Manila - Wikipedia

4/16/24, 9:03 PM Manila - Wikipedia
Manila
Manila (/məˈnɪlə/ mə-NIL-ə; Filipino: Maynila, pronounced
[majˈnilaʔ]), officially the City of Manila (Filipino: Lungsod ng Manila
Maynila, [luŋˈsod nɐŋ majˈnilaʔ]), is the capital and second-most- Maynila
populous city of the Philippines. Located on the eastern shore of
Capital and highly urbanized city
Manila Bay on the island of Luzon, it is classified as a highly
urbanized city. As of 2019, it is the world's most densely
populated city proper. It was the first chartered city in the
country, and was designated as such by the Philippine
Commission Act No. 183 on July 31, 1901. It became autonomous
with the passage of Republic Act No. 409, "The Revised Charter of Buildings along Binondo
the City of Manila", on June 18, 1949.[10] Manila is considered to
be part of the world's original set of global cities because its
commercial networks were the first to extend across the Pacific
Ocean and connect Asia with the Spanish Americas through the
galleon trade; when this was accomplished, it was the first time an
uninterrupted chain of trade routes circling the planet had been Rizal Fort Santiago San
Monument Sebastian
established.[11][12] Church
By 1258, a Tagalog-fortified polity called Maynila existed on the

site of modern Manila. On June 24, 1571, after the defeat of the
polity's last indigenous Rajah Sulayman in the Battle of
Bangkusay, Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi began
constructing the walled fortification Intramuros on the ruins of an Manila Cathedral Quiapo Church
older settlement from whose name the Spanish-and-English name
Manila derives. Manila was used as the capital of the captaincy
general of the Spanish East Indies, which included the Marianas,
Guam and other islands, and was controlled and administered for
the Spanish crown by Mexico City in the Viceroyalty of New
Spain. Binondo Chinatown Manila Central Post
Office
In modern times, the name "Manila" is commonly used to refer to
the whole metropolitan area, the greater metropolitan area, and
the city proper. Metro Manila, the officially defined metropolitan
area, is the capital region of the Philippines, and includes the
much-larger Quezon City and the Makati Central Business Flag
Seal
District. It is the most-populous region in the country, one of the
Nickname(s): Pearl of the Orient,[1]
most-populous urban areas in the world,[13] and one of the
Queen City of the Pacific and others
wealthiest regions in Southeast Asia. The city proper was home to
Motto(s): Manila, God First
1,846,513 people in 2020,[5] and is the historic core of a built-up Welcome Po Kayo sa Maynila (transl. You are
area that extends well beyond its administrative limits. With welcome in Manila)
71,263 inhabitants per square kilometer (184,570/sq mi), Manila Anthem: Awit ng Maynila (Song of Manila)
is the most densely populated city proper in the world.[5][6]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila 1/60
The Pasig River flows through the middle of the city, dividing it
into north and south sections. The city comprises 16
administrative districts and is divided into six political districts
for the purposes of representation in the Congress of the
Philippines and the election of city council members. In 2018, the
Globalization and World Cities Research Network listed Manila as
an "Alpha-" global city,[14] and ranked it seventh in economic
performance globally and second regionally,[15] while the Global
Financial Centres Index ranks Manila 79th in the world.[16]
Manila is also the world's second-most natural disaster exposed
city,[17] yet is also among the fastest developing cities in Southeast
Asia.[18]
Etymology
Maynilà, the Filipino name for the city, comes from the phrase
may-nilà, meaning "where indigo is found".[19] Nilà is derived
from the Sanskrit word nīla (नील), which refers to indigo dye and,
by extension, to several plant species from which this natural dye
can be extracted.[19][20] The name Maynilà was probably
bestowed because of the indigo-yielding plants that grow in the
area surrounding the settlement rather than because it was known
Map of Metro Manila with Manila highlighted[a]
as a settlement that traded in indigo dye.[19] Indigo dye extraction
only became an important economic activity in the area in the OpenStreetMap [show]
18th century, several hundred years after Maynila settlement was
founded and named.[19] Maynilà eventually underwent a process
of Hispanicization and adopted the Spanish name Manila.[21]
May-nilad
According to an antiquated, inaccurate, and
now debunked etymological theory, the city's
name originated from the word may-nilad
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap
(meaning "where nilad is found").[19] There
are two versions of this false etymology. One
popular incorrect notion is that the old word
nilad refers to the water hyacinth
(Eichhornia crassipes) that grows on the
banks of the Pasig River.[19] This plant Manila
Plate depicting the species, however, was only recently
"nilad" plant
introduced into the Philippines from South
(Scyphiphora
America and therefore could not be the
hydrophylacea),
from Augustinian source of the toponym for old Manila.[19]
missionary Fray
Francisco Manuel Another incorrect etymology arose from the
Blanco's botanical observation that, in Tagalog, nilád or nilár
reference, Flora de refers to a shrub-like tree (Scyphiphora Location within the Philippines
Filipinas hydrophyllacea; formerly Ixora manila Coordinates: 14°35′45″N 120°58′38″E
Blanco) that grows in or near mangrove
Country Philippines
swamps.[19][22][23] Linguistic analysis,
however, shows the word Maynilà is unlikely to have developed Region National Capital
from this term. It is unlikely native Tagalog speakers would Region
Legislative district 1st to 6th district
completely drop the final consonant /d/ in nilad to arrive at the
Administrative 16 city districts
present form Maynilà.[19] As an example, nearby Bacoor retains district
the final consonant of the old Tagalog word bakoód ("elevated
Established 13th century or earlier
piece of land"), even in old Spanish renderings of the placename
Sultanate of Brunei 1500s
(e.g., Vacol, Bacor).[24] Historians Ambeth Ocampo[25][26] and (Rajahnate of
Joseph Baumgartner[19] have shown, in every early document, Maynila)
that the place name Maynilà was always written without a final Spanish Manila June 24, 1571
/d/. This documentation shows that the may-nilad etymology is City charter July 31, 1901
spurious. Highly urbanized December 22, 1979
city
Originally, the mistaken identification of nilad as the source of the Barangays 897 (see Barangays
toponym probably originated in an 1887 essay by Trinidad Pardo and districts)
de Tavera, in which he mistakenly used the word nila to refer both Government [2]
to Indigofera tinctoria (true indigo) and to Ixora manila, which is • Type Sangguniang
actually nilád in Tagalog.[23]).[20][19] Early 20th century writings, Panlungsod
such as those of Julio Nakpil,[27] and Blair and Robertson, • Mayor Honey Lacuna
(Aksyon/Asenso
repeated the claim.[28][26] Today, this erroneous etymology
Manileño)
continues to be perpetuated through casual repetition in
• Vice Mayor Yul Servo
literature[29][30] and in popular use. Examples of popular (Aksyon/Asenso
adoption of this mistaken etymology include the name of a local Manileño)
utility company Maynilad Water Services and the name of an • Representatives List [show]
underpass close to Manila City Hall, Lagusnilad (meaning "Nilad 1st LegDist
Pass").[25] Ernix Dionisio
2nd LegDist
On the other hand, in a rather first account of importance on the Rolando Valeriano
Philippine flora that appeared in 1704 as an Appendix to Ray's 3rd LegDist
Historia Plantarum which is the Herbarium aliarumque
Joel Chua
Stirpium in Insula Luzone Philippinarum primaria nascentium...
4th LegDist
by Fr. Georg Josef Kamel[31], he mentioned that, Nilad arbor
Edward Maceda
mediocris, rarissimi recta, ligno folido, et compacto ut Molavin,
5th LegDist
ubi abundant Mangle, locum vocant Manglar, ita ubi nilad,
Irwin Tieng
Maynilad, unde corrupte Manila (Nilad is an average tree, very
6th LegDist
rare straight, leafy wood, and compact like Molavin, where
Benny Abante
Mangle abounds, the place is called Manglar, so where nilad
• City Council List [show]
(abounds), Maynilad, whence the corruption Manila)[32], making
this an earlier account of the change in this name. 1st district
• Martin "Marjun" V.
Isidro, Jr.
History • Moises "Bobby" T.
Lim
• Erick Ian "Banzai" O.
Early history Nieva
• Niño M. Dela Cruz
The earliest evidence of human life around present-day Manila is
• Irma C. Alfonso-
the nearby Angono Petroglyphs, which are dated to around 3000
Juson
BC. Negritos, the aboriginal inhabitants of the Philippines, lived • Jesus "Taga" E.
across the island of Luzon, where Manila is located, before Fajardo, Jr.
Malayo-Polynesians arrived and assimilated them.[33] 2nd district
• Numero "Uno" G.
Lim
Manila was an active trade • Darwin "Awi" B. Sia

