SSB710: Thermodynamics, Radiation, Waves,

Oscillations & Sound

Programme B.Sc.,
Subject Physics
Semester 2
University Kuvempu University
Session 3
Topic Equation of State
Created by DINESH V
 THERMODYNAMICS

Equation of state of a gas in adiabatic processes, Relation

between P, V and T
 Learning objectives

➢ Expression for equation of state.

➢ Understanding the relation between P,V and T
➢ Able to derive work done during Isothermal &
Adiabatic
 Session Outcome

➢ Able to derive Adiabatic equation of state.

➢ Understand the relation between P,V and T
 Equation of State of a gas in Adiabatic Processes
(i) Let 1g of working substance (ideal gas) perfectly insulated from the surroundings. Let the
external work done by the gas be dW.
Apply I-law of thermodynamics, i.e., dQ = du + dW
But dQ = 0 and dW = P.dV, where, P = pressure and dV = change in volume
𝑃.𝑑𝑉
∴ du + = 0 ---------- (1) Where, J = mechanical equivalent of heat
𝐽

As external work is done by the gas at the cost of its internal energy, there is fall in
temperature by dT du = cv dT
𝑃.𝑑𝑉
cv dT + = 0 -------- (2)
𝐽
for ideal gas of 1 gm we have
PV = RT ---------- (3) where, R = ordinary gas constant
Differentiate, we get
P.dV + V.dP = R.dT
 𝑃.𝑑𝑉+𝑣.𝑑𝑃
dT = sub dT in eq. (2), we get C
𝑅 But Cp = γ
v

𝑃.𝑑𝑉+𝑣.𝑑𝑃 𝑃 𝑑𝑉
cv + =0 𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑉
𝑅 𝐽 +γ = 0 , on integrating we get,
𝑃 𝑉
𝑅 𝑃 𝑑𝑉
cv P.dV + V.dP + =0 log 𝑃 + γ log 𝑉 = constant
𝐽

𝑅 Log PVγ = constant

but = cp – cv
𝐽
PVγ = constant --------- (4)

cvP.dV + cv V.dP + cp P.dV – cvP.dV = 0

This is the equation connecting pressure and
volume during an adiabatic process and is
cp P.dV + cv V.dP = 0
known as Poisson’s law.

dividing by cv PV, we get

Cp 𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑃
+ =0
Cv 𝑉 𝑃
 𝑅𝑇
(ii) we know that PV = RT, ∴ P =
𝑉 𝑅𝛾 𝑇 𝛾 𝑇𝛾 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
and PVγ = constant ∴ P = const / Vγ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 OR =
𝑃𝛾−1 𝑃𝛾−1 𝑅
on equating, we get
𝑅𝑇
= const / Vγ 𝑷𝜸−𝟏
𝑉 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 -------- (6)
𝑻𝜸
𝑅𝑇
Vγ = constant, but R = constant
𝑉
Therefore during adiabatic process
RTVγ-1 = constant (i) PVγ = constant
TVγ-1 = constant ------------- (5) (ii) TVγ-1 = constant and
𝑷𝜸−𝟏
(iii) = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝑻𝜸
𝑅𝑇
(iii) Also, V = and PVγ = constant
𝑃
Substitute for V, we get
γ

𝑅𝑇
𝑃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑃
1. Work done during an Isothermal Process:
When gas is allowed to expand isothermally, work is done by it.
When the volume changes from V1 to V2 work done is given by
V
W = ‫׬‬V 2 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = area ABCD
1

𝑅𝑇
For one gram molecule of the gas, PV = RT , P=
𝑉
V 𝑅𝑇 𝑉2
∴ W = ‫׬‬V 2 𝑑𝑉 = RT x 2.303 log10 ------- (1)
1 𝑉 𝑉1
Also, P1V1 = P2V2

𝑉2 𝑃1
=
𝑉1 𝑃2
𝑃1
∴ W = RT x 2.303 log10 --------- (2)
𝑃2
Hence the change in the internal energy of the system is zero ( because
temp. constant). So the heat absorbed by the system is equal to the work
done by it.
2. Work done during an Adiabatic Process:
Work done when the gas expands from V1 to V2 is given by
V2
W= ‫׬‬V 𝑃 𝑑𝑉 = area ABCD
1
𝑘
During adiabatic , PVγ =constant = k OR 𝑃=
𝑉𝛾
𝑉2
𝑉2
𝑘
𝑊 = න 𝛾 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑘 න 𝑉 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 𝑉2
𝑉1

𝑘 1 1
𝑊= 𝛾−1 − 𝛾−1 since A and B lie on the same adiabatic
1−𝛾 𝑉2 𝑉1

∴ P1V1γ = P2V2γ = k
1 𝑘 𝑘
𝑊= 𝛾−1 − 𝛾−1
1−𝛾 𝑉2 𝑉1
𝛾 𝛾
1 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑊= 𝛾−1 − 𝛾−1
1−𝛾 𝑉2 𝑉1
 1
𝑊= 𝑃2 𝑉2 − 𝑃1 𝑉1 ------- (1)
1−𝛾

Similarly for 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑅𝑇1 and 𝑃2 𝑉2 = 𝑅𝑇2 then equation (1) becomes

1
𝑊= 𝑅𝑇2 − 𝑅𝑇1
1−𝛾

𝑅 𝑅
𝑊= 𝑇2 − 𝑇1 = 𝑇1 − 𝑇2
1−𝛾 𝛾−1
References:
1. Heat and thermodynamics – Brijlal , Subramanyam and P.S.Hemne.
2. Heat – D.S. Mathur
3. Berkely volume – 1: Halliday and Resnik.
4. Physics for II Semester, B.V.N. Rao.