Chnadu Final

STRUCTURES PROJECT
ON
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING G+3
SUBMITTED BY
G.GNANESWARI
20C01C4007
Under the guidance of

ER. D. PURNA CHANDRA RAO
MAESTRO SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND

ARCHITECTURE
VIJAYAWADA.
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that “GNANESWARI” of fourth year of Architecture has
submitted structures report on “Residential building having G+3 stories” in
partial fulfilment. For the award of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, Kakinada, year 2023-24. It has been found to be satisfactory and
hereby approved for the submission.
(Signature of Principal) (Signature of project guide)

Ar. Er. Purna Chandra Rao
DECLARATION
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I hereby declared that the project work entitled “Structures report on G+3
building“ submitted to the Maestro school of planning and architecture, is a
record of an original work done by me under the guidance of Mr. Purna
Chandra Rao, and this project work is submitted in the partial fulfilment of the
requirements. Wherever contributions of others are involved, every effort is made
to mention it, with due reference to the literature study and acknowledgement of
collaborative research.
G.GNANESWARI
20C01C4007
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to convey my heart full thanks to Mr. Dondapati Purna Chandra Rao for
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his valuable guidance in completing the work. His continuous support have always been
an inspiration for me. I personally thank him for constantly motivating me to work hard
and getting the work done within the time I had. This assignment cannot full fill without
the support and effort from him. Whatever we have done is only due to such guidance
and assistance.
I would also thanks to my friends and classmates for supporting me at every
stage of the work for all of their valuable time
G.GNANESWARI
20C01C4007
ABSTRACT
Structural planning and design are an art and science of designing with economy
and elegance, serviceable and durable structure. The entire process of structural
planning and designing requires not only imagination and conceptual thinking but also
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sound knowledge of science of structural engineering besides knowledge of practical
aspects, such as relevant design codes and byelaws backed up by example experience.
The process of design commences with planning of structural primarily to
defined as he is not aware of various implications involved in the process of planning
and design. Meet the functional requirements and aspects of aesthetics are locked into
normally be the architect while the aspect of the safety, serviceability, durability and
economy of the structure are attended by structural designer.
For this purpose, a site is selected in which the building has four floors including
a ground floor, it consists of all the rooms required for a residential house like
bedroom, toilet, living/dining, kitchen and store room.
AutoCAD is a software tool to design functional design of any plan. It
involves outer appearance of the plan.
In this project work, an attempt is made according to Building Bye laws and design of
residential building as per IS: 456-2000 specifications.
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INDEX
CERTIFICATE..........................................................................................................................................i
DECLARATION......................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.......................................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................................iv
LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES............................................................................................................vii
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS...................................................................................................ix
Chapter 1...................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the project................................................................................................................6
1.3 Building plan...................................................................................................................................7
Chapter 2...................................................................................................................................................8
LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................................................................8
Chapter 3.................................................................................................................................................10
SLABS....................................................................................................................................................10
3.1 One-way slab................................................................................................................................10
3.2 Two-way slab...............................................................................................................................10
3.3 Design of Slabs.............................................................................................................................12
Chapter 4.................................................................................................................................................46
BEAMS..................................................................................................................................................46
4.1 Singly Reinforced Beam...............................................................................................................46
4.2 Doubly Reinforced Beam.............................................................................................................47
4.3 Design of Beams...........................................................................................................................48
Chapter 5.................................................................................................................................................85
STAIRCASE.............................................................................................................................................85
5.1 Types of staircases.......................................................................................................................86
5.2 Components of staircase.............................................................................................................86
5.3 Design of staircase.......................................................................................................................87
Chapter 6.................................................................................................................................................89
COLUMNS.............................................................................................................................................89
6.1 Types of columns.........................................................................................................................89
6.2 DESIGN OF COLUMNS..................................................................................................................90
6.3 Loads on columns........................................................................................................................91

6.4 Design of columns........................................................................................................................94
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Chapter 7..................................................................................................................................97
PILE FOUNDATION.............................................................................................................................97
7.1 Uses of pile foundation................................................................................................................97

7.2 Types of piles................................................................................................................................97
7.3 Design pile Foundation................................................................................................................99
Chapter 8................................................................................................................................105
LINTELS.............................................................................................................................................105
8.1 Function of lintels......................................................................................................................105

8.2 Bearing of Lintel.........................................................................................................................105
8.3 Types of Lintels...........................................................................................................................106
8.4 Design of lintel...........................................................................................................................107
Chapter 9................................................................................................................................110
RESULTS............................................................................................................................................110
CONCLUSION..........................................................................................................................114
REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................115
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LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES:
List of tables:
1.1 – Minimum Grade of ConcreteTable
1.2 – Unit weight of common building materials Table
1.3 – Live loads on floor
6.1 – Columns
6.2 – Column Grouping
9.1 – Reinforcement details of slabs
9.2 – Reinforcement details of beams
9.3 – Reinforcement details of columns
9.4 – Reinforcement details of pile foundation
9.5 – Reinforcement details of lintel
9.6 – Reinforcement details of staircase
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SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Ast - Area of Reinforcement

Ast (Min) - Minimum Area of Reinforcement
Ast (Pro) - Area of Reinforcement Provided
Asc - Area of Concrete
d - Effective Depth
D - Overall Depth
H - Height Ratio
L - Length
B - Breadth
M - Bending Moment
Pa - Active Earth Pressure
Mu (supports) - Ultimate Moment at Supports
Mu (mid) - Ultimate Moment at Centre
Vu - Ultimate Shear Stress
Mu - Ultimate Moment of Resistance
Wu - Factored Load or Design Load
Fck - Compressive Strength of Concrete
Fy - Yielding Strength of Reinforcement
P - Safe Bearing Capacity of Soil
R - Rise
T - Tread
ɸ - Diameter of the bar
Lx - Effective length of shorter span of slab
Ly - Effective length of longer span of slab.
Fsc - Stress in Compression Reinforcement
Asc - Area of Compression Reinforcement
Ag - Gross Area of Column
Pt - Percentage of Tension Reinforcement
Mu (limit) - Limiting Moment of Resistance
Sv - Spacing of Stirrups
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Structural design for framed R.C.C Structure may be designed by any of the following methods:
1) WORKING STRESS METHOD
2) ULTIMATE STRENGTH METHOD
3) LIMIT STATE METHOD
WORKING STRESS METHOD OF DESIGN:

It is probably the earliest modified method of design of reinforcement concrete structures, and it
is based on a criterion that the actual stresses developed in the material under the action of working
loads must be limited to a set allowable value, i.e., the concept of working stress issued in providing
for the factor of safety. The method also constrains that the deformation of the structures or elements
must be within acceptable values an elastic linear structural analysis is considered to be a basis in the
determination of stress in materials. However, this method is simple to understand.
ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (USD):

It is primarily based on the strength concept. Multiplying with load factors to give a
hypothetical load pattern called Ultimate loads enhances the working loads. Then the design forces on
the members are obtained by an elastic structure analysis under the action of ultimate loads. The
members are proportioned such that the strength of the members is not less than the design ultimate
force i.e., instead of considering the material strength only (as in W.S.D), the economy in the cost of
structure.
LIMIT STATE DESIGN (L.S.D):

This method is more rational in approach and is replacing the working stress method and the
ultimate load method in the design of reinforced concert structures. The limit state method of design
has originated from the ultimate design. (In a way USD can be called as the strength limit state of the
limit state design). The concepts of safety and service ability are rationalized better consequently
certain amount of sophistication is introduced. The structures are design to provide adequate strength,
serviceability, and durability. Partial safety factor applies to loads and materials provide the required
safety, serviceability of the structures. The design forces and deformation are arrived at by the limit
are elastic analysis depending on the type of the limit state considered. The object of this method is
based on the limit state concept Le to achieve an acceptable probability that a structure will not
become unserviceable in its lifetime for which it is instead (i.e., it will reach the limit state). The
important states, which must be examined in the design, are:
Limit State of Collapse: This limit state corresponds to the maximum load carrying capacity.
Violation of the limit state of collapse implies failure in a since that a clearly define state of structural
usefulness has been exceeded. However, it does not mean a complete collapse.
The limit state corresponds to:
a. Flexure
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b. Compression
c. Shear
d. Torsion
Limit state of service ability: This state corresponds to the development of excessive deformation
and is used for checking the members in which the magnitude of deformation may limit the use of the
structure are its components.
SALIENT FEATURES OF LIMIT STATE METHOD:

Limit State Method of design is a future improvement of ultimate load of design. The
acceptable limit of safety & serviceability requirements before failure occurs called LIMIT STATE.
DESIGN
The designer will design based on limit state method using SP-16 and IS 456-1978 code. The
structure shall be designed to with stand safely all loads liable to action it through out of its life.
AIM
The aim of design is to achieve acceptable port abilities that the structure will not become unfit
for the use for which it is intended that it will not reach a LIMIT STATE. This method is appeared to
be satisfactory and acceptable and recommended by the codes of practice of many countries.
DESIGN CONSTANTS
Type = residential building
Floor to floor height = 3000mm
Depth of the foundation below G.L =1200mm
Bearing capacity of soil = 200 KN/m²
Assumed imposed loads on floors:
Live load - 1.5KN/m² (for terrace floor) & 2KN/m2 (for remaining floors)
Floor finish - 1KN/m2
Dead load - 3KN/m2.
DESIGN BASIS
Limit state method is based on IS 456-2000 S.I. units.
SPECIFICATIONS OF MATERIALS
Materials used are:
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a) Cement
b) Sand
c) Gravel
d) Steel
e) Bricks
FOR SLABS M 20 grade concrete is used
FORBEAMS M 20 grade concrete is used
FORCOLUMNS M 20 grade concrete is used
FORFOOTINGS M 20 grade concrete is used
Fe415 steel is used as main reinforcement called as Tor steel
Fe250 steel is used as distribution steel called as mild steel
R.C.C(REINFORCEDCEMENT CONCRETE)
RCC consists of steel and concrete. Concrete is good at compressive and tension, but it is
costly. If both were used together proportions to bear the required loads, the structure formed would
efficient in strength and durability. Multistoried (G+3) structures can be in R.C.C. the advantages of
R.C.C is one can go for a greater number of loads and can punch. Number of loads and can punch
number of openings as required for the structure to be effective and to carry the heavy loads R.C.C is
suggested. This section is economical and cheap.
STEEL
Grades used Fe 250-mild steel bars, Fe415, Fe500 - cold twisted or hot rolled high yields
strength deformed bars.
Steel of grade Fe250 is commonly used for:
a) One-way slab up-to 3m span.
b) Two-way slab up-to 4m span.
c) Stirrups in beams and tiles in columns.
d) Main steel in columns.
DEAD LOADS
It should comprise the weight of all walls, partitions, floors and roofs and shall include the
weights of all permanent constructions in the building.
Steel of grade Fe415/Fe500 is common for:
a) One-way slab above 4m span.
b) Two-way slab above 4m span.
c) Main reinforcement in beams and column footings.
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d) Main steel in columns with larger concrete areas.
STIFFNESS FACTOR:
For Prismatic members, Stiffness ‘K’ is defined as ratio of moment of inertia to length of the
members. i.e., KI/L.
CARRYOVERFACTOR:
Consider a member AB fixed AB fixed at end Band support at end A. A moment MA applied at
A, without displacing A, will produce moment at B. Let it be MB. The ratio of MB/MA is known as
CARRY OVERFACTOR
SIGNCONVENTION:
For this method clockwise moments at ends are considered positive and anticlockwise moments
are considered as negative.
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INTRODUCTION OF SLABS
Slabs are the plate elements having the depth (D) much smaller than its span and width. They
usually carry a uniformly distributed load and from the floor or roof of the building. Like beams,
slabs, also, may be simple support, cantilever or continuous. They are classified according to the
systems of support as under:
1) One-way reinforced slabs.