partner with the Song and • Macario "Macky" M.
Yuan dynasties of China.[34] Lacson
• Rodolfo "Ninong" N.
The polity of Tondo flourished Lacsamana
during the latter half of the • Roma Paula S.
Robles-Daluz
Ming dynasty as a result of
• Ruben "Dr. J" F.
The Laguna Copperplate Inscription direct trade relations with Buenaventura
is the oldest historical record in the China. Tondo district was the 3rd district
Philippines. It has the first historical
traditional capital of the • Johanna Maureen
reference to Tondo and dates back
empire and its rulers were "Apple" C. Nieto-
to Saka 822 (c. 900).
sovereign kings rather than Rodriguez
chieftains. Tondo was named • Pamela "Fa" G.
Fugoso
using traditional Chinese characters in the Hokkien reading,
• Ernesto "Jong" C.
Chinese: 東都; Pe̍ h-ōe-jī: Tong-to͘; lit. 'Eastern Capital', due to its Isip, Jr.
chief position southeast of China. The kings of Tondo were • Arlene Maile I.
addressed as panginoón in Tagalog ("lords"); anák banwa ("son Atienza
of heaven"); or lakandula ("lord of the palace"). The Emperor of • Terrence F. Alibarbar
China considered the lakans—the rulers of ancient Manila—" 王 " • Timothy Oliver "Tol"
(kings).[35] I. Zarcal
4th district
During the 12th century, then-Hindu Brunei called "Pon-i", as • Luisito "Louie" N.
reported in the Chinese annals Nanhai zhi, invaded Malilu 麻裏蘆 Chua
(present-day Manila) as it also administered Sarawak and Sabah, • Krystle Marie "Krys"
C. Bacani
as well as the Philippine kingdoms Butuan, Sulu, Ma-i (Mindoro),
• Louisa Marie "Lady"
Shahuchong 沙胡重 (present-day Siocon), Yachen 啞陳 (Oton), J. Quintos-Tan
and 文杜陵 Wenduling (present-day Mindanao). Manila regained • Science A. Reyes
independence.[36] In the 13th century, Manila consisted of a • Joel "JTV" T.
fortified settlement and trading quarter on the shore of the Pasig Villanueva
River. It was then settled by the Indianized empire of Majapahit, • Don Juan "DJ" A.
according to the epic eulogy poem Nagarakretagama, which Bagatsing
described the area's conquest by Maharaja Hayam Wuruk. 5th district
Selurong (षेलुरोङ् ), a historical name for Manila, is listed in Canto • Roberto "Bobby" S.
Espiritu II
14 alongside Sulot – which is now Sulu – and Kalka. Selurong,
• Raymundo "Mon" R.
together with Sulot, was able to regain independence afterward,
Yupangco
and Sulu attacked and looted the then-Majapahit-invaded • Laris T. Borromeo
province Po-ni (Brunei) in retribution.[37] • Jaybee S. Hizon
• Ricardo "Boy" A. Isip,
During the reign of the Arab emir, Sultan Bolkiah – Sharif Ali's Jr.
descendant – from 1485 to 1521, the Sultanate of Brunei which • Charry R. Ortega
had seceded from Hindu Majapahit and converted to Islam, had 6th district
invaded the area. The Bruneians wanted to take advantage of • Elmer M. Par
Tondo's strategic position in direct trade with China and • Salvador Philip H.
subsequently attacked the region and established the rajahnate of Lacuna
Maynilà (‫ ;كوتا سلودوڠ‬Kota Seludong). The rajahnate was ruled • Benny Fog T. Abante
under Brunei and gave yearly tribute as a satellite state.[38] It II
created a new dynasty under the local leader, who accepted Islam • Carlos "Caloy" C.
Castañeda
and became Rajah Salalila or Sulaiman I. He established a trading
• Luis "Joey" C. Uy
• Luciano "Lou" M.
Veloso
challenge to the already rich House of Lakan Dula in Tondo. Islam Liga ng mga
was further strengthened by the arrival of Muslim traders from Barangay President
the Middle East and Southeast Asia.[39] Leilani Lacuna
• Electorate 1,133,042 voters
(2022)
Spanish colonial era Area[3]
On June 24, 1571, • City 42.34 km2
conquistador Miguel López de (16.35 sq mi)
Legazpi arrived in Manila and • Urban 1,873 km2 (723 sq mi)
declared it a territory of New • Metro 619.57 km2
(239.22 sq mi)
Spain (Mexico), establishing a
city council in what is now Elevation 7.0 m (23.0 ft)
Intramuros district. Inspired Highest elevation 108 m (354 ft)
by the Reconquista, a war in Lowest elevation 0 m (0 ft)
1734 map of the Walled City of mainland Spain to re- Population (2020 census)[5][6]
Manila. The city was planned Christianize and reclaim parts • City 1,846,513
according to the Laws of the Indies. of the country that had been • Density 43,611.5/km2
ruled by the Umayyad (112,953/sq mi)
Caliphate, he took advantage • Urban 13,484,482[4]
of a territorial conflict • Urban density 21,764.3/km2
between Hindu Tondo and (56,369/sq mi)
• Metro 24,922,000
Islamic Manila to justify
• Metro density 13,305.9/km2
expelling or converting
(34,462/sq mi)
Bruneian Muslim colonists • Households 486,293
who supported their Manila
Demonym(s) English: Manileño,
vassals while his Mexican Manilan;
Ayuntamiento de Manila served as
grandson Juan de Salcedo had Spanish: manilense,[7]
the City Hall during the Spanish
a romantic relationship with manileño(-a)
Colonial Period.
Kandarapa, a princess of Filipino: Manileño(-a),
Manilenyo(-a), Taga-
Tondo.[40] López de Legazpi
Maynila
had the local royalty executed or exiled after the failure of the
Economy
Conspiracy of the Maharlikas, a plot in which an alliance of datus,
• Income class special city income
rajahs, Japanese merchants, and the Sultanate of Brunei would
class
band together to execute the Spaniards, along with their Latin • Poverty
American recruits and Visayan allies. The victorious Spaniards incidence 2.99% (2018)[8]
made Manila the capital of the Spanish East Indies and of the • HDI 0.781[9] – high
Philippines, which their empire would control for the next three (2019)
centuries. In 1574, Manila was besieged by the Chinese pirate Lim • Revenue ₱ 17,923 million (2020)
Hong, who was thwarted by local inhabitants. Upon Spanish • Assets ₱ 74,465 million (2020)
settlement, Manila was immediately made, by papal decree, a • Expenditure ₱ 17,875 million (2020)
• Liabilities ₱ 22,421 million (2020)
suffragan of the Archdiocese of Mexico. By royal decree of Philip
II of Spain, Manila was put under the spiritual patronage of Saint Utilities
Pudentiana and Our Lady of Guidance.[a] • Electricity Manila Electric
Company (Meralco)
Manila became famous for its role in the Manila–Acapulco • Water • Maynilad (Majority)
• Manila Water (Santa
galleon trade, which lasted for more than two centuries and Ana and San Andres)
brought goods from Europe, Africa, and Hispanic America across
Time zone UTC+8 (PST)
the Pacific Islands to Southeast Asia, and vice versa. Silver that
was mined in Mexico and Peru was exchanged for Chinese silk, ZIP code +900 – 1-096
Indian gems, and spices from Indonesia and Malaysia. Wine and PSGC (https://psa.g 133900000 (https://ps
ov.ph/classificatio a.gov.ph/classification/
olives grown in Europe and North Africa were shipped via Mexico n/psgc/) psgc/?q=psgc/citimun
i/133900000)
to Manila.[41] Because of the Ming ban on trade leveled against
the Ashikaga shogunate in 1549, this resulted in the ban of all IDD : area code +63 (0)2
Japanese people from entering China and of Chinese ships from Native languages Tagalog
Currency Philippine peso (₱)
sailing to Japan. Manila became the only place where the
Japanese and Chinese could openly trade.[42] In 1606, upon the Website manila.gov.ph
/,%20https://www
Spanish conquest of the Sultanate of Ternate, one of monopolizers .cityofmanila.ph/ (http
of the growing of spice, the Spanish deported the ruler Sultan Said s://manila.gov.ph/,%20
Din Burkat[43] of Ternate, along with his clan and his entourage to https://www.cityofmani
Manila, were they were initially enslaved and eventually la.ph/)
converted to Christianity.[44] About 200 families of mixed
a. The exclave within Makati is Manila South
Spanish-Mexican-Filipino and Moluccan-Indonesian-Portuguese
Cemetery.
descent from Ternate and Tidor followed him there at a later
date.[45]
The city attained great wealth due to its location at the confluence of the Silk Road, the Spice Route, and the
Silver Flow. Significant is the role of Armenians, who acted as merchant intermediaries that made trade between
Europe and Asia possible in this area. France was the first nation to try financing its Asian trade with a
partnership in Manila through Armenian khojas. The largest trade volume was in iron, and 1,000 iron bars were
traded in 1721.[46] In 1762, the city was captured by Great Britain as part of the Seven Years' War, in which
Spain had recently become involved.[47] The British occupied the city for twenty months from 1762 to 1764 in
their attempt to capture the Spanish East Indies but they were unable to extend their occupation past Manila
proper.[48] Frustrated by their inability to take the rest of the archipelago, the British withdrew in accordance
with the Treaty of Paris signed in 1763, which brought an end to the war. An unknown number of Indian soldiers
known as sepoys, who came with the British, deserted and settled in nearby Cainta, Rizal.[49][50]
The Chinese minority were punished for supporting the British, and the
fortress city Intramuros, which was initially populated by 1,200 Spanish
families and garrisoned by 400 Spanish troops,[51] kept its cannons pointed
at Binondo, the world's oldest Chinatown.[52] The population of native
Mexicans was concentrated in the southern part of Manila and in 1787, La
Pérouse recorded one regiment of 1,300 Mexicans garrisoned at Manila,[53]
and they were also at Cavite, where ships from Spain's American colonies
docked at,[54] and at Ermita, which was thus-named because of a Mexican
hermit who lived there. The Hermit-Priest's name was Juan Fernandez de
An illustration of Intramuros in the
Leon who was a Hermit in Mexico before relocating to Manila.[55] Priests 1700s
weren't usually alone too since they often brought along Lay Brothers and
Sisters. The years: 1603, 1636, 1644, 1654, 1655, 1670, and 1672; saw the
deployment of 900, 446, 407, 821, 799, 708, and 667 Latin-American soldiers from Mexico at Manila.[56] The
Philippines hosts the only Latin-American-established districts in Asia.[57] The Spanish evacuated Ternate and
settled Papuan refugees in Ternate, Cavite, which was named after their former homeland.[58]
The rise of Spanish Manila marked the first time all hemispheres and continents were interconnected in a
worldwide trade network, making Manila, alongside Mexico City and Madrid, the world's original set of global
cities.[59] A Spanish Jesuit priest commented due to the confluence of many foreign languages in Manila, the
confessional in Manila was "the most difficult in the world".[60][61] Juan de Cobo, another Spanish missionary of
the 1600s, was so astonished by the commerce, cultural complexity, and ethnic diversity in Manila he wrote to
his brethren in Mexico:
The diversity here is immense such that I could go on forever trying to differentiate lands and peoples.
There are Castilians from all provinces. There are Portuguese and Italians; Dutch, Greeks and Canary
Islanders, and Mexican Indians. There are slaves from Africa brought by the Spaniards [Through
America], and others brought by the Portuguese [Through India]. There is an African Moor with his
turban here. There are Javanese from Java, Japanese and Bengalese from Bengal. Among all these
people are the Chinese whose numbers here are untold and who outnumber everyone else. From China
there are peoples so different from each other, and from provinces as distant, as Italy is from Spain.
Finally, of the mestizos, the mixed-race people here, I cannot even write because in Manila there is no
limit to combinations of peoples with peoples. This is in the city where all the buzz is. (Remesal, 1629:
680–1)[62]
After Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, the Spanish crown
began to directly govern Manila.[63] Under direct Spanish rule, banking,
industry, and education flourished more than they had in the previous two
centuries.[64] The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 facilitated direct trade
and communications with Spain. The city's growing wealth and education
attracted indigenous peoples, Negritos, Malays, Africans, Chinese, Indians,
Manila Cathedral by Fernando
Arabs, Europeans, Latinos and Papuans from the surrounding provinces,[65]
Brambila, a member of the
and facilitated the rise of an ilustrado class who espoused liberal ideas, Malaspina Expedition during their
which became the ideological foundations of the Philippine Revolution, stop in Manila in 1792.
which sought independence from Spain. A revolt by Andres Novales was
inspired by the Latin American wars of independence but the revolt itself
was led by demoted Latin-American military officers stationed in the city from the newly independent nations of
Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Costa Rica.[66] Following the Cavite Mutiny and the
Propaganda Movement, the Philippine revolution began; Manila was among the first eight provinces to rebel
and their role was commemorated on the Philippine Flag, on which Manila was represented by one of the eight
rays of the symbolic sun.[67]
American invasion era

