point on the earth’s surface immediately above the focus is called the
earthquakes _____________.
A. Epicenter C. Plate
B. Fault D. Magnitude

3. Most of the world’s earthquakes occur in a zone known as the Pacific Plate. This is
due to the tectonic plate beneath the ______________.
A. Atlantic Ocean C. Trench
B. Eurasian Plate D. Pacific Ocean

4. The Layman’s term for Mass Wasting. It occurs when blocks of rock or masses of
unconsolidated material such as soil slide down a slope.
A. Rockfalls C. Slumps
B. Avalanche D. Landslide

5. The following should be done after an earthquake except:

A. Check yourselves and others for injuries.
B. Check water, gas and electric lines for damage.
C. Check water, gas and electric lines for damage.
D. Anchor heavy furniture, cupboards, and appliances to the walls of floor.

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6. In which of the following is geological knowledge is useful?
A. Protecting the environment.
B. Avoiding Geologic and other natural hazards.
C. Understanding and prediction of natural disasters.
D. All of these areas where geological knowledge is useful.

7. Earthquakes may be caused by:

A. Movement of tectonic plates C. Shifting of bedrock
B. Motion along faults in Earth’s crust D. All of these

8. The level of risk of a disaster depends on

A. Nature of hazard
B. Vulnerability of the elements which are affected
C. Economic value of the elements which are affected
D. All of the above

9. The most seismically and volcanically active zone in the world.

A. Ring of Fire C. Faults
B. Tectonic plates D. Trench

10. The following are human related activities that has been associated with increased
risk of landslide except:
A. Deforestation C. Illegal fishing
B. Mining D. logging

Lesson Hydrometeorological Hazards:

Mitigation and Adaptation
2
Typhoons, tornadoes, flood, thunderstorms, coastal storm surges, and drought are
some of the common hydrometeorological hazards that affect our country.
Hydrometeorological hazards are a phenomenon of atmospheric, hydrological or
oceanographic nature that may cause loss of life, injury, or other health impacts,
property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social, economic, or environmental
damage (Agana, 2018). The geographic location of the country provides a good venue
for the formation of these phenomena.

Typhoon Yolanda, one of the deadliest and destructive disasters that hit the
Philippines, claimed at about 8000 people and brought about 26 billion dollars
damaged of properties. However, the damage and loss of lives can be prevented by
arming ourselves with the necessary information about these hazards. With enough
knowledge, we could make intelligent decisions on how we could mitigate and adapt
to these natural processes.

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 What is It

Common Hydrometeorological Hazards

Tropical Cyclones

It is a circular storm that originates over warm

tropical oceans and is characterized
by low atmospheric pressure, high winds, and
heavy rain. A sea- surface temperature above 26.5
degree Celsius and a depth of at least 50 meters is
needed for it to be formed (Bureau of Meteorology,
Australia,).
Photo credit:
https://www.space.com/41959-typhoon-trami-from-space-astronaut-photos.html

Annually, approximately 80 typhoons develop above tropical waters, of which 19

enter the Philippine region and six (6) to nine (9) make landfall, according to the Joint
Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC). This is due to the country’s location along the typhoon
belt – where almost all tropical cyclones develop.

Tropical Cyclones are of four types. It is classified as tropical depression if its

maximum sustained wind is less than 63 km/hr. Tropical storm if the maximum sustained
wind reaches 69- 117 km/hr, tropical typhoon if sustained wind reaches 118 km/hr, and
super typhoon once it reached 220 km/hr. Yolanda that hit Tacloban on November 2013
was considered as super typhoon since its sustained wind speed reached 315 km/hr.

Tropical cyclones are known by various names in different parts of the world. In
the North Atlantic Ocean and the eastern North Pacific, they are called hurricanes, and
in the western North Pacific around the Philippines, Japan, and China the storms are
referred to as typhoons. In the western South Pacific and Indian Ocean, they are
variously referred to as severe tropical cyclones, tropical cyclones, or simply cyclones.
All these different names refer to the same type of storm. The Philippines is susceptible to
tropical cyclones because of its geographical location which generally produce heavy
rains and flooding of large areas and also strong winds which result in big impact to
human life, economy, and environment.