2) Two-way reinforced slabs
3) Flat slabs support directly on columns with beams.
4) Circular and other shapes
5) Grid slabs or waffle slabs.
If the slab is supported on all four edges
𝐿𝑦
and if >2; where L
𝐿𝑥 y is a longer span and Lx is a shorter span, then the slab is said to be One-
way slab.
𝐿𝑦
And if <2: where L
𝐿𝑥 y is a shorter span and Lx is a longer span, then the slab is said to be
Two-way slab.
The reinforcement perpendicular to the main reinforcement is known as Distribution steel. The
reinforcement resists temperature stress, keeps the main reinforcement in position and distributes the
concentrated or non- uniform loads through the slab for a continuous resist negative bending
moment.
The spacing of slab bars is given by
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟 × 1000

Spacing = 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SLABS:
1. Effective span: The effective span of a simply supported slab shall be taken as clear span
plus effective depth of the slab or center to center distance between the supports which-ever
is less.
The effective span of a cantilever slab shall be taken as its length to the face of the support
plus half the effective depth except where it forms the end of a continuous slab where the
length to the center of support shall be taken.
2. Limiting Stiffness: The stiffness of slabs is governed by the span to depth ratio. As per
clause 23.2 of IS 456 for spans not exceeding 10m, the span to depth ratio (Basic values)
should not exceed the limits given below:
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Cantilever -7
Simply supported - 20
Continuous -26
Depending upon the type of steel and percentage of steel, the above values have to be
modified as per Fig.4 of IS-456. For two-way slabs, the shorter span should be used for
calculating the span to effective depth ratio.
3. Minimum Reinforcement: The reinforcement in either direction of span shall not be
less than 0.15% of gross cross-sectional area if mild steel is used.
However, this value is reduced to 0.12% where high strength deformed bars or welded wire
fabrics are used. (Clause 26.5.2.1 of IS-456)
4. Maximum Diameter of bars: The diameter of the bars shall not exceed one eighth of
the total thickness of slab. (Clause 26.2.2 of IS-456)
5. Spacing of main reinforcement: The spacing of main reinforcement in slabs shall not be
more than three times the effective depth of solid slab or 300mm which-ever is less.
(Clause
26.3.3 of IS-456)
6. Distribution Reinforcement: The area of distribution reinforcement shall not be less
than 0.15% of gross cross-sectional area if plain bars used and 0.12% if high yield strength
deformed bars are used. The spacing of distribution reinforcement in slabs shall not be more
than five times the effective depth of slab or 450mm which-ever is less.
7. Cover to Reinforcement: Reinforcement concrete cover of thickness as follows:
(a) At each end of reinforcement bar not less than 25mm or less than twice
the diameter of such bar.
(b) the bottom cover for reinforcement shall not be less than 20mm or less than
the diameter of such bars.
PROCEDURE OF SLAB DESIGN: -

1. Determine the loads: The first step is to determine the dead load and live load that the slab
will carry. Dead loads are the weight of the slab itself, while live loads are the weight of
people, furniture, and other objects that will be on the slab.
2. Determine the span and depth: The span of the slab is the distance between the supports.
The depth of the slab is determined based on the span, the loads, and the material
properties. The depth is chosen to ensure that the slab can resist the bending moments and
shear forces that will be induced by the loads.
3. Calculate the bending moment: The bending moment is the force that causes the slab to
bend. It is calculated by dividing the span by the depth and multiplying by the load.
4. Calculate the reinforcement: The reinforcement is the steel bars that are placed in the slab
to resist the bending moment. The amount of reinforcement required depends on the bending
moment and the strength of the steel.
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5. Check for deflection: The deflection is the amount of bending that the slab will experience
under the load. It should be checked to ensure that it is within the allowable limit.
6. Check for shear: Shear is the force that causes the slab to slide along its supports. It
should be checked to ensure that it is within the allowable limit.
7. Detail the reinforcement: The reinforcement should be detailed and placed in the slab
according to the design requiremen
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Design of slab:-
𝑙𝑦 4
Slab 1 𝑙𝑥
= =1
4
Hence, the slab is to be designed as a two-way slab

THICKNESS OF THE SLAB:-
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 4
D= 28 = 28
= 142.8 mm
So taking slab thickness as 150 mm
EFFECTIVE SPAN ALONG X AXIS:-
Clear span + effective depth = 4 + 0.18
= 4.18
Center to center = 4 + 0.23 + 0.23
2 2
= 4.23
EFFECTIVE SPAN ALONG Y AXIS: -
= 4.18
2 2
= 4.23
LOAD CALCULATIONS:-
Self-weight of slab = depth of the slab x unit weight of concrete
= 0.15 x 25 kn
= 3.75 kn
Live load = 2 kn/𝑚2
Floor finish = 1 kn/𝑚2
Ultimate load = 6.75 kn/𝑚2
17
Factored load = 10.12 kn/𝑚2
BENDING MOMENT:- +-
Mx = 𝛼𝑥w𝑙𝑥2
My = 𝛼𝑦w𝑙𝑥2
𝑙𝑥 4
𝑙𝑦
= =1
4
𝛼+ = 0.035
𝑥
𝛼𝑥− = 0.047
𝛼𝑦+ = 0.035
𝛼𝑦− = 0.047
𝑀+ = 𝛼+w𝑙2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 0.035 x 10.12 x (4.18)2
= 6.18
𝑀− = 𝛼− w𝑙2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 0.047 x 10.12 x (4.18)2

= 8.3
𝑀+ = 𝛼+ w𝑙2
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
= 0.035 x10.12 x (4.18)2

= 6.18
𝑀 = 𝛼− w𝑙2
−
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
= 0.047 x 11.25 x (4.98)2

= 8.31
CHECK FOR DEPTH:-
𝑀𝑥
D=√
0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏
18
8.3
= √0.138 𝑥 20 𝑥 1000
= 54.8 mm
D = 54.8 mm < 150 mm
Hence it is ok
AREA OF REINFORCEMENT ALONG X AXIS:-
𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡
M = 0.87Astd [1 − ]
𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑥𝑑
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
8.3 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 150 [1 − ]
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
2 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑡2𝑥 150
8.3 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x 150 x Ast - 0.87 𝑥 415
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
8.3 x 106 = 54157.5 x Ast – 7.49 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

= 7.49𝐴𝑠𝑡2- 54157.5 x Ast + 8.3 x 106
Ast = 156.65 𝑚𝑚2
USING 1OMM BARS
Spacing = ast = 𝜋 𝑑2
4
= 𝜋 102 = 78.53 𝑚𝑚2

4
78.53
=156.65 𝑥 1000
= 501.30
(ii)3 × 𝑑 = 3 × 150 = 450mm
(iii)300mm
hence, provide 10mm ϕ bars at 300 mmc/c
AREA OF REINFORCEMENT ALONG Y AXIS:-
M = 0.87Astd [1 − ]
19
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
8.3 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 150 [1 − ]
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
2 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑡2𝑥 150
8.3 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x 150 x Ast - 0.87 𝑥 415
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
8.3 x 106 = 54157.5 x Ast – 7.49 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

= 7.49𝐴𝑠𝑡2- 54175.5 x Ast + 8.3 x 106
Ast = 156.65 𝑚𝑚2
Using 10mm dia bars:-
4
= 𝜋 102 = 78.53 𝑚𝑚2

4
78.53
= 156.65 𝑥 1000
=501.30
3xd = 3 x 180
= 540
Reinforcement:-
Ast = 0.12% of gross area
= 0.12 x b x depth of slab
100
= 0.12 x 1000 x 150

100
= 180 𝑚𝑚2
using 8mm dia bars:-
ast = 𝜋 (8)2 = 50.26 𝑚𝑚2
4
spacing = 𝑎𝑠𝑡 x 1000

𝐴𝑠𝑡
= 50.26 x 1000
150
= 335
20
(ii)5 × 𝑑 = 5 × 150 = 750𝑚𝑚
(iii)450mm
8 mm dia bars @ center to center
CHECK FOR SHEAR:-
𝑤𝑙𝑒𝑥 10.12 𝑥 4
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = =
2 2
= 20 kn
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 20 𝑥 103
𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑏𝑥𝑑
= 1000𝑥 150
= 0.13 kn/𝑚𝑚2
𝑟𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑡 156.65 x 100

= 𝑏𝑥𝑑 x 100 = 1000 𝑥 150
= 0.10
From table 19 of IS456 : 2000
𝑟𝑐 = 0.10 < 0.15
𝑟𝑐 = 0.28
From 40.2.1.1
𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚= k x 𝑟𝑐 = 1.20 x 0.28
= 0.336 ≥ 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥
21
Hence it is ok
CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:-
𝑙
For continuous slab
𝑑 ratio = 26
Ast
% of steel =
1000 𝑥 150
x 100
156.65
= 1000 𝑥 150 x 100
= 0.10%
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 𝑓𝑦 = 0.58 x 415
= 240 N/𝑚𝑚2
MF ( modification factor) = 1.6
𝑙
Max permitted =
𝑑 ≤ 1.6 x 26
4
= 0.15 = 26.6
26.6 ≤ 41.6
Hence it is ok.
22
Design of slab:-
𝑙𝑦 4
Slab 2 𝑙𝑥
= =1
4

𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 4
D= 28 = 28
= 142.8 mm
= 4.18
2 2
= 4.23
= 4.18
2 2
= 4.23
LOAD CALCULATIONS:-
= 0.15 x 25 kn
= 3.75 kn
23
BENDING MOMENT:- +-
𝑙𝑥 4
𝑙𝑦
= =1
4
𝛼+ = 0.035
𝑥
𝛼𝑥− = 0.047
𝛼𝑦+ = 0.035
𝛼𝑦− = 0.047
𝑀+ = 𝛼+w𝑙2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 0.035 x 10.12 x (4.18)2
= 6.18
𝑀− = 𝛼− w𝑙2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 0.047 x 10.12 x (4.18)2

= 8.3
𝑀+ = 𝛼+ w𝑙2
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
= 0.035 x10.12 x (4.18)2

= 6.18
−
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
= 0.047 x 11.25 x (4.98)2

= 8.31
CHECK FOR DEPTH:-
𝑀𝑥
D=√
24
8.3
= √0.138 𝑥 20 𝑥 1000
= 54.8 mm
D = 54.8 mm < 150 mm
Hence it is ok
M = 0.87Astd [1 − ]
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
8.3 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 150 [1 − ]
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
2 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑡2𝑥 150
8.3 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x 150 x Ast - 0.87 𝑥 415
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
8.3 x 106 = 54157.5 x Ast – 7.49 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

= 7.49𝐴𝑠𝑡2- 54157.5 x Ast + 8.3 x 106
Ast = 156.65 𝑚𝑚2
USING 1OMM BARS
4
= 𝜋 102 = 78.53 𝑚𝑚2

4
78.53
=156.65 𝑥 1000
= 501.30
(ii)3 × 𝑑 = 3 × 150 = 450mm
(iii)300mm
M = 0.87Astd [1 − ]
25
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
8.3 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 150 [1 − ]
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
2 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑡2𝑥 150
8.3 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x 150 x Ast - 0.87 𝑥 415
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
8.3 x 106 = 54157.5 x Ast – 7.49 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

= 7.49𝐴𝑠𝑡2- 54175.5 x Ast + 8.3 x 106
Ast = 156.65 𝑚𝑚2
4
= 𝜋 102 = 78.53 𝑚𝑚2

4
78.53
= 156.65 𝑥 1000
=501.30
3xd = 3 x 180
= 540
Reinforcement:-
100
= 0.12 x 1000 x 150