After the 1898 Battle of Manila, Spain ceded the city to the United States.
The First Philippine Republic based in nearby Bulacan fought against the
Americans for control of the city.[68] The Americans defeated the First
Philippine Republic and captured its president Emilio Aguinaldo, who
pledged allegiance to the U.S. on April 1, 1901.[69] Upon drafting a new
charter for Manila in June 1901, the U.S. officially recognized the city of
Manila consisted of Intramuros and the surrounding areas. The new charter
proclaimed Manila was composed of eleven municipal districts: Binondo,
Ermita, Intramuros, Malate, Paco, Pandacan, Sampaloc, San Miguel, Santa
Ana, Santa Cruz, and Tondo. The Catholic Church recognized five parishes The 1905 Burnham Plan of Manila
recommended improving the city's
as parts of Manila; Gagalangin, Trozo, Balic-Balic, Santa Mesa, and
transit systems by creating diagonal
Singalong; and Balut and San Andres were later added.[70]
arteries radiating from the new
central civic district into areas at the
Under U.S. control, a new, civilian-oriented Insular Government headed by outskirts of the city.
Governor-General William Howard Taft invited city planner Daniel
Burnham to adapt Manila to modern needs.[71] The Burnham Plan included
the development of a road system, the use of waterways for transportation, and the beautification of Manila with
waterfront improvements and construction of parks, parkways, and buildings.[72][73] The planned buildings
included a government center occupying all of Wallace Field, which extends from Rizal Park to the present Taft
Avenue. The Philippine capitol was to rise at the Taft Avenue end of the field, facing the sea. Along with
buildings for government bureaus and departments, it would form a quadrangle with a central lagoon and a
monument to José Rizal at the other end of the field.[74] Of Burnham's proposed government center, only three
units—the Legislative Building, and the buildings of the Finance and Agricultural Departments—were completed
before World War II began.
Gallery of Manila during the American era
Plaza Moraga in the early 1900s The Old Legislative The tranvía running along
Building featuring a Escolta Street during the
Neoclassical style American period
architecture.
Aerial view of Manila, 1936
Japanese occupation era

