WEATHERING

•Describe the breaking down or

dissolving of rocks and minerals on the
surface of the earth.

EROSION
•Once the rock is been breaking down

CLASSIFICATIONS OF
WEATHERING
PHYSICAL/MECHANICAL
WEATHERING
•Physical change that breaks rocks
down into bits due to Physical forces.
FROST WEDGING
•When water accumulates in the
crack and at the point freezes,the ice
expands and breaks the rock apart.
UNLOADING
•Geologic process where
overlying rocks at the surface are
removed after a granite accends and
cools.
•Removal of rock overburden
causes rocks that wave under pressure
to expand ,creating joints ,cracks in a
rock along the rocks.
THERMAL EXPANSION
•Rocks expand and are fractures
when expose to temperature.
 ABRASION
•Breakdown of rocks caused by
impact and friction this primarily.
•Occurs during collision of
Rocks, sand, and silt, due to current
waves along the stream of seashore.
SALT WEATHERING
•Salt in rocks expand due to
thermal action,hydration and
crystallization.

CHEMICAL WEATHERING
•Kin to chemical charge wherein new
materials w/ new properties develop
from the rock and its mineral when
acted upon by agents of chemical
weathering.
DISSOLUTION
•Process where solvent dissolve
into solution.
•It occurs in specific mineral
which are in
water.
 CARBONATION
•Occurs when carbon dioxide
dissolve in water forming carbonic acid.
HYDROLYSIS
•Breakdown of rocks by acidic
water to produce day and soluble salts.
OXIDATION
•Responsible for many rocks
having rusty color.
 •Takes place when components
combine with free oxygen and
iron.

BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING
•Type of weathering that results from
plant, animals and even microbial
influence.

EARTH'S INTERNAL HEAT—

astrophysics
○earth receives heat from
the sun.

HEATH ENERGY
-Play a vital role in our planet.
-It is one of the extreme factor in what
makes earth livable.

SOURCE OF HEAT
•PRIMODIAL- Internal heat
accumulated by dissipation in a planet
during its few million years of evolution.
•ACCRETIONAL-the energy
accumulated during the burial of heat
by impacts as the planet grows through
the accretion of planetismals
CORE
-Kinetic energy;of colliding particles.
 STAGE OF PREMODIAL
HEAT

RADIOGENIC HEAT- Thermal energy

of spontaneous nuclear disintegration
of natural radioactive elements inside
the planets.
Ex: URANIUM, THORIUM ,RADIUM

Ÿ It leaves the confines upper mantle and

crust into two major ways : Intrusion
and Extrusion

Intrusion
Ÿ Can form structure such as dikes and
xenoliths

Extrusion
Ÿ Could contain lava and volcanic rock
 Usually the process after magma is
formed?
Ÿ Volcanism or Plutonism

When it cools to solid rock this intrusion

is often called?
Ÿ Pluton

Pluton contains?
Ÿ Dikes and xenoliths

The most common way for magma to

escape?
Ÿ Lava

💡 Lava eruption can be “fire fountain”.

Lava cools to form volcanic rock as well
as volcanic glass

💡Magma can also extrude into earths

atmosphere as part of a forceful
volcanic eruption

This magma hardens in the air to form

volcanic rocks called?
Ÿ Tephra

In the atmosphere tephra is more often

known as?
Ÿ Volcanic Ash
🍉As it falls to earth, tephra includes
rocks such as pumice

CHARACTERISTICS THAT
AFFECT THE WAY MAGMA
RISE UP

DENSITY CONTRAST
At deeper levels•A magma passes
through mineral grain boundaries and
cracks in the surrounding rocks.

At shallower levels•Magma may no

longer rise because its density is almost
the same as that of the country rock.

VISCOSITY
-Measure of a fluids resistance to flow.

Note:
🌩The hotter the magma the lower the
viscosity, the cooler the magma the
higher the viscosity.

NORMAN L. BOWEN
-Explained why minerals tend to occur
together while others are almost never
associated with one another.
1900's- he heated rock material until it
melted.
 HEAT TRANSFER
CONVECTION- Dominates the thermal
condition where large quantities of fluid
exist(MOLTEN ROCKS) exist.
CONDUCTION- Governs thermal
Conditions in almost entire solid
portions.
 RADIATION- Process of heat exchange
between sun and earth.

MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION
- Process of creating one or more
secondary magmas from single parent.