100
= 180 𝑚𝑚2
ast = 𝜋 (8)2 = 50.26 𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐴𝑠𝑡
= 50.26 x 1000
150
= 335
26
(ii)5 × 𝑑 = 5 × 150 = 750𝑚𝑚
(iii)450mm
CHECK FOR SHEAR:-
𝑤𝑙𝑒𝑥 10.12 𝑥 4
2 2
= 20 kn
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 20 𝑥 103
= 1000𝑥 150
= 0.13 kn/𝑚𝑚2
𝑟𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑡 156.65 x 100

= 𝑏𝑥𝑑 x 100 = 1000 𝑥 150
= 0.10
𝑟𝑐 = 0.10 < 0.15
𝑟𝑐 = 0.28
From 40.2.1.1
𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚= k x 𝑟𝑐 = 1.20 x 0.28
= 0.336 ≥ 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥
27
Hence it is ok
𝑙
For continuous slab
𝑑 ratio = 26
Ast
% of steel =
1000 𝑥 150
x 100
156.65
= 1000 𝑥 150 x 100
= 0.10%
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 𝑓𝑦 = 0.58 x 415
= 240 N/𝑚𝑚2
𝑙
Max permitted =
𝑑 ≤ 1.6 x 26
4
= 0.15 = 26.6
26.6 ≤ 41.6
Hence it is ok.
28
Design of slab:-
𝑙𝑦 4
Slab 3 𝑙𝑥
= =1
4

𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 4
D= 28 = 28
= 142.8 mm
= 4.18
2 2
= 4.23
= 4.18
2 2
= 4.23
LOAD CALCULATIONS:-
= 0.15 x 25 kn
= 3.75 kn
29
BENDING MOMENT:- +-
𝑙𝑥 4
𝑙𝑦
= =1
4
𝛼+ = 0.028
𝑥
𝛼𝑥− = 0.037
𝛼𝑦+ = 0.028
𝛼𝑦− = 0.037
𝑀+ = 𝛼+w𝑙2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 0.028 x 10.12 x (4.18)2
= 4.95
𝑀− = 𝛼− w𝑙2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 0.037 x 10.12 x (4.18)2

= 6.5
𝑀+ = 𝛼+ w𝑙2
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
= 0.028 x10.12 x (4.18)2

= 4.95
−
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
= 0.037 x 11.25 x (4.98)2

= 6.5
CHECK FOR DEPTH:-
𝑀𝑥
D=√
30
6.5
= √0.138 𝑥 20 𝑥 1000
= 48.52 mm
D = 48.52 mm < 150 mm
Hence it is ok
M = 0.87Astd [1 − ]
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
6.5 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 150 [1 − ]
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
2 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑡2𝑥 150
6.5 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x 150 x Ast - 0.87 𝑥 415
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
6.5 x 106 = 54157.5 x Ast – 7.49 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

= 7.49𝐴𝑠𝑡2- 54157.5 x Ast + 6.5 x 106
Ast = 122.08 𝑚𝑚2
USING 1OMM BARS
4
= 𝜋 102 = 78.53 𝑚𝑚2

4
78.53
=122.08 𝑥 1000
= 643.26
(ii)3 × 𝑑 = 3 × 150 = 450mm
(iii)300mm
M = 0.87Astd [1 − ]
31
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
6.5 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 150 [1 − ]
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
2 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑡2𝑥 150
6.5 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x 150 x Ast - 0.87 𝑥 415
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
6.5 x 106 = 54157.5 x Ast – 7.49 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

= 7.49𝐴𝑠𝑡2- 54175.5 x Ast + 6.5 x 106
Ast = 122.08 𝑚𝑚2
4
= 𝜋 102 = 78.53 𝑚𝑚2

4
78.53
= 122.08 𝑥 1000
=643.26
3xd = 3 x 180
= 540
Reinforcement:-
100
= 0.12 x 1000 x 150

100
= 180 𝑚𝑚2
ast = 𝜋 (8)2 = 50.26 𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐴𝑠𝑡
= 50.26 x 1000
150
= 335
32
(ii)5 × 𝑑 = 5 × 150 = 750𝑚𝑚
(iii)450mm
CHECK FOR SHEAR:-
𝑤𝑙𝑒𝑥 10.12 𝑥 4
2 2
= 20 kn
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 20 𝑥 103
= 1000𝑥 150
= 0.13 kn/𝑚𝑚2
𝑟𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑡 122.08 x 100

= 𝑏𝑥𝑑 x 100 = 1000 𝑥 150
= 0.08
𝑟𝑐 = 0.08 < 0.15
𝑟𝑐 = 0.28
From 40.2.1.1
𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚= k x 𝑟𝑐 = 1.20 x 0.28
= 0.336 ≥ 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥
33
Hence it is ok
𝑙
For continuous slab
𝑑 ratio = 26
Ast
% of steel =
1000 𝑥 150
x 100
122.08
= 1000 𝑥 150 x 100
= 0.08%
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 𝑓𝑦 = 0.58 x 415
= 240 N/𝑚𝑚2
𝑙
Max permitted =
𝑑 ≤ 1.6 x 26
4
= 0.15 = 26.6
26.6 ≤ 41.6
Hence it is ok.
34
Design of slab:-
𝑙𝑦 4
Slab 4 𝑙𝑥
= =1
4

𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 4
D= 28 = 28
= 142.8 mm
= 4.18
2 2
= 4.23
= 4.18
2 2
= 4.23
LOAD CALCULATIONS:-
= 0.15 x 25 kn
= 3.75 kn
35
BENDING MOMENT:- +-
𝑙𝑥 4
𝑙𝑦
= =1
4
𝛼+ = 0.035
𝑥
𝛼𝑥− = 0.047
𝛼𝑦+ = 0.035
𝛼𝑦− = 0.047
𝑀+ = 𝛼+w𝑙2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 0.035 x 10.12 x (4.18)2
= 6.18
𝑀− = 𝛼− w𝑙2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 0.047 x 10.12 x (4.18)2

= 8.3
𝑀+ = 𝛼+ w𝑙2
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
= 0.035 x10.12 x (4.18)2

= 6.18
−
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
= 0.047 x 11.25 x (4.98)2

= 8.31
CHECK FOR DEPTH:-
𝑀𝑥
D=√
36
8.3
= √0.138 𝑥 20 𝑥 1000
= 54.8 mm
D = 54.8 mm < 150 mm
Hence it is ok
M = 0.87Astd [1 − ]
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
8.3 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 150 [1 − ]
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
2 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑡2𝑥 150
8.3 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x 150 x Ast - 0.87 𝑥 415
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
8.3 x 106 = 54157.5 x Ast – 7.49 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

= 7.49𝐴𝑠𝑡2- 54157.5 x Ast + 8.3 x 106
Ast = 156.65 𝑚𝑚2
USING 1OMM BARS
4
= 𝜋 102 = 78.53 𝑚𝑚2

4
78.53
=156.65 𝑥 1000
= 501.30
(ii)3 × 𝑑 = 3 × 150 = 450mm
(iii)300mm
M = 0.87Astd [1 − ]
37
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
8.3 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 150 [1 − ]
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
2 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑡2𝑥 150
8.3 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x 150 x Ast - 0.87 𝑥 415
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
8.3 x 106 = 54157.5 x Ast – 7.49 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

= 7.49𝐴𝑠𝑡2- 54175.5 x Ast + 8.3 x 106
Ast = 156.65 𝑚𝑚2
4
= 𝜋 102 = 78.53 𝑚𝑚2

4
78.53
= 156.65 𝑥 1000
=501.30
3xd = 3 x 180
= 540
Reinforcement:-
100
= 0.12 x 1000 x 150

100
= 180 𝑚𝑚2
ast = 𝜋 (8)2 = 50.26 𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐴𝑠𝑡
= 50.26 x 1000
150
= 335
38
(ii)5 × 𝑑 = 5 × 150 = 750𝑚𝑚
(iii)450mm
CHECK FOR SHEAR:-
𝑤𝑙𝑒𝑥 10.12 𝑥 4
2 2
= 20 kn
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 20 𝑥 103
= 1000𝑥 150
= 0.13 kn/𝑚𝑚2
𝑟𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑡 156.65 x 100

= 𝑏𝑥𝑑 x 100 = 1000 𝑥 150
= 0.10
𝑟𝑐 = 0.10 < 0.15
𝑟𝑐 = 0.28
From 40.2.1.1
𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚= k x 𝑟𝑐 = 1.20 x 0.28
= 0.336 ≥ 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥
39
Hence it is ok
𝑙
For continuous slab
𝑑 ratio = 26
Ast
% of steel =
1000 𝑥 150
x 100
156.65
= 1000 𝑥 150 x 100
= 0.10%
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 𝑓𝑦 = 0.58 x 415
= 240 N/𝑚𝑚2
𝑙
Max permitted =
𝑑 ≤ 1.6 x 26
4
= 0.15 = 26.6
26.6 ≤ 41.6
Hence it is ok.
40
Design of slab:-
𝑙𝑦 4
Slab 5 𝑙𝑥
= =2
2

𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 2
D= 28 = 28
= 71.42 mm
= 2.18
2 2
= 2.23
= 4.18
2 2
= 4.23
LOAD CALCULATIONS:-
= 0.15 x 25 kn
= 3.75 kn
41
BENDING MOMENT:- +-
𝑙𝑥 2
𝑙𝑦
= =2
4
𝛼+ = 0.035
𝑥
𝛼𝑥− = 0.047
𝛼𝑦+ = 0.035
𝛼𝑦− = 0.047
𝑀+ = 𝛼+w𝑙2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 0.035 x 10.12 x (2.18)2
= 1.68
𝑀− = 𝛼− w𝑙2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 0.047 x 10.12 x (2.18)2

= 2.26
𝑀+ = 𝛼+ w𝑙2
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
= 0.035 x10.12 x (2.18)2

= 1.68
−
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
= 0.047 x 11.25 x (2.18)2

= 2.26
CHECK FOR DEPTH:-
𝑀𝑥
D=√
42
2.26
= √0.138 𝑥 20 𝑥 1000
= 28.61 mm
D = 28.61 mm < 150 mm
Hence it is ok
M = 0.87Astd [1 − ]
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
2.26 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 150 [1 − ]
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
2 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑡2𝑥 150
2.26 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x 150 x Ast - 0.87 𝑥 415
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
2.26 x 106 = 54157.5 x Ast – 7.49 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

= 7.49𝐴𝑠𝑡2- 54157.5 x Ast + 2.26 x 106
Ast = 41.97 𝑚𝑚2
USING 1OMM BARS
4
= 𝜋 102 = 78.53 𝑚𝑚2

4
78.53
= 41.97 𝑥 1000
= 187.10
(ii)3 × 𝑑 = 3 × 150 = 450mm
(iii)300mm
M = 0.87Astd [1 − ]
43
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
2.26 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 150 [1 − ]
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
2 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑡2𝑥 150
2.26 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x 150 x Ast - 0.87 𝑥 415
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
2.26 x 106 = 54157.5 x Ast – 7.49 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

= 7.49𝐴𝑠𝑡2- 54175.5 x Ast + 2.26 x 106
Ast = 41.97 𝑚𝑚2
4
= 𝜋 102 = 78.53 𝑚𝑚2

4
78.53
= 41.97 𝑥 1000
=187.10
3xd = 3 x 180
= 540
Reinforcement:-
100
= 0.12 x 1000 x 150

100
= 180 𝑚𝑚2
ast = 𝜋 (8)2 = 50.26 𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐴𝑠𝑡
= 50.26 x 1000
150
= 335
44
(ii)5 × 𝑑 = 5 × 150 = 750𝑚𝑚
(iii)450mm
CHECK FOR SHEAR:-
𝑤𝑙𝑒𝑥 10.12 𝑥 2
2 2
= 10.12 kn
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥 103
= 1000𝑥 150
= 0.06 kn/𝑚𝑚2
𝑟𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑡 41.97 x 100