During the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, American soldiers were
ordered to withdraw from Manila and all military installations were removed
by December 24, 1941. Two days later, General Douglas MacArthur declared
Manila an open city to prevent further death and destruction but Japanese
warplanes continued bombing the city.[75] Japanese forces occupied Manila
on January 2, 1942.[76]
From February 3 to March 3, 1945, Manila was the site of one of the
bloodiest battles in the Pacific theater of World War II. Under orders of
Japanese Rear Admiral Sanji Iwabuchi, retreating Japanese forces killed USS Essex TBF-1 Avenger dropping
a bomb over the Pasig River in
about 100,000 Filipino civilians and perpetrated the mass rape of women in
Manila targeting the dockyard,
February.[77][78] At the end of the war, Manila had suffered from heavy November 14, 1944
bombardment and became the second-most-destroyed city of World War
II.[79][80] Manila was recaptured by American and Philippine troops.
The postwar and independence era
After the war, reconstruction efforts started. Buildings like Manila City Hall,
the Legislative Building (now the National Museum of Fine Arts), and
Manila Post Office were rebuilt, and roads and other infrastructures were
repaired. In 1948, President Elpidio Quirino moved the seat of government
of the Philippines to Quezon City, a new capital in the suburbs and fields
northeast of Manila, which was created in 1939 during the administration of
President Manuel L. Quezon.[81] The move ended any implementation of the
Burnham Plan's intent for the government center to be at Luneta. When
Manila in May 1958
Arsenio Lacson became the first elected Mayor of Manila in 1952, before
which all mayors were appointed, Manila underwent a "Golden Age",[82]
regaining its pre-war moniker "Pearl of the Orient". After Lacson's term in the 1950s, Manila was led by Antonio
Villegas for most of the 1960s. Ramon Bagatsing was mayor from 1972 until the 1986 People Power
Revolution.[83]
During the administration of Ferdinand Marcos, Metro Manila was created as an integrated unit with the
enactment of Presidential Decree No. 824 on November 7, 1975. The area encompassed four cities and thirteen
adjoining towns as a separate regional unit of government.[84] On June 24, 1976, the 405th anniversary of the
city's founding, President Marcos reinstated Manila as the capital of the Philippines for its historical significance
as the seat of government since the Spanish Period.[85][86] At the same time, Marcos designated his wife Imelda
Marcos as the first governor of Metro Manila. She started the rejuvenation of the city and re-branded Manila the
"City of Man".[87]
The Martial Law era

Many of the key events of he historical period from the first major protests against the administration of
Ferdinand Marcos in January 1970 until his ouster in February 1986 took place within the city of Manila. The
very first, the January 26, 1970, State of the Nation Address Protest which kicked off the "First Quarter Storm",
took place at the Legislative Building (now the National Museum of Fine Arts) on Padre Burgos Avenue,[88] and
the very last saw the Marcos family flee Malacañang Palace into exile in the United States.[89][90][91]
The beginning weeks of Ferdinand Marcos' second term as president was marked by the 1969 balance of
payments crisis, which economists trace to his first term tactic of using foreign loans to fund massive
government projects in an effort to curry votes.[92][93][94] In protest, protest groups led mostly by students
decided to picket Marcos' 1970 State of the Nation Address at the legislative building on January 26. The
protesters were initially bickering amongst themselves because both moderate reformist and radical activist
groups were present and fighting to gain control of the stage. But all of them, regardless of advocacy, were
violently dispersed by the Philippine Constabulary.[95][96] This was followed by six more major protests which
were violently dispersed, from the end of January until March 17, 1970.[90]
Instability continued the following year, with the most significant incident being the August 1971 Plaza Miranda
bombing caused nine deaths and injured 95 others, including many prominent Liberal Party politicians
including incumbent Senators Jovito Salonga, Eddie Ilarde, Eva Estrada-Kalaw, and Liberal Party president
Gerardo Roxas, Sergio Osmeña Jr., Manila 2nd District Councilor Ambrosio "King" Lorenzo Jr., and
Congressman Ramon Bagatsing who was the party's mayoral candidate for Manila.[96]
Marcos reacted to the bombing by blaming the still nascent Communist Party of the Philippines and then
suspending of the writ of Habeas Corpus. The suspension is noted for forcing ]many members of the moderate
opposition, including figures like Edgar Jopson, to join the ranks of the radicals. In the aftermath of the
bombing, Marcos lumped all of the opposition together and referred to them as communists, and many former
moderates fled to the mountain encampments of the radical opposition to avoid being arrested by Marcos'
forces. Those who became disenchanted with the excesses of the Marcos administration and wanted to join the
opposition after 1971 often joined the ranks of the radicals, simply because they represented the only group
vocally offering opposition to the Marcos government.[97][98]
Marcos' declaration of martial law in September 1972 saw the immediate shutdown of all media not approved by
Marcos, including Quezon City media outlets, including the Manila-based Manila Times, Philippines Free Press,
The Manila Tribune and the Philippines Herald. At the same time, it saw the arrest of many students,
journalists, academics, and politicians who were considered political threats to Marcos, many of them residents
of the City of Manila. The very first one was Ninoy Aquino who was arrested just before midnight on September
22 while at a hotel on UN Avenue preparing for a senate committee session the following morning.[96]
About 400 prominent critics of the Marcos administration were jailed in the first few hours of September 23
alone, and eventually about 70,000 individuals beame Political detainees under the Marcos dictatorship - most
of them arrested without warrants, which is why they were called detainees rather than prisoners.[99][100] At
least 11,103 of them have since been officially recognized by the Philippine government as having been
extensively tortured and abused.[101][102] and in April 1973 Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila student
journalist Liliosa Hilao became the first of these detainees to be killed while in prison[103] - one of 3,257 known
extrajudicial killings during the last 14 years of Marcos' presidency.[104]
In 1975, Marcos formalized the creation of a region called Metropolitan Manila, incorporating the four cities of
Manila, Quezon City, Caloocan, Pasay, and the thirteen municipalities of Las Piñas, Makati, Malabon,
Mandaluyong, Marikina, Muntinlupa, Navotas, Parañaque, Pasig, Pateros, San Juan, Taguig, and Valenzuela.
And then he appointed his wife Imelda Marcos, who had been angered by the revelation of his dalliances during
the Dovie Beams scandal, Governor of Metro Manila.[105]
Despite Marcos' declaration of martial law, poverty and other social issues persisted, so even with the military in
his control, Marcos could not hold back the unrest. A major turning point was reached in Tondo in the form of
the 1975 La Tondeña Distillery strike which was one of the first major open acts of resistance against the Marcos
dictatorship which paved the way for similar protest actions elsewhere in the country.[106] From then, Manila
continued to be a center of resistance activity; youth and student demonstrators repeatedly clashed with the
police and military.[107]
Another major protest was the September 1984 Welcome Rotonda protest dispersal at the border of Manila and
Quezon City, which came in the wake of the Aquino assassination the year before in 1983. International pressure
had forced Marcos to give the press more freedom, so coverage exposed Filipinos to how opposition figures
including 80-year-old former Senator Lorenzo Tañada and 71-year old Manila Times founder Chino Roces were
waterhosed despite their frailty and how student leader Fidel Nemenzo (later Chancellor of the University of the
Philippines Diliman) was shot nearly to death.[108][109][110]
The People Power revolution