CRYSTAL FRACTIONATION
Ÿ a chemical process by which the
composition of liquid, such as magma
changes due to crystalization.
CRYSTAL SETTLING —Denser
minerals crystallize first and
settles down while the lighter
crystallize at the latter stages

PARTIAL MELTING
Ÿ Describe in Bowen's Reaction
series,quartz and muscovite are
basically formed under low temperature
conditions, making them the first ones
to melt from the parent rock.
 OXYGEN SILICON—rich-rock-
forming minerals have lower
melting point,that
iron/magnesium rich minerals.
MAGMA MIXING
Ÿ This may occur when two different
magma
Ÿ rises, with the more buoyant mass
overtakes the more slowly rising body

ASSIMILATION / CONTAMINATION
OF MAGMA BY CRUSTAL ROCKS
Ÿ A reaction that occurs when the crust is
mixed-up with rising magma

THE CHANGES IN
MINERAL COMPONENTS &
TEXTURE OF ROCKS DUE
TO CHANGE IN PRESSURE
AND TEMPERATURE
METAMORPHISM
Ÿ Comes from the GREEK:meta >
MORPH:form
TRANSLATE TO " AFTER FORM
"
Ÿ It is a word that is most associated to
change and transformation
Ÿ In geology, refers to the alteration in
mineral assemblance and texture
Ÿ Occurs at extreme temperature and
pressure higher than 200°c and 300
mpa(mega pascals)

PROTOLISH
Ÿ A novel rock that has experienced
Ÿ metamorphism
Ÿ Can be any type of rock and sometimes
the change in texture and mineralogy
Ÿ During metamorphism, the protolish
goes through changes in texture.

FACTORS THAT CONTROL

METAMORPHISM

TEMPERATURE
Ÿ Increases as it goes deeper in the earth
along the GEOTHERMAL GRADIENT
Ÿ Higher temperatures can occur by
burial of rock. It can increase due to
IGNEOUS INTRUSION

PRESSURE
Ÿ Increase with depth of burial, thus, both
pressure and temperature will vary with
depth in the earth.
Ÿ Is defined as force acting equally from
all directions.
 HYDROSTATIC OR
UNIFORM STRESS -
stress equal from all directions.
DIFFERENTIAL STRESS -
stress is not
equal from all directions.
TYPES OF DIFFERENTIAL
STRESS
 NORMAL STRESS
○ causes objects to be
compressed in the direction
maximum principal stress and
extended in the direction of minimal
stress
SHEAR STRESS
○ causes objects to be
smeared out in the
direction of applied stress.

FLUID PHASE
Ÿ Any present open space amongst
mineral grains in a rock can possibly
contain fluid.
Ÿ This fluid is mostly water but it also
contains dissolve ions.
METASOMATISM - if chemical
alteration of the rock takes
place due to these fluids.
TIME
Ÿ Matters because the nature of
metamorphism is along,slow process.
RECRYSTALLIZATION -
causes alternations in
minerals size and shape.
CHEMICAL
REACTIONS - occur
between the minerals to
develop new sets of minerals
that are more stable at the
pressure and temperature of
the environment.
POLYMORPHS -
are compounds with the
same chemical formula, but
 different crystal structures.

TYPES OF METAMORPHISM

CONTRAST METAMORPHISM /
THERMAL METAMORPHISM
Ÿ Occurs nearby igneous Intrusion and
comes from high temperature related to
igneous Intrusion.
METAMORPHIC AUREOULE -
since only small neighboring the
Intrusion is heated by a magma,
metamorphism is limited to a
zone sorrounding the intrusion

BURIAL METAMORPHISM
Ÿ Happens when rocks are buried to
several hundred meter deep where the
temperature are greater than 300°c
ZEOLITES -the main mineral
produced
 DYNAMIC METAMORPHISM
Ÿ Due to mechanical destrosion as to
when bodies of rock slide past one
another along a fault.
MYLONITE -the rock that is
produced
 REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
Ÿ Takes place over large areas that were
exposed to high degrees of distrotion
under differential stress.
SLATES , SCHIST , GNEISSES
- produced metamorphic rocks
that are strongly foliated.
METAMORPHOSED ROCKS-
regionally produced in the cores
of mountain range or in eroded
mountain range.

METAMORPHIC ROCK
TYPES

FOLIATED
Ÿ This has a plarnax foliation caused by
the preferred orientation or allignment
of minerals and formed after differential
stress.
 EXAMPLE:
○SLATE ○GNEISS
○PHYLLITE
○GRANULITE
○SCHIST
○MIGMATITES

NON-FOLIATED
Ÿ Rocks lack of planar fabric
EXAMPLE:
○AMPHIBOLITES
 ○HORNFELS
○QUARTZITES
○MARBLE

🍃CRYSTALLIZATION in the
continuous and discontinuous
branches takes place at the same
time

CONTINUOUS BRANCH
Ÿ Contains only plagioclase feldspar,with
composition changing from calcium-rich
to sodium rich as temperature drops.