= 𝑏𝑥𝑑 x 100 = 1000 𝑥 150
= 0.02
𝑟𝑐 = 0.02 < 0.15
𝑟𝑐 = 0.28
From 40.2.1.1
𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚= k x 𝑟𝑐 = 1.20 x 0.28
= 0.336 ≥ 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥
45
Hence it is ok
𝑙
For continuous slab
𝑑 ratio = 26
Ast
% of steel =
1000 𝑥 150
x 100
41.97
= 1000 𝑥 150 x 100
= 0.02%
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 𝑓𝑦 = 0.58 x 415
= 240 N/𝑚𝑚2
𝑙
Max permitted =
𝑑 ≤ 1.6 x 26
2
= 0.15 = 13.3
13.3 ≤ 41.6
Hence it is ok.
46
Design of slab:-
𝑙𝑦 4
Slab 6 𝑙𝑥
= =2
2

𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 2
D= 28 = 28
= 71.42 mm
= 2.18
2 2
= 2.23
= 4.18
2 2
= 4.23
LOAD CALCULATIONS:-
= 0.15 x 25 kn
= 3.75 kn
47
BENDING MOMENT:- +-
𝑙𝑥 2
𝑙𝑦
= =2
4
𝛼+ = 0.035
𝑥
𝛼𝑥− = 0.047
𝛼𝑦+ = 0.035
𝛼𝑦− = 0.047
𝑀+ = 𝛼+w𝑙2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 0.035 x 10.12 x (2.18)2
= 1.68
𝑀− = 𝛼− w𝑙2
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 0.047 x 10.12 x (2.18)2

= 2.26
𝑀+ = 𝛼+ w𝑙2
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
= 0.035 x10.12 x (2.18)2

= 1.68
−
𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
= 0.047 x 11.25 x (2.18)2

= 2.26
CHECK FOR DEPTH:-
𝑀𝑥
D=√
48
2.26
= √0.138 𝑥 20 𝑥 1000
= 28.61 mm
D = 28.61 mm < 150 mm
Hence it is ok
M = 0.87Astd [1 − ]
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
2.26 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 150 [1 − ]
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
2 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑡2𝑥 150
2.26 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x 150 x Ast - 0.87 𝑥 415
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
2.26 x 106 = 54157.5 x Ast – 7.49 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

= 7.49𝐴𝑠𝑡2- 54157.5 x Ast + 2.26 x 106
Ast = 41.97 𝑚𝑚2
USING 1OMM BARS
4
= 𝜋 102 = 78.53 𝑚𝑚2

4
78.53
= 41.97 𝑥 1000
= 187.10
(ii)3 × 𝑑 = 3 × 150 = 450mm
(iii)300mm
M = 0.87Astd [1 − ]
49
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
2.26 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast x 150 [1 − ]
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
2 𝑥 𝐴𝑠𝑡2𝑥 150
2.26 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x 150 x Ast - 0.87 𝑥 415
20 𝑥 1000 𝑥 150
2.26 x 106 = 54157.5 x Ast – 7.49 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

= 7.49𝐴𝑠𝑡2- 54175.5 x Ast + 2.26 x 106
Ast = 41.97 𝑚𝑚2
4
= 𝜋 102 = 78.53 𝑚𝑚2

4
78.53
= 41.97 𝑥 1000
=187.10
3xd = 3 x 180
= 540
Reinforcement:-
100
= 0.12 x 1000 x 150

100
= 180 𝑚𝑚2
ast = 𝜋 (8)2 = 50.26 𝑚𝑚2
4

𝐴𝑠𝑡
= 50.26 x 1000
150
= 335
50
(ii)5 × 𝑑 = 5 × 150 = 750𝑚𝑚
(iii)450mm
CHECK FOR SHEAR:-
𝑤𝑙𝑒𝑥 10.12 𝑥 2
2 2
= 10.12 kn
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥 103
= 1000𝑥 150
= 0.06 kn/𝑚𝑚2
𝑟𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑡 41.97 x 100

= 𝑏𝑥𝑑 x 100 = 1000 𝑥 150
= 0.02
𝑟𝑐 = 0.02 < 0.15
𝑟𝑐 = 0.28
From 40.2.1.1
𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚= k x 𝑟𝑐 = 1.20 x 0.28
= 0.336 ≥ 𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑥
51
Hence it is ok
𝑙
For continuous slab
𝑑 ratio = 26
Ast
% of steel =
1000 𝑥 150
x 100
41.97
= 1000 𝑥 150 x 100
= 0.02%
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 𝑓𝑦 = 0.58 x 415
= 240 N/𝑚𝑚2
𝑙
Max permitted =
𝑑 ≤ 1.6 x 26
2
= 0.15 = 13.3
13.3 ≤ 41.6
Hence it is ok.
52
Chapter 4
BEAMS
A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily

by resisting against bending. Concrete is fairly strong in compression but
very weak in tension. Hence Plain concrete cannot be used in situations
where considerable tensile stresses develop. If members like beams and slabs
are made of plain concrete their load carrying capacity is very low due to its
low tensile strength Since reinforcement is very strong in tension,
reinforcement bars are provided to resist tensile stresses at a place where the
maximum tensile stresses are developed.
The loads carried by beams are transferred to columns, walls, or girders,

which then transfer the force to adjacent structural members and finally to the
ground.
Types of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Simply Supported Beam: This is the most commonly used type of reinforced concrete beam. It is
supported on both ends and carries the load from the center. Simply supported beams can be used
in various applications, such as bridges, buildings, and other structures. They are easy to construct
and can be used for short to medium spans.
Cantilever Beam: Cantilever beams are supported at one end and extend horizontally to carry the
load at the other end. This type of beam is used in many applications, such as balconies, bridges, and
overhead cranes. Cantilever beams are an efficient way to transfer loads from one end to the other
without the need for additional support.
Continuous Beam: Continuous beams are supported on more than two points along their length,
providing a more stable structure. The load is distributed evenly along the entire span of the beam,
which reduces the bending moment and increases the load-carrying capacity. Continuous beams are
commonly used in building construction, especially for long spans.
Applications of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Reinforced concrete beams have a wide range of applications in the construction industry. They are
commonly used in the construction of buildings, bridges, and other structures. Some of the main
applications are discussed below.
53
Buildings: Reinforced concrete beams are used extensively in the construction of buildings,
particularly for floors, roofs, and walls. They are ideal for use in multi-story buildings, where the
weight of the structure must be distributed evenly across the foundation. Reinforced concrete
beams are also used for the construction of retaining walls, which provide support for the
surrounding soil.
Bridges: Reinforced concrete beams are an ideal choice for the construction of bridges, as they can
withstand heavy loads and resist the effects of weathering. They are commonly used in the
construction of both highway and pedestrian bridges.
Industrial Structures: Reinforced concrete beams are used in the construction of industrial
structures, such as factories and warehouses. These structures require a strong and durable
foundation to withstand the weight of heavy machinery and equipment
Analysis of Singly Reinforced Sections:

If the reinforcing bars are provided only on tension side in the beam section, it is called as
singly reinforced beams. Consider a simply supported beam subjected to bending under factored
loads. Since plane sections are assumed to remain plane before and after bending strain are
proportional to distance from the neutral axis. Above the neutral axis, the entire cross section is in
compression and below the neutral axis, the cross section is in tension. All the tensile stresses are
assumed to be resisted by the steel bars as the tensile strength of concrete is ignored. The resultant
tensile force, thus acts at the centroid of reinforcing bars.
Analysis of Doubly Reinforced sections:

Beams which are reinforced in both compression and tension sides are called as doubly
reinforced beam. These beams are generally provided when the dimensions of the beam are
restricted and it is required to resist moment higher than the limiting moment of resistance of a
singly reinforced section. The additional moment of resistance required can be obtained by
providing compression reinforcement and additional tension reinforcement.
Situations Under which Doubly Reinforced Beams are used:

(1) When the depth of the beam is restricted due to architectural or any construction
problems.
(2) At the supports of a continuous beam where bending moment changes its sign.
(3) In precast members (during handling bending moment changes its sign).
(4) In bracing members of a frame due to changes in the direction of wind loads.
(5) To improve the ductility of the beams in earth quack regions.
(6) To reduce long term deflection or to increase stiffness of the beam
54
4.4.1. DESIGN OF BEAM
Beams(B1,B2,B3,B5,B8,B10)
Length of the beam = 4000 mm =4m
Breadth of the beam = 230mm =0.23m
𝑙 4
Thickness of beam = = = 0.3𝑚
1 12
2
d = 400mm
d` = 50mm
D = d +d` = 400 + 50 = 450mm
Effective span :
clear span 0.23
+ 0.23
+ 2 2
=4 0.23
+
0.23
+ 2 2
= 4.23
clear span + 0.4
= 4+ 0.4
= 4.4
Loads :
𝑤𝑢𝑙𝑥
Slab load =
2
10.12 × 4
=
2
= 20.24
Wall load = 0.23 × 2.7 × 20 × 1.5
= 18.63
Self Weight of the beam = 0.23 × 0.45 × 25 × 1.5
= 3.88 𝐾𝑁/𝑚.
Total load = slab load + wall load + self weight of the beam
= 20.24 + 18.63 + 3.88
= 42.75 KN/m
55
Moment of resistance :
𝑀 = 𝑤𝑢𝑙2𝑥
𝑢
8
42.75 × 4.232
=
8
= 95.61 KN/m
Limiting moment :
𝑀𝑙𝑖𝑚 = 0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑2
= 0.138 × 20 × 230 × 4002
= 101.56 × 106𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
= 101.56 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 < 𝑀𝑙𝑖𝑚
Singly reinforced
Check for depth :
𝑀𝑢 = 0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘𝑏𝑑2
95.61 × 106 = 0.138 × 20 × 230 × 𝑑2
95.61 × 106
𝑑=√
0.138 × 20 × 230
𝑑 = 388𝑚𝑚 < 400𝑚𝑚

Hence it is ok
Tension reinforcement
𝑀 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑑 [1 − ]
𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
95.61 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 400 [1 − ]
20 × 230 × 400
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
95.61 × 106 = 144420𝐴𝑠𝑡 [1 − ]
1840000
𝐴𝑠𝑡
662 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [1 − ]
4433.7
𝐴𝑠𝑡2 − 4433.7𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 662 × 4433.7 = 0
56
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 809.9𝑚𝑚2
provide 5 bars of 16mm
dia Ast provided = 1005
𝑚𝑚2 Check for deflection :
𝑙
for simply supported beams basic value ratio = 20
𝑑
of
modification factor for tension steel 𝐹1 𝐴𝑠𝑡
% 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = × 100
𝑏×𝑑
1005 × 100
= 230×400
= 1.09
Stress in steel under service or working loads

𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 𝑓𝑦 × [ ]
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑
809.9
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 415 ×
1005
𝑓𝑠 = 193.9𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
From IS : 456, modification factor = 1.15

𝑙
maximum permitted ratio = 1.15 × 20 = 23
𝑑
𝑙 4230
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = = 10.5 < 23
𝑑 400
Hence deflection control is safe.
Beams(B4)
𝑙 4
1 12
2
d = 500mm
57
d` = 50mm
D = d +d` = 500 + 50 = 550mm
Effective span :
clear span 0.23
+ 0.23
+ 2 2
=4 0.23
+
0.23
+ 2 2
= 4.23
clear span + 0.5
= 4+ 0.5
= 4.5
Loads :
𝑤𝑢𝑙𝑥 𝑤𝑢𝑙𝑥
Slab load = +
2 2
10.12 × 4 10.12 × 4
= + 2
2
= 40.48
Wall load = 0.23 × 2.7 × 20 × 1.5