In late 1985, in the face of escalating public discontent and under pressure from foreign allies, Marcos called a
snap election with more than a year left in his term, selecting Arturo Tolentino as his running mate. The
opposition to Marcos united behind Ninoy's widow Corazon Aquino and her running mate, Salvador
Laurel.[111][112] The elections were held on February 7, 1986, an exercise marred by widespread reports of
violence and tampering of election results.[113]
On February 16, 1986, Corazon Aquino held the "Tagumpay ng Bayan" (People's Victory) rally at Luneta Park,
announcing a civil disobedience campaign and calling for her supporters to boycott publications and companies
which were associated with Marcos or any of his cronies.[114] The event was attended by a crowd of about two
million people.[115]
Aquino's camp began making preparations for more rallies, and Aquino herself went to Cebu
to rally more people to their cause.[116]
In the aftermath of the election and the revelations of irregularities, Juan Ponce Enrile and the Reform the
Armed Forces Movement (RAM) - a cabal of disgruntled officers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines
(AFP)[117] - set into motion a coup attempt against the Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos.[118] Enrile and RAM's
coup was quickly uncovered, and which prompted Enrile to ask for the support of Philippine Constabulary chief
Fidel Ramos. Ramos agreed to Join Enrile but even so, their combined forces were trapped in Camp Crame and
Camp Aguinaldo, and about to be overrun by Marcos loyalist forces.[119][120][121] Discovering what was
happening, the forces which had been organizing Aquino's civil disobedience campaign went to the stretch of
Efipanio De Los Santos Avenue (EDSA) between the two camps, beginning to form a human barricade to keep
Marcos loyalist forces from attacking. The crowd grew even larger when Ramos telephoned Manila Cardinal
Jaime Sin for help, and Sin went on Radyo Veritas to invite Catholics to join in protecting Enrile and Ramos.[122]
Seeing what was happening, multiple units of the Armed Forces of the Philippines defected Marcos, with air
units under the command of General Antonio Sotelo and Colonel Charles Hotchkiss even performed calculated
operations which included strafing the grounds of Malacañang palace with bullets, and disabling gunships at
nearby Villamor Airbase.[119]
The Reagan administration eventually decided to offer Marcos a chance to flee into exile. Shortly after midnight
on February 26, 1986, the Marcos Family fled Malacañang and were taken to Clark Airbase, after which they
went into exile in Honolulu along with some select followers including Fabian Ver and Danding Cojuangco.[89]
Because the victory had been won by the civilians on the streets rather than the military, the event was dubbed
the People Power revolution. Ferdinand Marcos' 21 years as President - and his 14 years as authoritarian leader -
of the Philippines was over.[89][120]
Contemporary
From 1986 to 1992, Mel Lopez was mayor of Manila, first due to presidential designation, before being elected in
1988.[123] In 1992, Alfredo Lim was elected mayor, the first Chinese-Filipino to hold the office. He was known
for his anti-crime crusades. Lim was succeeded by Lito Atienza, who served as his vice mayor, and was known
for his campaign and slogun "Buhayin ang Maynila" (Revive Manila), which saw the establishment of several
parks, and the repair and rehabilitation of the city's deteriorating facilities. He was the city's mayor for nine
years before being termed out of office. Lim once again ran for mayor and defeated Atienza's son Ali in the 2007
city election, and immediately reversed all of Atienza's projects,[124] which he said made little contribution to the
improvements of the city. The relationship of both parties turned bitter, with them both contesting the 2010 city
elections, which Lim won. Lim was sued by councilor Dennis Alcoreza on 2008 over human rights,[125] he was
charged with graft over the rehabilitation of public schools.[126]
In 2012, DMCI Homes began constructing Torre de Manila, which became

controversial for ruining the sight line of Rizal Park.[127] The tower became
known as "Terror de Manila" and the "national photobomber",[128] and
became a sensationalized heritage issue. In 2017, the National Historical
Commission of the Philippines erected a "comfort woman" statue on Roxas
Boulevard, causing Japan to express regret about the statue's erection
despite the healthy relationship between Japan and the Philippines.[129][130]
In the 2013 election, former President Joseph Estrada succeeded Lim as the
View of the Rizal Monument in Rizal
city's mayor. During his term, Estrada allegedly paid ₱5 billion in city debts
Park
and increased the city's revenues. In 2015, in line with President Noynoy
Aquino's administration progress, the city became the most-competitive city
in the Philippines. In the 2016 elections, Estrada narrowly won over Lim.[131] Throughout Estrada's term,
numerous Filipino heritage sites were demolished, gutted, or approved for demolition; these include the post-
war Santa Cruz Building, Capitol Theater, El Hogar, Magnolia Ice Cream Plant, and Rizal Memorial
Stadium.[132][133][134] Some of these sites were saved after the intervention of governmental cultural agencies
and heritage advocate groups.[135] In May 2019, Estrada said Manila was debt-free;[136] two months later,
however, the Commission on Audit said Manila was 4.4 billion pesos in debt.[137]
Estrada, who was seeking for re-election for his third and final term, lost to
Isko Moreno in the 2019 local elections.[138][139] Moreno has served as the
vice mayor under both Lim and Estrada. Estrada's defeat was seen as the
end of their reign as a political clan, whose other family members run for
national and local positions.[140] After assuming office, Moreno initiated a
city-wide cleanup of illegal vendors, signed an executive order promoting
open governance, and vowed to stop bribery and corruption in the city.[141]
Under his administration, several ordinances were signed, giving additional
Aerial view of Manila in 2023
perks and privileges to Manila's elderly people,[142] and monthly allowances
for Grade 12 Manileño students in all public schools in the city, including
students of Universidad de Manila and the University of the City of
Manila.[143][144]
In 2022, Time Out ranked Manila in 34th position in its list of the 53 best cities in the world, citing it as "an
underrated hub for art and culture, with unique customs and cuisine to boot". Manila was also voted the third-
most-resilient and least-rude city for the year's index.[145][146] In 2023, the search site Crossword Solm utilizing
internet geotagging, showed that Manila is the world's most loving capital city.[147]
In August 2023, President Bongbong Marcos suspended all reclamation projects in Manila Bay, including those
in the City of Manila.[148] However, the city has no objections and is willing to pursue the suspended
reclamation projects.[149]
Geography
The City of Manila is situated on the
eastern shore of Manila Bay, on the
western coast of Luzon, 1,300 km
(810 mi) from mainland Asia.[150] The
protected harbor on which Manila lies is
regarded as the finest in Asia.[151] The
Pasig River flows through the middle of
city, dividing it into north and
Manila Bay sunset
south.[152][153] The overall grade of the Manila Bay Beach during the
city's central, built-up areas is relatively International Coastal Cleanup Day
consistent with the natural flatness of the in September 2020
natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation.[154]
Almost all of Manila sits on top prehistoric alluvial deposits built by the waters of the Pasig River and on land
reclaimed from Manila Bay. Manila's land has been substantially altered by human intervention; there has been
considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since the early-to-mid twentieth century. Some of the city's
natural variations in topography have been leveled. As of 2013, Manila had a total area of 42.88 square
kilometres (16.56 sq mi).[152][153]
In 2017, the City Government approved five reclamation projects; the New
Manila Bay–City of Pearl (New Manila Bay International Community)
(407.43 hectares (1,006.8 acres)), Solar City (148 hectares (370 acres)),
Manila Harbour Center expansion (50 hectares (120 acres)), Manila
Waterfront City (318 hectares (790 acres)),[155] and Horizon Manila (419
hectares (1,040 acres)). Of the five planned projects, only Horizon Manila
was approved by the Philippine Reclamation Authority in December 2019
and was scheduled for construction in 2021.[156] Another reclamation Map showing the territorial extent
and assets or properties of the city,
project is possible and when built, it will include in-city housing relocation
including its territorial exclave
projects.[157] Environmental activists and the Catholic Church have criticized Manila South Cemetery, and Manila
the land reclamation projects, saying they are not sustainable and would put Boystown Complex which is a
communities at risk of flooding.[158][159] In line of the upcoming reclamation property owned by the Manila city
projects, the Philippines and the Netherlands agreed to a cooperation on the government.
₱250 million Manila Bay Sustainable Development Master Plan to oversee
future decisions on projects on Manila Bay.[160]
Barangays and districts