Tornado
A tornado is a violent rotating column of air born from a thunderstorm. It has a
funnel-shaped cloud that may rise, descend and twist violently. When the funnel reaches
the ground it can destroy infrastructures, uproot trees and throw vehicles hundreds of
yards. It can result from light to heavy casualties to properties.

Tornado is locally known as ipo-ipo. This is a rare phenomenon in the country but
there are cases where heavy casualties were reported. One if which occurred on
December 13, 2016 in Manapla, Negros Occidental, leaving 4 residents with minor
injuries and 86 houses damaged. Tornado occurs with little or no warning signs.
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 Having safety measure in advance of the storms, such as preparing an
emergency plan, monitoring tornado watches and warnings, and learning the warning
signs can help you stay safe if a tornado occurs in your area.

Monsoons
Monsoon is a seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing winds in a region.
The word ‘monsoon’ is believed to originate from the Arabic word mawsi meaning
season. Northeast monsoons (“hanging Amihan”) and Southwest monsoon (“hanging
Habagat”) are the two types of monsoon winds in the Philippines. These two wind systems
influence almost all aspects of life of Filipinos.

Northeast monsoon (winter monsoon) or locally known in the Philippines as

Amihan (a-me-han) occurs during the months of October to March although
occurrence may vary every year. It is a cool and dry northeast wind coming from Siberia
and China and blows down to Southeast Asia. During this season a slight to moderate
rainfall and a prevailing cold wind can affect the east of the country. The cold wind and
less rain make it more festive to celebrate Christmas nights. However, people with certain
chronic conditions are likely to be more affected by the cold brought by the wind. Flu,
coughs, and colds are more easily spread as people prefer to stay indoors.

The Southwest Monsoon (summer monsoon) locally known as hanging

Habagat (ha-bag-at) is characterized by frequent heavy rainfall and humid weather. It
typically starts in June and ends early October. Excessive rainfall brought by the wind
often turn to dangerous typhoons.

Southwest monsoon is an onset of planting among farmers. While the rain may
ease farmers to irrigate the field, the heavy rainfall may trigger floods, landslides and
potentially endanger residents living near riverbanks. Floods disrupt most of the people’s
life especially in the Metropolis. The casualties like loss of human life, damages to
infrastructure, agriculture, and economy are among of its possible impact. When floods
cause water sources compromised, water-borne diseases like cholera can spread
through unclean drinking water. Stocked water is a good breeding environment for
mosquitoes which in turns spread malaria, dengue, and other diseases.

By knowing how these Hydrometeorological hazards affect our way of life, we

can prepare mitigation measures to prevent casualties and damages. Proceed to the
next activity to assess the risk of hazards in your locality.

What I Can Do

Activity 1: Let’s do this

Directions: Fill–up the table below by stating your suggestions to lessen the impact of
Hydrometeorological hazards on the following.

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 Category What Can I Do
People

Economy

Environment

What’s More

Activity 2: Tracing Typhoons

Directions: In this activity you will be mapping the potential risk of typhoons in different
provinces of the country. Study the Philippine map below and answer the questions that
follow.
,

Photo credit: http://www.philsite.net/philippine_map.htm

13
Guide Questions:
1. Identify eight (8) provinces prone to typhoon at very high risk. How does it affect
the following provinces socially, economically and environmentally?
2. What is the risk of typhoon in your province? How does it affect your way of life?

Our country is one of the most hazard-prone countries in the world due to its
geographical location. The country faces different types of natural hazards including
Hydrometeorological hazards like tropical cyclones, tornado, and monsoons. In the early
21st century alone, the country experienced some of the deadliest typhoon in its history
-Yolanda (2013), and Typhoon Pablo (2012). Together with rapidly increasing population
growth and urbanization, natural phenomena have resulted in unprecedented scales
of damage.
The Philippine Government has made significant strides by creating the National
Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) to give awareness,
updates, and necessary information to the public. Yet, your advanced knowledge of
how these processes work could help you develop mitigation measures to manage and
reduce its possible risk.