= 18.63
= 4.74𝐾𝑁/𝑚.
=40.48 + 18.63 + 4.74
= 63.85 KN/m
𝑀 = 𝑤𝑢𝑙𝑥2
𝑢
8
63.85 × 4.232
=
8
= 142.8 KN/m
Limiting moment :
58
= 0.138 × 20 × 230 × 5002
= 158.7 × 106𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
= 158.7 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
Singly reinforced
Check for depth :
142.8 × 106 = 0.138 × 20 × 230 × 𝑑2
142.8 × 106
𝑑=√
0.138 × 20 × 230
𝑑 = 474.2𝑚𝑚 < 500𝑚𝑚
Hence it is ok
Area of reinforcement
𝑀 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑑 [1 − ]
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
142.8 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 500 [1 − ]
20 × 230 × 500
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
142.8 × 106 = 180525𝐴𝑠𝑡 [1 − ]
2300000
𝐴𝑠𝑡
791 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [1 − ]
5542.1
𝐴𝑠𝑡2 − 5542.1𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 791 × 5542.1 = 0
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 955.8𝑚𝑚2
𝑙
for simply supported beams basic value of ratio = 20
�
�
modification factor for tension steel 𝐹1
59
𝐴𝑠𝑡
% 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = × 100
𝑏×𝑑
1005 × 100
= 230×500
= 0.87
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 𝑓𝑦 × [ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
]
955.8
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 415 ×
1005
𝑓𝑠 = 228.9𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑙
𝑑
𝑙 4230
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = = 8.46 < 23
𝑑 500
Beams(B6,B7)
𝑙 4
1 12
2
d = 500mm
d` = 50mm
D = d +d` = 500 + 50 = 550mm
60
Effective span :
0.23 0.23
clear span +
2
+
2
=4 0.23
+
0.23
+ 2 2
= 4.23
clear span + 0.5
= 4+ 0.5
= 4.5
Loads :
Slab load = +
2 2
10.12 × 4 10.12 × 4
= + 2
2
= 40.48
Wall load = 0.23 × 2.7 × 20 × 1.5

= 18.63
= 4.74𝐾𝑁/𝑚.
=40.48 + 18.63 + 4.74
= 63.85 KN/m
𝑢
8
63.85 × 4.232
=
8
= 142.8 KN/m
Limiting moment :
= 0.138 × 20 × 230 × 5002
61
= 158.7 × 106𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
= 158.7 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
Singly reinforced
Check for depth :
142.8 × 106 = 0.138 × 20 × 230 × 𝑑2
142.8 × 106
𝑑=√
0.138 × 20 × 230
𝑑 = 474.2𝑚𝑚 < 500𝑚𝑚

Hence it is ok
𝑀 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑑 [1 − ]
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
142.8 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 500 [1 − ]
20 × 230 × 500
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
142.8 × 106 = 180525𝐴𝑠𝑡 [1 − ]
2300000
𝐴𝑠𝑡
791 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [1 − ]
5542.1
𝐴𝑠𝑡2 − 5542.1𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 791 × 5542.1 = 0
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 955.8𝑚𝑚2
𝑙
𝑑
of modification factor for tension steel 𝐹1
𝐴𝑠𝑡
% 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = × 100
𝑏×𝑑
62
1005
= 230×500 × 100
= 0.87
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 𝑓𝑦 × [ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
]
955.8
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 415 ×
1005
𝑓𝑠 = 228.9𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑙
𝑑
𝑙 4230
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = = 8.46 < 23
𝑑 500
Beams(B11,B12)
𝑙 4
1 12
2
d = 500mm
d` = 50mm
D = d +d` = 500 + 50 = 550mm
Effective span :
clear span 0.23
+ 0.23
+ 2 2
=4 0.23
+
0.23
+ 2 2
= 4.23
clear span + 0.5
63
= 4+ 0.5
= 4.5
Loads :
𝑤𝑢𝑙𝑥 𝑤𝑢𝑙𝑥 𝑙𝑥 2
Slab load = + [1 − ( ) ]
0.33
2 2 𝑙𝑦
10.12 × 4 10.12 × 2 22
= 2 [1 − 0.33 ( ) ]
2
+ 4
= 29.52
Wall load = 0.23 × 2.7 × 20 × 1.5

= 18.63
= 4.74𝐾𝑁/𝑚.
=29.52 + 18.63 + 4.74
= 52.89 KN/m
𝑢
8
52.89 × 4.232
=
8
= 118.29 KN/m
Limiting moment :
Check for depth :
Singly reinforced
64
� × 5002
�
= 158.7 × 106𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
�
� = 158.7 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
�
� 𝑀𝑢 < 𝑀𝑙𝑖𝑚
�
�
0
.
1
3
8
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
�
2
0
.
1
3
8
2
0
2
3
0
65
118.29 × 106 = 0.138 × 20 × 230 × 𝑑2
118.29 × 106
𝑑=√
0.138 × 20 × 230
𝑑 = 431.6𝑚𝑚 < 500𝑚𝑚
Hence it is ok
𝑀 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑑 [1 − ]
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
118.29 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 500 [1 − ]
20 × 230 × 500
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
118.29 × 106 = 180525𝐴𝑠𝑡 [1 − ]
2300000
𝐴𝑠𝑡
655.2 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [1 − ]
5542.1
𝐴𝑠𝑡2 − 5542.1𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 655.2 × 5542.1 = 0
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 759.2𝑚𝑚2
𝑙
for simply supported beams basic value of ratio = 20
�
�
modification factor for tension steel 𝐹1

𝐴𝑠𝑡
% 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = × 100
𝑏×𝑑
= 230×500 × 100
804
= 0.69

𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 𝑓𝑦 × [ ]
66
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 415 759.2
× 804
𝑓𝑠 = 227.2𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑙
𝑑
𝑙 4230
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = = 8.46 < 23
𝑑 500
Beams(B13,B15)
𝑙 2
1 12
2
d = 230mm
d` = 50mm
D = d +d` = 230 + 50 = 280mm
Effective span :
clear span 0.23
+ 0.23
+ 2 2
=2 0.23
+
0.23
+ 2 2
= 2.23
clear span + 0.23
= 2+ 0.23
= 2.23
Loads :
𝑤𝑢𝑙𝑥
Slab load =
67
2
68
10.12 × 2
=
2
= 10.12
Wall load = 0.23 × 2.7 × 20 × 1.5

= 18.63
= 1.07𝐾𝑁/𝑚.
=10.12 + 18.63 + 1.07
= 29.82 KN/m
𝑢
8
29.82 × 2.232
=
8
= 18.53 KN/m
Limiting moment :
= 0.138 × 20 × 230 × 2302
= 33.58 × 106𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
= 33.58𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
Singly reinforced
Check for depth :
18.53 × 106 = 0.138 × 20 × 230 × 𝑑2
18.53 × 106
𝑑=√
0.138 × 20 × 230
𝑑 = 170.8𝑚𝑚 < 230𝑚𝑚
69
Hence it is ok
𝑀 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑑 [1 − ]
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
18.53 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 230 [1 − ]
20 × 230 × 230
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
18.53 × 106 = 83041.5𝐴𝑠𝑡 [1 − ]
1058000
𝐴𝑠𝑡
223.1 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [1 − ]
2549.3
𝐴𝑠𝑡2 − 2549.3𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 223.1 × 2549.3 = 0
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 247𝑚𝑚2
𝑙
𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡
% 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = × 100
𝑏×𝑑
= 230×250 × 100
402
= 0.69
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 𝑓𝑦 × [ 𝐴𝑠𝑡
]
247
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 415 ×
402
𝑓𝑠 = 147.8𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑙
𝑑
70
𝑙 2230
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = = 9.6 < 23
𝑑 230
Beams(B16,B17)
𝑙 4
1 12
2
d = 400mm
d` = 50mm
D = d +d` = 400 + 50 = 450mm
Effective span :
clear span 0.23
+ 0.23
+ 2 2
=4 0.23
+
0.23
+ 2 2
= 4.23
clear span + 0.4
= 4+ 0.4
= 4.4
Loads :
𝑤 𝑢 𝑙𝑥 2
Slab load = [1 − 0.33 (𝑙𝑥) ]
2
𝑙𝑦
10.12 × 2 22
= [1 − 0.33 ( ) ]
2 4
= 9.28
Wall load = 0.23 × 1 × 20 × 1.5

= 6.9
71
= 3.88𝐾𝑁/𝑚.
=9.28 + 6.9 + 3.88
= 20.06 KN/m
𝑢
8
20.06 × 4.232
=
8
= 44.86 KN/m
Limiting moment :
= 0.138 × 20 × 230 × 4002
= 101.56 × 106𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
= 101.56 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
Singly reinforced
Check for depth :
44.86 × 106 = 0.138 × 20 × 230 × 𝑑2
44.86 × 106
𝑑=√
0.138 × 20 × 230
𝑑 = 265.8𝑚𝑚 < 400𝑚𝑚
Hence it is ok
𝑀 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑑 [1 − ]
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
44.86 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 400 [1 − ]
20 × 230 × 400
72
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
44.86 × 106 = 144420𝐴𝑠𝑡 [1 − ]
1840000
𝐴𝑠𝑡
310.6 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [1 − ]
4433.7
𝐴𝑠𝑡2 − 4433.7𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 310.6 × 4433.7 = 0
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 336.07𝑚𝑚2
𝑙
𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡
% 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = × 100
𝑏×𝑑
= 230×400 × 100
402
= 0.43

𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 𝑓𝑦 × [ ]
336.07
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 415
402
×
𝑓𝑠 = 201.2𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑙
𝑑
𝑙 4230
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = = 10.5 < 23
𝑑 400
73
Beams(B9)
𝑙 4
1 12
2
d = 400mm
d` = 50mm
D = d +d` = 400 + 50 = 450mm
Effective span :
clear span 0.23
+ 0.23
+ 2 2
=4 0.23
+
0.23
+ 2 2
= 4.23
clear span + 0.4
= 4+ 0.4
= 4.4
Loads :
Slab load = +
2 2
10.12 × 4 10.12 × 4
= + 2
2
= 40.48

= 3.88𝐾𝑁/𝑚.
Total load = slab load + self weight of the beam
=40.48 + 3.88
= 44.36 KN/m
𝑢
8
74
44.36 × 4.232
=
8
= 99.21 KN/m
Limiting moment :
= 0.138 × 20 × 230 × 4002
= 101.56 × 106𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
= 101.56 𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
Singly reinforced
Check for depth :
99.21 × 106 = 0.138 × 20 × 230 × 𝑑2
99.21 × 106
𝑑=√
0.138 × 20 × 230
𝑑 = 395.3𝑚𝑚 < 400𝑚𝑚
Hence it is ok
𝑀 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑑 [1 − ]
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
99.21 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 400 [1 − ]
20 × 230 × 400
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
99.21 × 106 = 144420𝐴𝑠𝑡 [1 − ]
1840000
𝐴𝑠𝑡
686.9 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [1 − ]
4433.7
𝐴𝑠𝑡2 − 4433.7𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 686.9 × 4433.7 = 0
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 849.7𝑚𝑚2
𝑚𝑚2
75
Check for deflection :
𝑙
𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡
% 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = × 100
𝑏×𝑑
1005 × 100
= 230×400
= 1.09

𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 𝑓𝑦 × [ ]
849.7
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 415 ×
1005
𝑓𝑠 = 203.5𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑙
𝑑
𝑙 4230
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = = 10.5 < 23
𝑑 400
Beams(B14)
𝑙 2
1 12
2
d = 230mm
d` = 50mm
D = d +d` = 230 + 50 = 280mm
Effective span :
76
0.23
clear span + 0.23
+ 2 2
=2 0.23
+
0.23
+ 2 2
= 2.23
clear span + 0.23
= 2+ 0.23
= 2.23
Loads :
Slab load = +
2 2
10.12 × 2 10.12 × 2
= + 2
2
= 20.24