Manila is made up of 897 barangays,[161] which are grouped into 100
zones for statistical convenience. Manila has the most barangays of any
metropolis in the Philippines.[162] Due to a failure to hold a plebiscite,
attempts at reducing its number have not succeeded despite local
legislation—Ordinance 7907, passed on April 23, 1996—reducing the
number from 896 to 150 by merging existing barangays.[163]
District I (2020 population: 441,282)[164] covers the western part of

Tondo and is made up of 136 barangays. It is the most-densely
populated Congressional District and was also known as Tondo I.
The district includes one of the biggest urban-poor communities.
Smokey Mountain on Balut Island was once known as the country's
largest landfill where thousands of impoverished people lived in
slums. After the closure of the landfill in 1995, mid-rise housing was Manila is divided into six congressional
built on the site. This district also contains the Manila North Harbor districts.
Center, Manila North Harbor, and Manila International Container
Terminal of the Port of Manila. The boundaries of the 1st District are
the neighboring cities Navotas and the southern enclave of
Caloocan.
District II (2020 population: 212,938)[164] covers the eastern part of
Tondo and contains 122 barangays. It is also referred to as Tondo II.
It includes Gagalangin, a prominent place in Tondo, and Divisoria, a
popular shopping area and the site of the Main Terminal Station of
the Philippine National Railways. The boundary of the 2nd District is
the neighboring city Caloocan.
District III (2020 population: 220,029)[164] covers Binondo, Quiapo,
San Nicolas and Santa Cruz. It contains 123 barangays and
includes "Downtown Manila", the historic business district of the city,
and the oldest Chinatown in the world. The boundary of the 3rd
District is the neighboring city Quezon City.
District IV (2020 population: 277,013)[164] covers Sampaloc and District map of Manila showing its sixteen
some parts of Santa Mesa. It contains 192 barangays and has districts
numerous colleges and universities, which were located along the
city's "University Belt", a de facto sub-district. The University of
Santo Tomas, the oldest-existing university in Asia, which was established in 1611. The boundaries of the
4th District are the neighboring cities San Juan and Quezon City. The Institution was home to at least 30
Catholic Saints.[165][166]
District V (2020 population: 395,065)[164] covers Ermita, Malate, Port Area, Intramuros, San Andres Bukid,
and a portion of Paco. It is made up of 184 barangays. The historic Walled City is located here, along with
Manila Cathedral and San Agustin Church, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The boundaries of the 5th
District are the neighboring cities Makati and Pasay. This district also includes the Manila South Cemetery,
an exclave surrounded by Makati City.
District VI (2020 population: 300,186)[164] covers Pandacan, San Miguel, Santa Ana, Santa Mesa, and a
portion of Paco. It contains 139 barangays. Santa Ana district is known for its 18th Century Santa Ana
Church and historic ancestral houses. The boundaries of the 6th District are the neighboring cities Makati,
Mandaluyong, Quezon City, and San Juan.
Legislative Population
District name District Area Density Barangays
(2020)[167]
number
km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi
Binondo 3 0.6611 0.2553 20,491 31,000 80,000 10
Ermita 5 1.5891 0.6136 19,189 12,000 31,000 13

Intramuros 5 0.6726 0.2597 6,103 9,100 24,000 5
Malate 5 2.5958 1.0022 99,257 38,000 98,000 57

Paco 5&6 2.7869 1.0760 79,839 29,000 75,000 43
Pandacan 6 1.66 0.64 84,769 51,000 130,000 38

Port Area 5 3.1528 1.2173 72,605 23,000 60,000 5
Quiapo 3 0.8469 0.3270 29,846 35,000 91,000 16

Sampaloc 4 5.1371 1.9834 388,305 76,000 200,000 192
San Andres 5 1.6802 0.6487 133,727 80,000 210,000 65

San Miguel 6 0.9137 0.3528 18,599 20,000 52,000 12
San Nicolas 3 1.6385 0.6326 42,957 26,000 67,000 15

Santa Ana 6 1.6942 0.6541 203,598 120,000 310,000 34
Santa Cruz 3 3.0901 1.1931 126,735 41,000 110,000 82

Santa Mesa 6 2.6101 1.0078 111,292 43,000 110,000 51
Tondo 1&2 8.6513 3.3403 654,220 76,000 200,000 259
Notes
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification system, Manila has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am), closely
bordering on a tropical savanna climate (Köppen Aw). Together with the rest of the Philippines, Manila lies
entirely within the tropics. Its proximity to the equator means temperatures are high year-round especially
during the daytime, rarely going below 19 °C (66.2 °F) or above 39 °C (102.2 °F). Temperature extremes have
ranged from 14.5 °C (58.1 °F) on January 11, 1914,[168] to 38.6 °C (101.5 °F) on May 7, 1915.[169]
Humidity levels are usually very high all year round, making the air feel
hotter than its actual temperature. Manila has a distinct dry season lasting
from late December through early April, and a relatively lengthy wet season
that covers the remaining period with slightly cooler daytime temperatures.
In the wet season, rain rarely falls all day but rainfall is very heavy for short
periods. Typhoons usually occur from June to September.[170]
Temperature and rainfall
Climate data for Port Area, Manila (1991–2020, extremes 1885–2020) [hide]
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record
36.5 35.6 36.8 38.0 38.6 37.6 36.5 36.2 35.3 35.8 35.6 34.6 38.6
high °C
(97.7) (96.1) (98.2) (100.4) (101.5) (99.7) (97.7) (97.2) (95.5) (96.4) (96.1) (94.3) (101.5)
(°F)
Mean
daily 29.9 30.7 32.1 33.8 33.6 32.8 31.5 31.0 31.2 31.4 31.3 30.3 31.6
maximum (85.8) (87.3) (89.8) (92.8) (92.5) (91.0) (88.7) (87.8) (88.2) (88.5) (88.3) (86.5) (88.9)
°C (°F)
Daily
26.9 27.5 28.7 30.3 30.3 29.7 28.7 28.5 28.4 28.6 28.3 27.4 28.6
mean °C
(80.4) (81.5) (83.7) (86.5) (86.5) (85.5) (83.7) (83.3) (83.1) (83.5) (82.9) (81.3) (83.5)
(°F)
Mean
daily 23.9 24.3 25.3 26.7 27.0 26.5 25.9 25.9 25.7 25.7 25.3 24.6 25.6
minimum (75.0) (75.7) (77.5) (80.1) (80.6) (79.7) (78.6) (78.6) (78.3) (78.3) (77.5) (76.3) (78.1)
°C (°F)
Record
14.5 15.6 16.2 17.2 20.0 20.1 19.4 18.0 20.2 19.5 16.8 15.7 14.5
low °C
(58.1) (60.1) (61.2) (63.0) (68.0) (68.2) (66.9) (64.4) (68.4) (67.1) (62.2) (60.3) (58.1)
(°F)
Average
rainfall 19.4 21.9 21.8 23.4 159.1 253.3 432.3 476.1 396.4 220.6 119.9 98.5 2,242.7
mm (0.76) (0.86) (0.86) (0.92) (6.26) (9.97) (17.02) (18.74) (15.61) (8.69) (4.72) (3.88) (88.30)
(inches)
Average
rainy
4 3 3 3 9 14 19 19 18 14 10 8 124
days
(≥ 1.0 mm)
Average
relative
72 70 67 66 72 76 80 82 81 77 75 75 74
humidity
(%)
Mean
monthly
177 198 226 258 223 162 133 133 132 158 153 152 2,105
sunshine
hours
Source 1: PAGASA[171][172]
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute (sun, 1931–1960)[173]
Natural hazards
Swiss Re ranked Manila as the second-riskiest capital city to live in, citing its exposure to natural hazards such
as earthquakes, tsunamis, typhoons, floods, and landslides.[17] The seismically active Marikina Valley Fault
System poses a threat of a large-scale earthquake with an estimated magnitude of between 6 and 7, and as high
as 7.6[174] to Metro Manila and nearby provinces.[175] Manila has experienced several deadly earthquakes,
notably those of 1645 and 1677, which destroyed the stone-and-brick medieval city.[176] Architects during the
Spanish colonial period used the Earthquake Baroque style to adapt to the region's frequent earthquakes.[177]
Manila experiences between five and seven typhoons each year.[178] In 2009, Typhoon Ketsana (Ondoy) struck
the Philippines, leading to one of the worst floods in Metro Manila and several provinces in Luzon with an
estimated damages worth ₱11 billion ($237 million),[179][180] and caused 448 deaths in Metro Manila alone.
Following the aftermath of Typhoon Ketsana, the city began to dredge its rivers and improve its drainage
network.
Parks and green spaces