What I Have Learned

Directions. Read the following statements. Complete them by filling in the blanks with
the correct term or phrases.
1. Seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing winds in a region are
referred as ___________.
2. The Southwest Monsoon (summer monsoon) locally known as hanging
Habagat typically starts in _________ and ends early ________.
3. In the Philippines, tropical cyclones are popularly known as ____________.
4. _____________ refers to a funnel-shaped cloud that may rise, descend and twist
violently.
5. The name of the super typhoon that hit Tacloban on November 2013 with its
sustained wind speed reached 315 km/hr is _______.

14
 Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is NOT an example of anthropogenic activities that can

trigger natural hazards?
A. Typhoon C. Building Dams
B. Mining D. Deforestation

2. What do you call to a cyclone in the Philippines and Japan?

A. Hurricane C. Typhoon
B. Tornado D. Thunderstorm

3. What wind system causes cold wind breeze during Christmas season?
A. Amihan C. Habagat
B. Easterlies D. Westerlies

4. What year did typhoon Yolanda landed in the Philippines?

A. 2000 C. 1988
B. 2013 D. 2016

5. In the future, which of the following is expected to increase the risk of flooding?
A. Population growth C. Urbanization
B. Climate change D. All of the above.

6. Among the natural disasters indicated in the above figure, which country has
the lowest emergency funding?
A. Haiti C. Indian Ocean
B. Philippines D. Myanmar

7. If you would like to settle to a province that is least prone to typhoon, which
among the following provinces will be a good option?
A. Albay C. Palawan
B. Tarlac D. Negros Oriental

15
8. Our country is position along the typhoon belt – where almost all tropical cyclones
develop, which makes it vulnerable to typhoons. Approximately, how many
typhoons enter the Philippine region annually?
A. 22 C. 24
B. 19 D. 17

9. The following are mitigation measures to stay safe if a tsunami occurs,

except__________.
A. Stay in high places
B. Prepare an emergency plan,
C. Monitor tornado watches and warnings
D. Learn the warning signs

10. What is the minimum sustained wind speed of a tropical typhoon?

A. Less than 63 km/hr C.118-219 km/hr
B. 63-117 km/hr D. 220 km/hr

11. Which of the following is a hydrometeorological hazard?

A. Epidemic Disease C. Tsunami
B. Earthquake D. Tornado

12. Cyclones occurring in North Atlantic Ocean are called________.

A. Typhoon C. Hurricanes
B. Tornado D. None of the above

13. Which of the following is characterized with the onset of Habagat?

A. Heavy Rainfall C. Less Rain
B. Rice Harvest D. Cold Wind

14. The following places is at very high risk for typhoon, EXCEPT___________.
A. Albay C. Batangas
B. Cagayan D. Sorsogon

15. Using the hazard map above, what makes Palawan an ideal province to live in
relation to occurrence of typhoon?
A. Very high risk in typhoon
B. High risk in typhoon
C. Low risk in typhoon
D. Very low risk in typhoon

Nice start! You are now ready to explore the third lesson.

16
 Lesson Marine and Coastal Processes,
Its Effects and Mitigation
3
The Philippines is known globally for its attractive and numerous islands. In fact, it
has ranked seventh place on the list of countries with the most islands (world atlas). Some
of its islands like Boracay and Palawan were famous global attractions recognized by
different organizations and publications worldwide. Its beauty lies from its wide and
stunning beaches to magnificent rock formations and cave carvings.

Coastal processes are responsible for some of the most amazing coastal
formations in the country and around the world. It is a natural process, the nature chisel
to carve out landforms. However, several human activities and development speed up
the process which in turn affected our way of life. For example, the degradation of coral
reefs due to illegal fishing increases the possibility of coastal erosion as the area is
exposed to direct wind and waves. Understanding how the various marine and coastal
processes shape landforms are important to moderate the effects of destructive human
activities and make intelligent decisions in the human pursuit of progress.

There have been a number of programs aiming to protect our coastlines. In our
country, Greenpeace Philippines shaped several campaigns that align with their aim to
protect natural landscapes, species, and more from environmental threats such as
perilous waste imports, coal projects, and illegal logging. Even a student like you can join
the organization, participate in their advocacies, and raise your creative and unique
solutions. Let’s read, learn, and create ways to conserve and protect the only known
habitable place for humans.

What is It

Coastal processes are activities or events happening in the marine environment.