= 1.07𝐾𝑁/𝑚.
Total load = slab load + self weight of the beam
=20.24 + 1.07
= 21.31 KN/m
𝑢
8
21.31 × 2.232
=
8
= 13.24 KN/m
Limiting moment :
= 0.138 × 20 × 230 × 2302
= 33.58 × 106𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚
= 33.58𝐾𝑁 − 𝑚
77
Singly reinforced
Check for depth :
13.24 × 106 = 0.138 × 20 × 230 × 𝑑2
13.24 × 106
𝑑=√
0.138 × 20 × 230
𝑑 = 144.4𝑚𝑚 < 230𝑚𝑚
Hence it is ok
𝑀 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑑 [1 − ]
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
13.24 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 230 [1 − ]
20 × 230 × 230
415𝐴𝑠𝑡
13.24 × 106 = 83041.5𝐴𝑠𝑡 [1 − ]
1058000
𝐴𝑠𝑡
159.4 = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 [1 − ]
2549.3
𝐴𝑠𝑡2 − 2549.3𝐴𝑠𝑡 + 159.4 × 2549.3 = 0
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 170.8𝑚𝑚2
𝑙
𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑡
% 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = × 100
𝑏×𝑑
= 230×250 × 100
201
= 0.34
78
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡
[ ]
170.8
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 415
201
×
𝑓𝑠 = 204.5𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑙
𝑑
𝑙 2230
𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = = 9.6 < 23
𝑑 230
Chapter 5
STAIRCASE
 A staircase is a series of steps arranged in a such a manner at to connect

different floors of a building.
 The purpose of a staircase is to provide pedestrian easy and quick access
to different levels within a building
 There are two main components of real estate case star and the landing
slab.
79
 The Stairs and the landing slab can be arranged in different forms to get
different types of staircases.
 The shape and structural arrangement of your staircase would be
generally on two main factors
 Type of construction of the structure around the staircase the load
bearing brick structure or reinforced frame.
 Available of space.
 Rice and threads are two main terms associated with stair. the term rise
refers to the vertical height of a step and threat represents the
horizontal dimension.
 The number of steps in a flight should generally be restricted to
maximum of 12 and minimum of 3.
 vertical clearance should we less than 2.15m.
 risers and threads size should be proportioned from comfort point of view.
 Threads should be 250mm to 300mm wide.
 the most comfortable height of riser is 120 to 150mm for public building
and 150 to 180mm for residential building.
 The slope or the pitch of staircase should be more than the 38
 The width of the staircase will be dependent upon usage the required in
a residential building would be different from that for a cinema hall.
5.1 Types of staircases:

 Straight staircase  Quarter turn staircase  Open-well staircase
 Doglegged staircase  Bifurcated staircase  circular staircase
 Spiral staircase  Geometrical staircase
5.2 Components of staircase:

Stringer – The inclined boards in which the treads and risers are enclosed.
80
Tread – The top or horizontal surface of a step.
Nosing – The visible front of the treads.
Riser – The board that forms the face of the step. The maximum individual rise
for domestic flights is 220mm.
Newel – The larger vertical member, plain or decorative, is usually located on

either ends of the balustrade, or at each bend.
Newel Cap – The ornamental top of the newel post. Often carved shaped or
turned.
Landing – A resting place, or wide step anywhere within the staircase or top of
a flight of stairs. Landings are often used to change the direction of a stair.
Handrail – A protective rail designed to prevent people or objects from falling

into an open stairwell. A moulded rail following the pitch, or rake of the
staircase – which also forms the top/upper edge of the balustrading.
81
5.3 Design of staircase:
Staircase data:
Riser (R) = 150mm
Thread (T) = 300mm
Height of floor = 3m = 3000mm
Number of mid landings = 1
Width of staircase = 1.25

3000
Height of each flight = 1500𝑚𝑚
2
=
1500
No of risers in a flight = 10 𝑛𝑜`𝑠
150
=
No of threads in a flight = 10-1 = 9 𝑛𝑜`𝑠
Effective span:
 Effective span = Bearing + Mid landing +
length of steps
0.23
= + 1.6+3
2
= 4.715m
Thickness of the slab:

𝑠𝑝𝑎 4715
𝑛 = = 188.6 ≈ 190𝑚𝑚
𝑑= 25
25
Cover ( d' ) = 30mm
D =190+30 = 220mm
Loads:

𝑅2
Weight of the waist slab = 𝐷 √1
) +( × 25
× 𝑇
0.15 2
= 0.2 × √1 + ( ) × 25 = 6.25 KN/M
0.30
 Weight of the steps 1 R × T 1 0.15 × 0.30 = 1.97 KN/M

2× T = 2 × 0.25
=
 Live load = 3 KN/M
 Floor finish = 0.6 KN/M
Total load = 6.25+1.97+3+0.6 = 11.82 KN/M
Factored load = 1.5 ×11.82 = 17.73 KN/M
Bending moment:
𝑤𝑢𝑙2 17.73 × 4.712
𝑀𝑢 = = = 49.16 𝐾𝑁/𝑀
8 8
82
Depth required:
𝑀𝑢 = 0.138𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏𝑑2
𝑀𝑢
𝑑=√
𝑑=√ 47.16 × 106

0.138 × 20 × 1000
𝑑 = 129.19 ≈ 130mm
130 < 170 mm
Hence provided depth is adequate.
Tension reinforcement:
𝑀𝑥 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 [1 − ]
47.91 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 𝐴 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡

× 170 [1 − ]
𝑠𝑡
20 × 1000 × 170
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 791.38 𝑚𝑚2
Using 12 mm dia bars

𝑎𝑆𝑡
Spacing of bars = × 1000
𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝜋 𝜋
𝑎 = 𝑑2 = 122 = 113.09𝑚𝑚2
𝑠𝑡
4 4
Now, spacing = 113.09
× 1000 = 142.90 ≈ 150𝑚𝑚
791.38
Provide 12mm dia bars @ 150mm c/c
Distribution reinforcement:
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.12% 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
0.12
× 1000 × 200 = 240
100
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 240𝑚𝑚2
Using 8mm dia bars

𝑎𝑆𝑡
Spacing = × 1000
𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝜋 𝜋
𝑎 = 𝑑2 = 82 = 50.26𝑚𝑚2
𝑠𝑡
4 4
Now, spacing = 50.26
× 1000 = 209.4 ≈ 210𝑚𝑚
240
Provide mm dia bars @ 210mm c/c
83
Chapter 6
COLUMNS
Columns are defined as vertical load-bearing members supporting axial compressive

loads chiefly. This structural member is used to transmit the load of the structure to
the foundation. In reinforced concrete buildings beams, floors, and columns are cast
monolithically. The bending action in the column may produce tensile forces over a part
of cross-section.
84
Even though concrete is strong in compression, longitudinal reinforcement bars are
placed in the column to reduce the use of the column or to increase the bad carrying
capacity and to resist any tension that might develop due to bending of column due to
horizontal loads, eccentric loads, or moments. To resist any tensile stresses likely to
develop, the reinforcement should be placed as near the surface as possible and
should be evenly distributed ensuring the minimum cover Transverse reinforcement
in the form of lateral ties or spiral reinforcement are provided to resist longitudinal
splitting of the column or splitting of concrete due to development of transverse
tension and to prevent buckling of longitudinal bars.
6.1 Types of columns:

Based on type of Reinforcement:
(A) Tied column
(B) Spiral column
(C) Composite column

Based on type of loading:
(A) Axially loaded column
(B) Eccentrically loaded column (Uniaxial or Biaxial):

Based on Slenderness ratio:
(A) Short colum

(B) Long column
6.4 Design of columns:
GROUP 1 COLUMNS ( 0 – 400KN ) – C1=C3=C10=C11=C12
Taking column with maximum load – C1
Length of the column = 3m
Load = 365.8 kn
Column condition
85
FACTORED LOAD:
= 1.5 x 365.8
= 548.7 kn
EFFECTIVE LENGTH:
= 0.65 x L
= 0.65 x 3 = 1.95
Let the gross area of the column is
Ag 1 % of the steel
Asc = 1% Ag = 0.01 Ag
AREA OF CONCRETE
Ac = Ag – Asc
= 0.99 Ag
SLENDERNESS RATIO
𝑙 1950
𝑑 = 230
= 8.4 < 12
Since the column is rectangular and size of the column is 230mm
𝐴𝑔
Other side =
230
86
FOR SHORTER COLUMNS REQUIRED GROSS AREA:
𝑝𝑢 = 0.4 Fck Ac + 0.67 Fy Asc
548.7 x 103 = 0.4 x 20 x 0.99Ag + 0.67 x 415 x 0.01 Ag
548.7 x 103 = 7.92 Ag +0.67 x 2.78 Ag
548.7 x 103 = 10.7005 Ag
548.7 𝑋 103
Ag = 10.7005
= 51277.97 𝑚𝑚2
Required gross area 𝐴𝑔 = 51277.97 𝑚𝑚2
Provide gross area 𝐴𝑔 = 230 x 300 = 69000𝑚𝑚2
Therefore, the provided gross area is greater than the required area
So, that provided gross area is adequate
Now the other side = 51277.97 = 222.94

230
= 300mm
Therefore, the column size is 230 x 300 mm
MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
Area of steel Asc = 0.01 Ag
= 0.01 x 69000
87
Asc = 690 𝑚𝑚2
Minimum reinforcement = 0.8 % of gross area
= 0.008 x 230 x 300
= 552 𝑚𝑚2
Using 20mm bars = 4𝜋 (20)2
= 314.15
No . of bars =
𝐴𝑠𝑐
𝑎𝑠𝑐 = 2.19 ᵙ 3 no’s
Provide 3 bars of 20mm dia
LATERAL TIES:
(a) ᶲ = 20
= 5 mm
4 4
(b) 6 𝑚𝑚
Hence adopt 6mm ᶲ bars
Pitch of tiles shall be minimum
I. Least dimension of column = 230
II. 16ᶲ = 16 x 16 = 256mm
III. 300mm
Provide 6mm ties @ 230mm c/c
88
Taking column with minimum load – C10
Load = 223.32kn
Column condition
FACTORED LOAD:
= 1.5 x 223.32
= 334.98 kn
EFFECTIVE LENGTH:
= 0.65 x L
= 0.65 x 3 = 1.95
Ag 1 % of the steel
Asc = 1% Ag = 0.01 Ag
AREA OF CONCRETE
Ac = Ag – Asc
= 0.99 Ag
SLENDERNESS RATIO
89
𝑙 1950
𝑑 = 230
= 8.4 < 12
𝐴𝑔
Other side =
230
334.98 x 103 = 0.4 x 20 x 0.99Ag + 0.67 x 415 x 0.01 Ag
334.98 x 103 = 7.92 Ag +0.67 x 2.78 Ag
334.98 x 103 = 10.7005 Ag
334.98 𝑋 103
Ag = 10.7005
= 31305.07 𝑚𝑚2
Required gross area 𝐴𝑔 = 31305.07𝑚𝑚2