Metro Manila is situated in a variety of ecosystems including upland forests,
mangrove forests, mudflats, sandy beaches, sea grass meadows and coral
reefs. Metro Manila is home to urban parks, nature parks, plazas, nature
reserves, and an arboretum. However, according to the Asian Green City
Index, in 2007 Manila contained only an average of 4.5 square meters
(48 sq ft) of green space per person, well below the index average of 39
square meters (420 sq ft)[182] and below the World Health Organization The Arroceros Forest Park is
(WHO) recommended minimum of 9 square meters (97 sq ft) per considered as the "last lung of
person.[183][184] Manila".[181]
The Arroceros Forest Park is a 2.2-hectare (5.4-acre) nature park situated in

the heart of downtown Manila along the south bank of the Pasig River. Considered as the "last lung of Manila",
the park was professionally planned in 1993 with its secondary growth forest of 61 different native tree varieties
and 8,000 ornamental plants providing a habitat for about 10 different bird species.[185]
Pollution
Air pollution in Manila is due to industrial waste and automobiles.[186][187]
Swiss firm IQAir reported in December 2020 Manila experienced an average
PM2.5 concentration of 6.1 × 10−6 g/m3 (1.03 × 10−8 lb/cu yd), which is
classed as "Good" according to recommendations made by the World Health
Organization.[188]
According to a report in 2003, the Pasig River is one of the most-polluted

rivers in the world in which 150 metric tons (150 long tons; 170 short tons)
Smog in Quiapo-Binondo area
of domestic waste and 75 metric tons (74 long tons; 83 short tons) of
industrial waste are dumped daily.[189] The city is the second-biggest waste
producing metropolis in the country with 1,151.79 tons (7,500.07 cubic
meters (264,862 cu ft)) per day, after Quezon City, which produces 1,386.84 tons (12,730.59 cubic meters
(449,577 cu ft)) per day. Both cities were cited as having poor management in garbage collection and
disposal.[190]
Rehabilitation efforts have resulted in the creation of parks along the riverside and stricter pollution
controls.[191][192] In 2019, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources launched a rehabilitation
program for Manila Bay that will be administered by different government agencies.[193][194]
Cityscape
Manila is a planned city. In 1905, American architect and urban planner
Daniel Burnham was commissioned to design the new capital.[195] His
design for the city was based on the City Beautiful movement, which favored
broad streets and avenues radiating out from rectangles. Manila is made up
of fourteen city districts, according to Republic Act No. 409—the Revised
Charter of the City of Manila—the basis of which officially sets the present-
day boundary of the city.[196] The districts Santa Mesa, which was
partitioned from Sampaloc,[197] and San Andres, which was partitioned off
from Santa Ana, were later created. The Roxas Boulevard skyline along
Manila Bay.
Manila's mix of architectural styles reflects its, and the Philippines',
turbulent history. During World War II, Manila was razed to the ground by
Japanese forces and the shelling of American forces.[198][199] After the war ended, rebuilding began and most of
the historical buildings were reconstructed. Many of the historic churches and buildings in Intramuros, Manila's
historic core, however, had been damaged beyond repair.[200] Manila's current urban landscape is one of
modern and contemporary architecture. Manila's historic sites under the entry of The Walled City and Historic
Monuments of Manila is currently being proposed to the tentative list for future UNESCO World Heritage Site
inscription.[201]
Architecture
Manila is known for its eclectic mix of architecture that includes a wide
range of styles spanning the city's historical and cultural periods. Its
architectural styles reflect American, Spanish, Chinese, and Malay
influences.[202] Prominent Filipino architects including Antonio Toledo,[203]
Felipe Roxas,[204] Juan M. Arellano[205] and Tomás Mapúa have designed
significant buildings in Manila such as churches, government offices,
theaters, mansions, schools, and universities.[206]
The façade of the Manila Manila is known for its Art Deco theaters, some of which were designed by
Metropolitan Theater, designed by Juan Nakpil and Pablo Antonio.[207] The historic Escolta Street in Binondo
Filipino architect Juan M. Arellano has many buildings of Neoclassical and Beaux-Arts architectural styles,
many of which were designed by prominent Filipino architects during the
American colonial period between the 1920s and the late 1930s. Many
architects, artists, historians, and heritage advocacy groups are campaigning for the restoration of Escolta
Street, which was once the premier street of the Philippines.[208]
Almost all of Manila's pre-war and Spanish colonial architecture was destroyed during the 1945 Battle of Manila
by intensive bombardment by the United States Air Force. Reconstruction took place afterward, replacing the
destroyed historic Spanish-era buildings with modern ones, erasing much of the city's character. Some of the
destroyed buildings, such as the Old Legislative Building (now the National Museum of Fine Arts),
Ayuntamiento de Manila (now the Bureau of the Treasury), and the under-construction San Ignacio Church and
Convent (as the Museo de Intramuros), have been reconstructed There are plans to refurbish and restore several
neglected historic buildings and places such as