DISCONTINUOUS BRANCH
Ÿ Describes how ferromagnesian
minerals in the magmaare transformed
as temperature changes
 SEAFLOOR SPREADING
Ÿ Seafloor Spreading and other tectonic
activity processes are the results of
mantle convection
Ÿ Seafloor Spreading occurs at
DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARIES
 MANTLE'S CONVECTION
Ÿ Is the slow churning motion of Earth's
Mantle
CONVECTION CURRENT
Ÿ Carry heat from the lower mantle and
vinegar to the lithosphere
Ÿ Also recycle lithospheric materials back
to the mantle

HARRY HAMMOND HESS

-an american biologist who conducted
echo sounfing survey on ocean floor
-he found out that magma oozed up
from the earths interior along mid ocean
ridges and the eventually solidify and
formed a seafloor

🪨The History of Ocean Basins

-Article that Hammond Hess find

🪨Subduction
-the seafloor on either side of the ridges
spreads
away from the crust of the ridge, until it
sank into the deep oceanic trenches in
the progress called ______

🪨Mid-Ocean Ridges
-large mountain ranges rising from the
ocean floor
Three Parts of Mid-Ocean Ridges
🪨Mid-Atlantic Ridge
🪨Southeast Indian Rigde
🪨East Pacific Rise

🪨Mid-Atlantic Ridge
-separates the north american plate
from the eurasian plate

🪨Southeast Indian Ridge

-marks where the southern indo-
austriallian platr forms a divergent
boundary with atlantic plate

🪨East Pacific Rise

-is a mid-ocean ridge tgar runs through
the eastern pacific ocea and separatrs
the pacific plate from the north
american plate, the cocos.

EVIDENCE OF SEAFLOOR
SPREADING
🪨Evidence of Molten Material
-rock shapes like pillows
-this rocks showed that molten material
had erupted again and again along the
mid ocean ridge

🪨Evidence from magnetic Stripes

-rocks that made up the ocea floor lie
in a pattern of
 magnitized stripes which holda a record
of the reversal of earth's magnetic
poles

🪨Evidence from Drilling Samples

-the final proof of seafloor spreafing
came from rocks samples obtained by
drilling onto the ocean floor

🪨Glomar Challenge
-a drilling ship built in 1968 gathered
the samples

RESULT OF TECTONIC
PLATE ACTIVITY
Ÿ When it occurs within the different
boundaries of the plate in the oceanic
lithosphere

Ÿ Ocean basins have developed as plate

 tectonics continued and date back to 2
billion years ago.

200 MILLION YEARS AGO

Ÿ The break-up of supercontinent Pangea
Ÿ Led to the formation of a huge
landmass made up of almost all today's
continents
180 MILLION YEARS AGO
Ÿ LAURASIA- created when North
America the joined Eurasia
Ÿ North America separated from South
America and Africa
135 MILLION YEARS AGO
Ÿ South America began to separate from
Africa

OCEAN BASIN
Ÿ Depression of the Earth's surface in
which an ocean lies
Ÿ Cover nearly three quarters of the
Earth's surface
Ÿ Average depth of nearby 4km(2.5
miles)
Ÿ Vary in size,shape, and characteristics
due to the movement of the Earth's
crust(LITHOSPHERE)

TYPES OF TECTONIC
ACTIVITY THAT SHAPE
 OCEAN BASIN
Ÿ SEAFLOOR SPREADING
>ATLANTIC BASIN
Ÿ SUBDUCTION
>PACIFIC BASIN

MAJOR AND SMALLER

OCEAN BASIN
 MAJOR BASINS
Ÿ Coordinating with the major
oceans of the world.
>PACIFIC BASIN
>ATLANTIC BASIN
>INDIAN BASIN
>ARCTIC BASIN
>SOUTHERN BASIN

SMALLER BASINS
Ÿ Are often considered oceanic
basins
>NORTH ALEUTIAN
BASIN(Between the Pacific
and Arctic oceans)

CONTINENTAL SHELF
Ÿ Shallow submerged margin of the
continents that lies between the edge of
 the shoreline and continental slope.
Ÿ Level the area of the continental crust
has surface layers composed of
sediment or sedimentary rocks.
CONTINENTAL SLOPE
Ÿ Sleeply sloping portion of continental
crust
Ÿ found between the continental shelf
and continental rise.
CONTINENTAL RISE
Ÿ Thick layers of sediment found between
the continental slope the OCEAN
FLOOR
OCEAN FLOOR
○Flat plane floor found at the
bottom of the ocean
○Represents the surface of
oceanic crust
○lies between the mid ocean
ridges and the trenches
○5,000-7,000 meters below the
ocean surface
○also called the ABYSSAL
PLAIN

MID-OCEAN RIDGE
Ÿ Chain of submarine mountains where
oceanic crust is created from using
magma plumes and Volcanic activity.
Ÿ Associated with this is plate divergence
which creates rift zone