230
90
= 300mm
MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
= 0.01 x 69000
Asc = 690 𝑚𝑚2
= 0.008 x 230 x 300
= 552 𝑚𝑚2
= 314.15
No . of bars =
𝐴𝑠𝑐
𝑎𝑠𝑐
= 2.19 ᵙ 3 no’s
LATERAL TIES:
(c) ᶲ = 20
= 5 mm
4 4
(d) 6 𝑚𝑚
91
IV. Least dimension of column = 230
V. 16ᶲ = 16 x 16 = 256mm
VI. 300mm
GROUP 2 COLUMNS ( 400KN-700KN ) – C2=C4=C6=C7=C9
Load = 569.56 kn
Column condition
FACTORED LOAD:
= 1.5 x 569.56
= 854.3 kn
EFFECTIVE LENGTH:
= 0.65 x L
= 0.65 x 3 = 1.95
Let the gross area of the column is Ag
92
1 % of the steel
Asc = 1% Ag = 0.01 Ag
AREA OF CONCRETE
Ac = Ag – Asc
= 0.99 Ag
SLENDERNESS RATIO
𝑙 1950
𝑑 = 230
= 8.4 < 12
𝐴𝑔
Other side =
230
854.3 x 103 = 0.4 x 20 x 0.99Ag + 0.67 x 415 x 0.01 Ag
854.3 x 103 = 7.92 Ag +0.67 x 2.78 Ag
854.3 x 103 = 10.7005 Ag
854.3 𝑋 103
Ag = 10.7005
= 79837 𝑚𝑚2
93
Required gross area 𝐴𝑔 = 79837𝑚𝑚2
79837
Now the other side = = 347.11
230
= 350mm
MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
= 0.01 x 69000
Asc = 690 𝑚𝑚2
= 0.008 x 230 x 400
= 736 𝑚𝑚2
= 314.15
No . of bars =
𝐴𝑠𝑐
𝑎𝑠𝑐
= 2.34 ᵙ 3 no’s
94
LATERAL TIES:
(e) ᶲ = 20
= 5 mm
4 4
(f) 6 𝑚𝑚
VII. Least dimension of column = 230
VIII. 16ᶲ = 16 x 16 = 256mm
IX. 300mm
Load = 450 kn
Column condition
FACTORED LOAD:
= 1.5 x 450
95
= 675 kn
EFFECTIVE LENGTH:
= 0.65 x L
= 0.65 x 3 = 1.95
Ag 1 % of the steel
Asc = 1% Ag = 0.01 Ag
AREA OF CONCRETE
Ac = Ag – Asc
= 0.99 Ag
SLENDERNESS RATIO
𝑙 1950
𝑑 = 230
= 8.4 < 12
𝐴𝑔
Other side =
230
96
675 x 103 = 0.4 x 20 x 0.99Ag + 0.67 x 415 x 0.01 Ag
675 x 103 = 7.92 Ag +0.67 x 2.78 Ag
675 x 103 = 10.7005 Ag
675 𝑋 103
Ag = 10.7005
= 63081.16 𝑚𝑚2

230
= 300mm
MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
= 0.01 x 69000
Asc = 690 𝑚𝑚2
97
= 0.008 x 230 x 300
= 552 𝑚𝑚2
= 314.15
No . of bars =
𝐴𝑠𝑐
𝑎𝑠𝑐 = 2.19 ᵙ 3 no’s
LATERAL TIES:
(g) ᶲ = 20
= 5 mm
4 4
(h) 6 𝑚𝑚
X. Least dimension of column = 230
XI. 16ᶲ = 16 x 16 = 256mm
XII. 300mm
98
GROUP 3 COLUMNS (700KN-1000KN ) – C8=C5
Load = 709.6 kn
Column condition
FACTORED LOAD:
= 1.5 x 709.6
= 1064.4 kn
EFFECTIVE LENGTH:
= 0.65 x L
= 0.65 x 3 = 1.95
Ag 1 % of the steel
Asc = 1% Ag = 0.01 Ag
AREA OF CONCRETE
Ac = Ag – Asc
= 0.99 Ag
SLENDERNESS RATIO
99
𝑙 1950
𝑑 = 230
= 8.4 < 12
𝐴𝑔
Other side =
230
1064.4 x 103 = 0.4 x 20 x 0.99Ag + 0.67 x 415 x 0.01 Ag
1064.4 x 103 = 7.92 Ag +0.67 x 2.78 Ag
1064.4 x 103 = 10.7005 Ag
1064.4 𝑋 103
Ag = 10.7005
= 99471.98 𝑚𝑚2
99471.98
230
100
= 450 mm
MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
= 0.01 x 69000
Asc = 690 𝑚𝑚2
= 0.008 x 230 x 400
= 736 𝑚𝑚2
= 314.15
No . of bars =
𝐴𝑠𝑐
𝑎𝑠𝑐
= 2.34 ᵙ 3 no’s
LATERAL TIES:
ᶲ 20
(i) = = 5 mm
4 4
(j) 6 𝑚𝑚
101
XIII. Least dimension of column = 230
XIV. 16ᶲ = 16 x 16 = 256mm
XV. 300mm
Load = 709.6 kn
Column condition
FACTORED LOAD:
= 1.5 x 709.6
= 1064.4 kn
EFFECTIVE LENGTH:
= 0.65 x L
= 0.65 x 3 = 1.95
Let the gross area of the column is Ag
102
1 % of the steel
Asc = 1% Ag = 0.01 Ag
AREA OF CONCRETE
Ac = Ag – Asc
= 0.99 Ag
SLENDERNESS RATIO
𝑙 1950
𝑑 = 230
= 8.4 < 12
𝐴𝑔
Other side =
230
1064.4 x 103 = 0.4 x 20 x 0.99Ag + 0.67 x 415 x 0.01 Ag
1064.4 x 103 = 7.92 Ag +0.67 x 2.78 Ag
1064.4 x 103 = 10.7005 Ag
1064.4 𝑋 103
Ag = 10.7005
= 99471.98 𝑚𝑚2
103
Required gross area 𝐴𝑔 = 99471.98𝑚𝑚2
99471.98
230
= 450mm
MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
= 0.01 x 69000
Asc = 690 𝑚𝑚2
= 0.008 x 230 x 300
= 552 𝑚𝑚2
= 314.15
No . of bars =
𝐴𝑠𝑐
𝑎𝑠𝑐
= 2.19 ᵙ 3 no’s
104
LATERAL TIES:
(k) ᶲ = 20
= 5 mm
4 4
(l) 6 𝑚𝑚
XVI. Least dimension of column = 230
XVII. 16ᶲ = 16 x 16 = 256mm
XVIII. 300mm
Chapter 7
PILE FOUNDATION
A Pile foundation, a kind of deep foundation, can be defined as a slender

column or long cylinder made of materials such as concrete or
reinforcement which are used to support the structure and transfer the load
at desired depth either by end bearing or skin friction.
Pile foundations are deep foundations. They are formed by long, slender,
columnar elements typically made from reinforcement or reinforced
concrete, or sometimes timber. A foundation is described as 'piled' when its
depth is more than three times its breadth.
105
7.1 Uses of pile foundation:
 Heavy and un-uniform loads from superstructure are impose
 When there is the possibility of scouring, due to its location near

the riverbed or seashore, etc.
 When there is a canal or deep drainage system near the structure.
 When soil excavation is not possible up to the desired depth due to
poor soil conditions.
7.2 Types of piles:
 End Bearing Piles

 Friction Piles
End bearing piles:
In end bearing piles, the bottom end of the pile rests on a layer of especially
strong soil or rock. The load of the building is transferred through the pile
onto the strong layer. In a sense, this pile acts like a column. The key
principle is that the bottom end rests on the surface which is the intersection
of a weak and strong layer. The load therefore bypasses the weak layer and
is safely transferred to the strong layer.
7.2 DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATION:
GROUP 1:
Load = 548.7 KN
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 20 N/𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦 = 415 N/𝑚𝑚2
106
Using length of pile = 5m
Size of piles = 400 mm x 400mm
LOADS:
𝐿 5
= = 12.5
𝐷 0.4
Since this is greater than 12, the pile will be considered as longer column
1
Hence coefficient reduction, = 1.25 -
48𝐷
𝐶𝑟
𝐶𝑟 5
= 1.25 - = 0.98
48 𝑥 0.4
So, design load of the pile = 548.7 = 751.64 ᵙ 760KN

0.73
MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
P = 𝜎𝑐𝑐 𝐴𝑐+ 𝜎𝑠𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑐
𝐴𝑐 = area of concrete = 400 x 400 - 𝐴𝑠𝑐
760 x 103 = 5 ( 16 x 104 - 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ) + 190𝐴𝑠𝑐
760 x 103 = 800000 – 5 𝐴𝑠𝑐 + 190 𝐴𝑠𝑐
= 760 x 103 = 800000 + 185𝐴𝑠𝑐
= 800000 - 760 x 103 = 185𝐴𝑠𝑐
= 216.21 𝑚𝑚2
107
Minimum longitudinal reinforcement < 30D
108
Minimum longitudinal reinforcement < 30 x 0.4
Minimum longitudinal reinforcement < 12
Since the length of the pile is less than 30 times the width
Minimum reinforcement = 1.25% of gross area
= 1.25 x ( 400 x 400 )

100
= 2000 𝑚𝑚2
Provide 6-25mm dia bars as longitudinal reinforcement
LATERAL REINFORCEMNT IN THE BODY OF PILE
Lateral reinforcement is provided 0.2 % of the gross volume
0.2
Volume per meter length = (400 x 400 x1) = 320 𝑚𝑚2
100
USING 8MM DIA TIES
Total length of the tie = 4(400-50-50)
= 1200mm
Length of each side = 1200 = 300mm

4
Area of the tie = 𝜋 𝑑2 = 𝜋 82 = 50.26 𝑚𝑚2

4 4
Volume of each tie = area of single tie x total length
= 5026 x 1200
= 60312 𝑚𝑚2
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑡𝑖𝑒 60312

Pitch = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 320
= 188.7 ≈ 190 mm
109
Maximum pitch permissible = 1 x 400 = 200mm
2
Provide 8 mmm dia bars @ 190mm c/c throughout the length of the pile
LATERAL REINFORCEMNT NEAR THE PILE HEAD
0.6
100
USING 8MM DIA TIES
= 1200mm

4

4 4
= 5026 x 1200
= 60312 𝑚𝑚2

= 62.82 ≈ 60mm
Provide 8 mmm dia bars @ 60mm c/c for length 1200mm of the pile
LATERAL REINFORCEMNT NEAR THE PILE END
0.6
Volume per meter length = (400 x 400 x1) = 960𝑚𝑚2
100
110
USING 8MM DIA TIES
= 1200mm

4

4 4
= 5026 x 1200
= 60312 𝑚𝑚2

= 62.82 ≈ 60 mm
Provide 8 mmm dia bars @ 190mm c/c for length of 1200mm of the pile.
GROUP 2:
Load = 845.3 KN
𝑓𝑦 = 415 N/𝑚𝑚2
LOADS:
111
𝐿 5
𝐷 = 0.4 = 12.5
1
Hence coefficient reduction, = 1.25 -
48𝐷
𝐶𝑟
𝐶𝑟 5
= 1.25 - = 0.98
48 𝑥 0.4
So, design load of the pile = 854.3 = 1170 KN

0.73
MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
1170 x 103 = 5 ( 16 x 104 - 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ) + 190𝐴𝑠𝑐
1170 x 103 = 800000 – 5 𝐴𝑠𝑐 + 190 𝐴𝑠𝑐
= 1170x 103 = 800000 + 185𝐴𝑠𝑐
= 800000 - 1170 x 103 = 185𝐴𝑠𝑐
= 2000 𝑚𝑚2
112
113
= 1.25 x ( 400 x 400 )

100
= 2000 𝑚𝑚2
0.2
100
USING 8MM DIA TIES
= 1200mm

4

4 4
= 5026 x 1200
= 60312 𝑚𝑚2

= 188.7 ≈ 190 mm

2
114
0.6
100
USING 8MM DIA TIES
= 1200mm

4

4 4
= 5026 x 1200
= 60312 𝑚𝑚2

= 62.82 ≈ 60mm
0.6
100
USING 8MM DIA TIES
= 1200mm
115
4

4 4
= 5026 x 1200
= 60312 𝑚𝑚2

= 62.82 ≈ 60 mm
Provide 8 mmm dia bars @ 190mm c/c for length of 1200mm of the pile.
GROUP 3:
Load = 1064 KN
𝑓𝑦 = 415 N/𝑚𝑚2
LOADS:
𝐿 5
= = 12.5
𝐷 0.4
116
Hence coefficient reduction, = 1.25 - 1
𝐶𝑟 48𝐷
𝐶𝑟 5
= 1.25 - = 1.04
48 𝑥 0.5
So, design load of the pile = 1064 = 1023.07ᵙ 1030KN