These are driven by the different environmental factors such as atmospheric pressure,
temperature, movement of the Earth, moon and other dynamic changes in the ocean.

The different coastal processes may result to coastal hazards. Coastal hazards are
physical phenomena that expose the marine environment to risk of property damage,
loss of life and ecological degradation.

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Common Coastal Hazards

1. Coastal Erosion- is the wearing away of the land by the sea

and is done by destructive waves.

Four common processes that cause coastal erosion:

a. Abrasion happens when rocks are picked up and carried by the waves and
thrown onto the beach and cliffs, damaging them.

b. Hydraulic action. The effect of waves as they hit cliff faces and exert pressure
in the surrounding rocks. The compressing and releasing of air as waves press cliff faces
and rushes back to sea will cause cliff material to break away.

c. Attrition is the process when waves bump rocks and pebbles against each
other leading to the eventual breaking of the materials.

d. Corrosion/solution involves dissolution by weak acids such as when the carbon

dioxide in the atmosphere is dissolved into water turning it into a weak carbonic acid.

2.Saltwater Intrusion

It is a major concern commonly found in coastal aquifers

around the world. An aquifer is an underground layer of
permeable rock, gravel, sand or silt. Groundwater from an
aquifer is usually extracted by a water well. Once an
aquifer becomes contaminated it becomes unusable
anywhere from 2 weeks to 10,000 years. Saltwater intrusion
is the induced flow of seawater into freshwater aquifers
primarily caused by groundwater development near the
coast.

3.Submersion

It refers to the movement of coastal sediments from the

visible portion of a beach to the submerged nearshore
region of the coast.

The type of waves and fetch can speed up those coastal processes. The figures
below show how waves are responsible for shaping the coastlines.

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 Constructive waves build the coastal zone areas,
especially the beach areas. The build-up process
comprises various key characteristics. These attributes
relate to the occurrence of a backwash, swash, and
deposition. If the swash presents a stronger approach
than the backwash, the material carried gets dropped
at the beach. This normally happens in the event of
significantly low wave events and gentle slopes.

In the event of destructive waves, the event

removes particles, sediment or sand from the beach.
The backwash looks stronger than the swash. It,
therefore, creates significant erosion at the ocean
coastlines. Especially during stormy conditions, the
waves become significantly high and happens on high-
dune or hill areas.

Common Coastal Protection Method

1. Sea Wall- Large walls constructed from concrete, steel, or stone located along the
shoreline of the beach.

Advantages

Protect cliff from upland erosion and is a barrier to flooding.

Disadvantages

Waves can erode the wall defeating its purpose, and is expensive to implement
and maintain.

2. Groyne- Wooden fence-like barriers built at right angles at the beach.

Advantage

Prevents longshore drift, flooding, and erosion, and allows

beaches to build up.

Disadvantage

Can create erosion further down the coast. Is unattractive

and expensive.

3. Gabion - Bundles or rocks in metal mesh located at cliff bases.

Advantage

Reduces the impact of waves.

Disadvantage

Inexpensive hard engineering structure, but not very

effective or attractive.

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4. Rock Armour (rip rap)- Large boulders or rocks piled up on a beach in front of a cliff
or sea wall.

Advantage

Absorbs energy of waves and helps build up beaches.

Disadvantage

Expensive to implement and maintain.

5. Dune Regeneration- creating new sand dunes or restoring existing dunes.

Advantage

Dunes act as a barrier and absorb wave energy reducing

erosion and protecting against flooding.

Disadvantage

Dunes are a barrier to beach access and creating new

dunes results in land loss.

6. Afforestation of Coastal Dunes - a way to stabilize dunes by planting trees.

Advantage

By stabilizing the dunes this minimizes sand drift and

erosion.

Disadvantage

If non-native trees are planted this impacts the nutrient

deposition of the soil.

7. Mangrove Preservation and Planting - Planting mangrove trees along the shore.

Advantages

Their roots keep soil in place preventing erosion and help dissipate wave energy.

Disadvantages

Non-native mangroves can become invasive to an area’s natural plants.

8. Coral Reef Preservation and Enhancement - Protecting existing coral reefs from harm
and creating artificial reefs by placing environmentally friendly man-made seafloor.

Advantages

Coral reefs reduce wave energy and height and protect against coastal
erosion.

Disadvantages

Constructing artificial reef can create pollution. The materials can result in
unforeseen.

20
 What I Can Do

Activity 1: I am the Modern Hero!

El Nido, Palawan has been declared as one of the best islands in
the world by different organizations and publications worldwide. With this, an influx of
tourists comes and visits the place to enjoy its white sand and stunning beaches. This
indicate good sign for tourism industry; however, the natural environment is being
compromised. The local government unit wants to protect it from coastal erosion, so its
beauty will last long for the next generation. You and your team of engineers have
been asked to explore how to preserve the place structure
and protect the coastline with as few visible changes as possible. As a team,
what solution can you come up with that will help the place enhance the visitor
experience while minimizing the impact on the environment? Write three solutions in the
box provided below.

I am the Modern Hero!

21
 What’s More

Activity 2: The Sea is Rising

Study the graph below and answer the following questions.
Global Average Sea level change, 1870 to 2013

Photo credit: https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/sea-level/

Guide Questions:
1. How does sea level rise from 1870 to 2013?

2. What causes sea level to rise?

3. What is its effect on coastal processes?

Sea level rise is caused primarily by two factors related to global warming: the added
water from melting ice sheets and glaciers and the expansion of seawater as it warms
(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2020). As a consequence of a
warming climate, sea levels are rising at a rate of 3.6 (mm) a year and is likely to rise in
the years. The continuous rising in sea level will have increasingly serious effects for all life
especially those in the low-lying areas.

The following are the threats of sea level rise to coastal areas as published by the State
of Washington Department of Ecology:
1. Coastal communities will face increased risk of property damage to infrastructure.
2. Ports, harbors and low-lying transportation networks will face increased risk of
disruptions from flooding.

22
3. Low-lying agricultural areas could be adversely affected by salt water inundation,
dikes and levees will be threatened, and drainage will become more difficult.
4. Beaches and near shore areas that provide critical habitat for fish, shorebirds, shellfish,
and other species could shift inland or be lost.
Acting now can reduce our vulnerability to these natural hazards. It is
everybody’s responsibility to actively collaborate and find long-term solutions to help
keep coastal areas vibrant and healthy under future climate conditions.

Activity 3: To see is to believe!

This is one sight in one of the famous beaches in

Boracay coast, 1998
our country, Boracay. Though, considered as one
of the best islands in the world, it has been
through periods of changes and development.
Study and compare the pictures taken at
different decades in Boracay and answer the
following questions below.
1. 1. What are the differences between the two
coastlines in the picture?

2. What are the factors responsible for shaping

the coastline of Boracay?

3. Was the presence of humans in the area

triggers the change in its landforms?

4. What mitigations can be done to preserve the

Boracay coast, 2014 beauty of the place?
https://twitter.com/jeffcanoy/status/988384
351254528000

In the past year, Boracay closed its border from tourism due to environmental
violations. Among the several findings of the national government spearheaded by the
inter-agency task force comprising the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR), the Department of Local Government (DILG) and the Department of
Tourism (DOT) are the beach erosion and disappearance of wetlands, caused by
encroachment of protected areas by illegal structures.

Additionally, the increasing influx of both international and local tourists, coupled
with the improper management of wastes and poor implementation of environmental
policies and guidelines, has aggravated the island’s environmental condition and
sustainability (Reyes et al. 2018).

23
 What I Have Learned

Activity 4: Concept Map

Directions: Complete the concept map below using the discussion above.

Coastal Processes

may result to coastal Can be mitigated through the following

hazards such as: coastal mitigation method

4. mangrove trees
Which
1.___________ 8. that uses along the shore.
5 has four
common defined as the
6 processes 9. that uses artificial reefs.
wearing away of the
land by the sea
7.
large walls made
10. that uses of steel or stone

2.__________ wooden -fence

11. that uses
barriers.
described as the induced
flow of seawater into bundles or rocks
freshwater aquifers, and 12. that uses at cliff bases

13. that uses Large boulders

3.___________
14. that uses sand dunes
explained as the movement of coastal
sediments from the visible portion of a Trees to
beach 15. that uses
stabilize dunes

24
 Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following is the direct effect of sea level rise?