1.04
MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
1030 x 103 = 5 ( 16 x 104 - 𝐴𝑠𝑐 ) + 190𝐴𝑠𝑐
1030 x 103 = 800000– 5 𝐴𝑠𝑐 + 190 𝐴𝑠𝑐
= 1030 x 103 = 800000 + 185𝐴𝑠𝑐
= 800000 - 1030 x 103 = 185𝐴𝑠𝑐
= 1243 𝑚𝑚2
= 1.25 x ( 500 x 500 )

100
117
= 3125 𝑚𝑚2
0.2
100
USING 8MM DIA TIES
= 1600mm

4

4 4
= 5026 x 1600
= 80416 𝑚𝑚2

= 250 mm

2
0.6
100
118
USING 8MM DIA TIES
= 1600mm

4

4 4
= 5026 x 1600
= 80416 𝑚𝑚2

= 83.7 ≈ 85mm
0.6
100
USING 8MM DIA TIES
= 1600mm

4

4 4
119
= 5026 x 1600
= 80416 𝑚𝑚2

Pitch = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 960 = 63.7 ≈ 85 mm
Provide 8 mmm dia bars @ 190mm c/c for length of 1600mm of the pile
Chapter 8
LINTELS
 A lintel is one type of beam which is provided to support the above wall
or partition material when openings like doors, windows, and so forth are
necessary to provide a building structure.
 It is used to take loads coming from above wall and transfer its load to the
side walls
8.1 Function of lintels:
 The primary function of the lintel is to take loads originating from

the wall directly above the opening and transfer them to the side
walls or stone pillar support.
 Lintel also acts as a safeguard for the windows and doors.
120
 Continuous lintels may provide support in masonry structures
against lateral loads like wind or earthquakes.
 The chimney above the fireplaces can be supported by lintels.
 It is possible to enhance the architectural beauty of a building by
selecting decorative lintels. lintel architecture would be a good matter of
concern here.
8.2 Bearing of Lintel:

The bearing provided should be:
 1/10th to 1/12th of span of the lintel.
8.3 Types of Lintels:

 Timber lintel  Stone lintel  Reinforced concrete lintel
 Brick lintel  Reinforced brick  Steel lintel

lintel
Timber lintel :
In olden days of construction, Timber lintels were mostly used. But now a
days they are replaced by several modern techniques. If the length of opening
is more, then it is provided by joining multiple number of wooden pieces with
the help of steel bolts.
Stone lintel :
These are the most common type, especially where stone is abundantly
available. The thickness of these is most important factor of its design. These
are also provided over the openings in brick walls. Stone lintel is provided in
the form of either one single piece or more than one piece.
Reinforced concrete lintel :
the lintel made of reinforced concrete are widely used to span the openings
for doors, windows, etc. in a structure because of their strength, rigidity, fire
resistance, economy, and ease in construction.
Brick lintel :
These are used when the opening is less than 1m and lesser loads are acting.
Its depth varies from 10 cm to 20 cm, depending up on the span. Bricks with
frogs are more suitable than normal bricks because frogs when filled with
121
mortar gives more shear resistance of end joints which is known as joggled
brick lintel.
Reinforced Brick lintel :
Heavy loadings and more substantial span lengths are the problems for brick
lintels. These can be overcome by using reinforcement bars.
Steel lintel :
These are used when the superimposed loads are heavy, and openings are
large. These consist of channel sections or rolled steel joists. We can use one
single section or in combinations depending up on the requirement.
8.4 Design of lintel:

Lintel data:
Opening width = 1200mm

Bearing on walls = 150mm
Wall thickness = 230mm
Height of wall above = 3m = 3000mm
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 20N/MM2
𝑓𝑦 = 415N/MM2
Thickness of slab:
𝑑 = 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛 120
0 = 80𝑚𝑚
15 =
15
cover (d`) = 30mm
Effective depth = 110mm

Effective span:
 Clear span + effective depth = 1.2+0.11 = 1.23m
0.23 0.23
 c/c of supports = 1.2 + + = 1.43m
2 2
Effective length = 1.23m
Loads:
122
 H ≥ 1.25ℎ
H = 0.79m & h = 𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 600 = 1.23𝑠𝑖𝑛600 =1.06
H < 1.25ℎ
Hence the entire wall load above lintel is considered.
 Load of wall above the lintel = 0.23x0.79x19 = 3.45 KN/M

 Self-weight of the beam = 0.23x0.11x25 = 0.63 KN/M
 Plastering load = 1 KN/M
 Total load = 3.45+0.63+1 = 5.08 KN/M
 Factored load = 1.5 × 5.08 = 7.62 KN/M
Bending moments:
𝑤𝑢𝑙2 7.62×1.282
Ultimate moment = = = 1.56 KN/M
8 8
𝑀𝑢 =
1.56KN/M
Depth required:
𝑑 = √ 𝑀𝑢
1.56 × 106
𝑑=√
0.138 × 20 × 1000
𝑑 = 23.77 < 80𝑚𝑚
Provided depth is adequate.
Tension reinforcement:
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑑 [1 − ]
1.56 × 106 = 0.87 × 415 × 415 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡

× 80 [1 − ]
𝐴
𝑠𝑡
20 × 1000 × 80
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 54.78𝑚𝑚2
Provide
𝑎 12mm dia bars,
𝜋 𝜋 2 2
2
𝑠𝑐
= 𝑑 = 12 = 113.09𝑚𝑚
4 4
Now, no of bars = 113.09 = 2.06 ≈ 3 𝑛𝑜′𝑠

54.78
⸫ Provide 3-12mm dia bars as tension steel
123
Shear reinforcement:
𝜔𝑢𝑙 7.62×1.28
𝑉𝑢 = 2
= 2
= 4.87 𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑢 = 4.87 𝐾𝑁
𝑉𝑢
Tv= 4.87×103
𝑏𝑑 = = 0.26
230×80
𝐴𝑆𝑡 54.78
× 100 = =0.29 %
𝑏𝑑 230×80
From table 19 of page no:73, Tc= 0.49N/ 𝑚𝑚2

𝑇𝑣 < 𝑇𝑐
Hence, minimum shear reinforcement is required.

Using 6mm dia 2 legged stirrups
𝐴 = 𝜋 2 𝜋 2 2
𝑠𝑣 𝑑 = 2𝑋 6 = 56.54𝑚𝑚
4 4
Spacing,
𝐴𝑆𝑣 0.4
𝑏𝑠𝑣 = 0.87𝑓𝑦
0.87𝑓𝑦𝐴𝑠𝑣
𝑆𝑣 =
0.4 × 𝑏
0.87 × 415 × 56.54
𝑆𝑣 =
0.4 × 230
𝑆𝑣 = 221.8 ≈ 220 𝑚𝑚
(i)𝑆𝑣 = 220 mm
(ⅱ) 0.75xd = 0.75x420 = 315mm
(iii) 300mm
⸫ Provide 6 mm dia 2 legged stirupps @ 220mm c/c
Check for deflection:

For simply supported beams 𝐿 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 20
𝑑
𝐴𝑆𝑐 54.78
Percentage of compression steel = × 100 =
× 100 = 0. 29%
𝑏𝑑 230×80
54.78
𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 × 415 ×
339.29
𝑓𝑠 = 120𝑁 ∕ 𝑚𝑚2
From page no 38, Modification factor (MF) = 2
124
𝑙
( ) 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 2 × 2 = 40
𝑑
𝑙
( ) 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 120 = 15
0
𝑑 80
𝑙 𝑙
( ) 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 < ( ) 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑑 𝑑
⸫ Hence safe in deflection
CONCLUSION:
Conclusion of a residential building should be providing safety and it should be

in designed and completed as per the VASTU SASTRA this building G+3 was
constructed. We have completed this structure with the help of some software’s
like M.S Word and plans were drafted in Auto Cad . And also from the help of
code book we have used some values and formulas we designed this G+3
construction as per the building safety.
125
REFERENCES:
 IS:456-2000
 SP16 1980
 IS:875-1987 part I
 IS:875-1987 part 2
 Reinforced concrete structures – Dr. M.R. Dheerendra Babu
 https://dailycivil.com/singly-vs-doubly-reinforced-beam/
 https://civiljungle.com/load-calculation-on-column-beam-wall-
slab/
 https://civiltoday.com/construction/building/384-what-is-
column-types-of-columns
 https://theconstructor.org/building/lintel-types-uses/11420/
 https://civiltoday.com/construction/building/170-lintel-
definition-types
 https://www.understandconstruction.com/pile-foundations.html
 https://civiltoday.com/geotechnical-engineering/foundation-
engineering/deep-foundation/176-pile-foundation-definition-
types
126

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STRUCTURES PROJECT

Under the guidance of

MAESTRO SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND

(Signature of Principal) (Signature of project guide)

6.3 Loads on columns........................................................................................................................91

7.1 Uses of pile foundation................................................................................................................97

8.1 Function of lintels......................................................................................................................105

1.2 – Unit weight of common building materials Table

1.3 – Live loads on floor

6.2 – Column Grouping

9.1 – Reinforcement details of slabs

9.2 – Reinforcement details of beams

9.3 – Reinforcement details of columns

9.4 – Reinforcement details of pile foundation

9.5 – Reinforcement details of lintel

9.6 – Reinforcement details of staircase

Ast - Area of Reinforcement

INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL DESIGN

WORKING STRESS METHOD OF DESIGN:

ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN (USD):

LIMIT STATE DESIGN (L.S.D):

SALIENT FEATURES OF LIMIT STATE METHOD:

1) One-way reinforced slabs.

The spacing of slab bars is given by

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑟 × 1000

GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR SLABS:

PROCEDURE OF SLAB DESIGN: -

Hence, the slab is to be designed as a two-way slab

= 0.035 x 10.12 x (4.18)2

= 0.047 x 10.12 x (4.18)2

= 0.035 x10.12 x (4.18)2

= 0.047 x 11.25 x (4.98)2

8.3 x 106 = 54157.5 x Ast – 7.49 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

= 𝜋 102 = 78.53 𝑚𝑚2

8.3 x 106 = 54157.5 x Ast – 7.49 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

= 𝜋 102 = 78.53 𝑚𝑚2

= 0.12 x 1000 x 150

spacing = 𝑎𝑠𝑡 x 1000

𝑟𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑡 156.65 x 100

From table 19 of IS456 : 2000

𝑟𝑐 = 0.10 < 0.15

𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚= k x 𝑟𝑐 = 1.20 x 0.28

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:-

𝑓𝑠 = 0.58 𝑓𝑦 = 0.58 x 415

MF ( modification factor) = 1.6

Hence, the slab is to be designed as a two-way slab

= 0.035 x 10.12 x (4.18)2

= 0.047 x 10.12 x (4.18)2

= 0.035 x10.12 x (4.18)2

= 0.047 x 11.25 x (4.98)2

8.3 x 106 = 54157.5 x Ast – 7.49 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

= 𝜋 102 = 78.53 𝑚𝑚2

8.3 x 106 = 54157.5 x Ast – 7.49 𝐴𝑠𝑡2

= 𝜋 102 = 78.53 𝑚𝑚2

= 0.12 x 1000 x 150

spacing = 𝑎𝑠𝑡 x 1000

𝑟𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑡 156.65 x 100

From table 19 of IS456 : 2000