A. Shoreline Erosion and degradation C. Saltwater Intrusion
B. Permanent Flooding D. All of the above

2. The following are examples of coastal hazards, EXCEPT________?

A. Landslide C. Coastal erosion
B. Submersion D. Saltwater intrusion

3. Which of the following definitions BEST describe a constructive wave?

A. Waves that are tall and frequent, crashing into shoreline, digging out
chunks.
B. Long and low waves, beginning far out in the sea, with a smooth gentle
landing.
C. The circular movement caused by wind and gravity fighting.
D. When people wave their hand to aggressively destroy things.

4. If you looked at a picture of a beach from 1980 and the same area today, you
would notice a striking difference in the coastlines. What is most likely the root
cause of these changes?
A. Human activities and development
B. Heavy rains during summer months
C. Coastal erosion from natural causes
D. Storm surges that occur following the typhoon

5. Which is the BEST way you can help prepare for natural disaster?
A. Watch your pets for any unusual behavior
B. Always carry a pint of water with you
C. Keep the windows of your house closed all the times
D. Make an emergency supply kit with your family

6. Which type of coastal erosion involves destructive waves picking up beach

material (e.g. pebbles) and hurling them at the base of a cliff?
A. Hydraulic action C. Abrasion
B. Corrosion/solution D. Attrition

7. Study the image on the right side. What coastal protection method it is?
A. Gabion
B. Groyne
C. Dune Regeneration
D. Sea Wall

25
8. Waves cause rocks and pebbles on the shore to smash into each other and
break down. This is called______.
A. Hydraulic action C. Attrition
B. Corrosion D.Abrasion

9. Which of the following statements IS NOT TRUE to hard engineering coastal

management strategies like sea wall, groyne, and riprap?
A. Tend to be expensive
B. Last a short amount of time
C. Visually unattractive and unsustainable
D. A natural approach to managing the coast

10. The following are the primarily causes of sea-level rise, EXCEPT_________.
A. Melting of mountain glaciers
B. melting of Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets
C. Algal bloom and ocean acidification
D. Expansion of water volume due to warming ocean

11. The effect of waves as they hit cliff faces and exert pressure in the surrounding
rocks. This is known as ________.
A. Attrition C. Corrosion
B. Hydraulic Action D. Abrasion

12. Sea level rise is caused primarily by global warming. As a consequence of a

warming climate, sea levels are rising at a rate of how many millimeters a year?
A. 1.8 mm C. 2.5 mm
B. 3.6 mm D. 1.5 mm

13. As a student, how can you help adapt and mitigate to coastal hazards?
A. Educate yourself.
B. Participate in local disaster preparedness program.
C. Promote the programs of the community.
D. All of the above

14. The induced flow of seawater into freshwater aquifers primarily caused by
groundwater development near the coast is called_______?
A. storm surge C. Saltwater intrusion
B. coastal erosion D. Submersion

15. The following are the threats of sea level rise to coastal areas, EXCEPT_______.
A. Coastal communities will face increased risk of property damage to
infrastructure.
B. Low-lying transportation networks will face increased risk of disruptions
from flooding.
C. The economy will decline as many overseas workers lost their jobs.
D. Near shore areas that provide critical habitat for fish, shorebirds, shellfish,
and other species could shift inland or be lost.

26
 27
Assessment What’s New
1. C 1. Answers may vary
2. A 2. Region XII Because of its
3. D location on the so-
4. D called Ring of Fire
5. D 3. Philippines is prone to
6. D earthquakes and
7. D volcanic eruption
8. D caused by the
9. A movement of tectonic
10. C plates.
What I have Learned
What I know
• Ring of Fire
1. A 11. B
• Philippine Fault Zone
2. D 12. B
• Landslide
3. D 13. B
• Gentle
4. A 14. A
• Focus
5. D 15. B
• Steep Slope and
6. D
Mountainous
7. A
• Magnitude
8. D
9. A
10. B
Lesson 1 : Areas Prone to Geologic Hazards: Its Effect and Precautionary Measures
Answer Key
 28
Assessment What I Learned What I Can Do
1. D 1.Coastal Erosion
2. A 2.Saltwater Intrusion
3. B 3.Submersion Answers may vary
4. Abrasion Answer to
4. A questions 4-
5. D 5. Hydraulic Action
7 may
6.Attrition interchange
What’s More
6. C
7.Corrosion/ Solution .
7. B 8.Mangrove Preservation Answers may vary
8. C 9.Coral Reef Preservation
9. D 10.Sea Wall
10. C 11. Groyne
11. B 12.Gabion
12. B 13.Rock Armour
13. D 14.Dune Regeneration
14. C 15.Afforestation
15. C
Lesson 3: Marine and Coastal Processes, Its Effect and Mitigation
What I Learned
1. Monsoon
2. June, October
3. Typhoon
4. Tornado
5. Yolanda
Assessment What’s More What I Can Do
1. A Eight provinces at very
2. C high risk to
3. A Typhoons: Answers may vary.
4. B
5. B Cagayan
6. D Pangasinan
7. C La Union
8. B Ifugao
9. A Ilocos Sur
10. C Mountain Province
11. D Albay
12. C Sorsogon
13. A
14. C Answers may vary in the
15. D succeeding questions.
Lesson 2: Hydrometeorological Hazards: Mitigation and Adaptation
 References

Adelsman , Hedia, and Joanna Ekrem. n.d. "Sea Level Rise and Coastal Hazards."
Department of Ecology State of Washington.
https://fortress.wa.gov/ecy/publications/publications/1201013.pdf.

Bayo-Ang, Rolly, Maria Lourdes Coronacion, Annamae Jorda, and Anna Jamille
Restubog. 2016. Earth and Life Science. Quezon City: Educational Resources
Corporation.

Cross, Chloe. n.d. The difference between soft and hard engineering.
https://www.theswimguide.org/2016/09/22/difference-soft-hard-engineering/.

Dela Cruz, Aileen, Ivan Marcelo Duka, Leopoldo De Silva, Christina Remotigue, and
Sharon Rose Tabugo. 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High School Earth and Life
Science . Quezon City: Commission on Higher Education.

2020. Geography Revision. https://geography-revision.co.uk/gcse/coastal-

landscapes/constructive-and-destructive-waves/.

Geography, Cikgu. 2010. GoLearnGeography.

https://golearngeo.wordpress.com/2010/07/14/constructive-waves-destructive-
waves/.

2020. GLobal Climate Change . https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/sea-level/.

2017. Groynes on the eastern beach at Redcar.

https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/5442831.

n.d. Philippine Travel Guide. http://www.philsite.net/philippine_map.htm .

2013. Project To Enhance Coastal Protection And Sustainable Land Management.

https://www.sprep.org/news/project-enhance-coastal-protection-and-
sustainable-land-management.

n.d. Reef Innovations. https://reefinnovations.com/services/ecosystem-

restoration/oyster-reefs.

Reyes, Celia, Jose Ramon Albert, Francis Mark Quimba, Ma. Kristina Ortiz, and Ronina
De Asis. 2018. The Boracay Closure: Socioeconomic Consequences. Philippine
Institute for Development Studies.
https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsdps1837.pdf.

n.d. https://twitter.com/jeffcanoy/status/988384351254528000.

n.d. http://s0.geograph.org.uk/geophotos/03/70/46/3704649_a0439cc3.jpg.

Discover the Extreme World

Camilla de la Bedoyere, Clive Gifford, John Faundon, Steve Parker, Stewart Ross,
Philip Steele

29
Explore

Sean Callery, Clive Gifford and Dr. Mike Goldsmith

Science in Today’s World Series

Gloria L. Follosco

Science Module for Grade 8 and 9

Integrated Science

Science and Technology for First Year

Online References:

The Importance of Hazard Mapping

center.noah.up.edu.ph

Facts about Ring of Fire

www.nationalgeographic.com

Earthquake Hazard Maps

www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph

Philippines: Geohazard Mapping

www.preventionweb.net

Mapping Philippine Vulnerability to Environmental Disasters.

http://vm.observatory.ph/geophys_maps.html

Landslide_Hazard_Maps

https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SDO Palawan

Curriculum Implementation Division Office

2nd Floor DepEd Palawan Building
Telephone no. (048) 433-3292

Learning Resources Management Section

LRMS Building, PEO Compound
Telephone No. (048) 434-0099

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