Plaza Del Carmen, San Sebastian Church, and
the NCCA Metropolitan Theater. Spanish-era
shops and houses in the districts of Binondo,
Quiapo, and San Nicolas are also planned to be
restored as a part of a movement to restore the
city to its pre-war state.[209][210]
Jones Bridge was redeveloped in
2019 to "restore" it to its near- Because Manila is prone to earthquakes,
original design using Beaux-Arts Spanish colonial architects invented a style
architecture. called Earthquake Baroque, which churches and
government buildings during the Spanish
The Luneta Hotel, an
colonial period adopted.[177] As a result, example of French
succeeding earthquakes of the 18th and 19th centuries barely affected Manila, Renaissance architecture
although they periodically leveled the surrounding area. Modern buildings in and with Filipino stylized beaux
around Manila are designed or have been retrofitted to withstand an 8.2 magnitude art
quake in accordance with the country's building code.[211]
Demographics
According to the 2020 Philippine census, Manila has a
Population Census of Manila
population of 1,846,513 people, making it the second-most-
Year Pop. ±% p.a.
populous city in the Philippines.[217] Manila is the most-
1903 219,928 —
densely populated city in the world, with 41,515 inhabitants
1918 285,306 +1.75%
per km2 in 2015.[6] District 6 is listed as the densest with 1939 623,492 +3.79%
68,266 inhabitants per km2, followed by District 1 with 1948 983,906 +5.20%
64,936 and District 2 with 64,710. District 5 is the least- 1960 1,138,611 +1.22%
densely populated area with 19,235.[218] 1970 1,330,788 +1.57%
1975 1,479,116 +2.14%
Manila has been presumed to be the Philippines' largest city 1980 1,630,485 +1.97%
since the establishment of a permanent Spanish settlement, 1990 1,601,234 −0.18%
and eventually became the political, commercial, and 1995 1,654,761 +0.62%
ecclesiastical capital of the country.[219] Since colonial times, 2000 1,581,082 −0.97%
Manila has been the destination of peoples whose origins are 2007 1,660,714 +0.68%
as wide-ranging as India[220] and Latin America.[221] 2010 1,652,171 −0.19%
Practicing forensic anthropology, while exhuming cranial 2015 1,780,148 +1.43%
bones in several Philippine cemeteries, researcher Matthew 2020 1,846,513 +0.72%
[212][213][214][215][216]
C. Go estimated that 7% of the mean amount, among the Source: Philippine Statistics Authority
samples exhumed, have
attribution to European descent.[222]
Research work published in the Journal
of Forensic Anthropology, collating
contemporary Anthropological data
show that the percentage of Filipino
bodies who were sampled from the
University of the Philippines, that is
phenotypically classified as Asian (East,
People flocking to the Binondo South and Southeast Asian) is 72.7%, Manila population pyramid in 2021
Chinatown during Chinese New Hispanic (Spanish-Amerindian Mestizo,
Year
Latin American, and/or Spanish-Malay
Mestizo) is at 12.7%, Indigenous American (Native American) at 7.3%, African at 4.5%, and European at
2.7%.[223] Between the 1860s and 1890s, in urban areas of the Philippines – especially Manila – according to
burial statistics, as much as 3.3% of the population were pure European Spaniards and pure Chinese composed
9.9% of the city's populace. The Spanish-Filipino and Chinese-Filipino Mestizo populations also fluctuated.
Eventually, these non-native categories diminished because they were assimilated into the majority
Austronesian Filipino population.[224] During the Philippine Revolution, the term "Filipino" included people of
any race born in the Philippines.[225][226] This explains the abrupt drop of the proportion of Chinese, Spanish,
and Mestizo peoples across the country by the time of the first American census in 1903.[227] Manila's
population dramatically increased since the 1903 census because people tended to move from rural areas to
towns and cities. In the 1960 census, Manila became the first Philippine city to exceed one million people –
more than five times of its 1903 population. The city continued to grow until the population stabilized at
1.6 million and experienced alternating increases and decreases starting in the 1990 census year. This
phenomenon may be attributed to the higher growth experienced by suburbs and the already-very-high
population density of the city. As such, Manila exhibited a decreasing percentage share of the metropolitan
population[228] from 63% in the 1950s to 27.5%[229] in 1980, and 13.8% in 2015. The much-larger Quezon City
marginally surpassed the population of Manila in 1990 and by the 2015 census it already has 1.1 million more
people. Nationally, the population of Manila was expected to be overtaken by cities with larger territories such
as Caloocan and Davao City by 2020.[230] The vernacular language is Filipino, which is mostly based on the
Tagalog language of the city and its surroundings, and this Manilan form of spoken Tagalog has become the
lingua franca of the Philippines, having spread throughout the archipelago through mass media and
entertainment. English is the language most widely used in education and business, and is in heavy everyday use
throughout Metro Manila and the rest of the Philippines.
Philippine Hokkien, which is locally known as Lan-nang-oe, a variant of Southern Min, is mainly spoken by the
city's Chinese-Filipino community. According to data provided by the Bureau of Immigration, 3.12 million
Chinese citizens arrived in the Philippines from January 2016 to May 2018.[231]
Crime
Crime in Manila is concentrated in areas that are associated with poverty,
drug abuse, and gangs. Crime in the city is also directly related to its
changing demographics and unique criminal justice system. The illegal drug
trade is a major problem of the city; in Metro Manila alone, 92% of the
barangays were affected by illegal drugs in February 2015.[232]
From 2010 to 2015, Manila had the second-highest index crime rates in the
Philippines, with 54,689 cases or an average of about 9,100 cases per
year.[233] By October 2017, Manila Police District (MPD) reported a 38.7% Manila Police District officers in
decrease in index crimes from 5,474 cases in 2016 to 3,393 in 2017. MPD's Rizal Park.
crime-solution efficiency also improved; six-to-seven of every ten crimes
were solved by the city police force.[234] MPD was cited as the Best Police
District in Metro Manila in 2017 for registering the highest crime-solution efficiency.[235]
Religion
Christianity
As a result of Spanish cultural influence, Manila is a predominantly Christian city. As of 2010, 93.5% of the
population were Roman Catholic, 2% were adherents of the Iglesia ni Cristo, 1.8% followed various Protestant,
and 1.1% were Buddhists. Members of Islam and other religions make up the remaining 1.4% of the
population.[236]
Manila is the seat of prominent Catholic churches and institutions. There are
113 Catholic churches within the city limits; 63 of which are considered major
shrines, basilicas, or cathedrals.[237] Manila Cathedral, the country's oldest
established church, is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of
Manila.[238] There are another three basilicas in the city; Quiapo Church,
Binondo Church, and the Minor Basilica of San Sebastián.[239]San Agustín
Church in Intramuros is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[240]
Several Mainline Protestant denominations are headquartered in the city. St.

Stephen's Parish pro-cathedral in Santa Cruz district is the see of the Episcopal Religion in Manila
(circa 2010) [236]
Church in the Philippines' Diocese of Central Philippines, while on Taft Avenue
are the main cathedral and central offices of Iglesia Filipina Independiente
Catholicism (93.5%)
(also called the Aglipayan Church), a nationalist church that is a product of the
Iglesia ni Cristo (1.9%)
Philippine Revolution. Other faiths like the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-
Protestantism (1.8%)
day Saints (Mormons) have temples within Metro Manila such as the Manila
Buddhism (1.1%)
Philippines Temple in Quezon City and Alabang Philippines Temple in
Other (1.4%)
Muntinlupa.
The indigenous Iglesia ni Cristo has several locales (akin to parishes) in the city, including its first chapel, now a
museum, in Punta, Santa Ana.[241] Evangelical, Pentecostal and Seventh-day Adventist denominations also
thrive. The headquarters of the Philippine Bible Society is in Manila. The main campus of the Cathedral of
Praise is located on Taft Avenue. Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide has several branches and campuses in
Manila.
Religious groups such as Iglesia ni Cristo, Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide, and the El Shaddai movement
celebrate their anniversaries at Quirino Grandstand, which is an open space in Rizal Park.[242]
Manila Cathedral is the seat of The Minor San Agustín Church in Binondo Church serves the
Roman Catholic Archdiocese Basilica of San Intramuros, a UNESCO Roman Catholic Chinese
of Manila. Sebastián is the World Heritage Site community.
only all-steel
church in
Asia.[243]
Quiapo Church, home of

the iconic Black Nazarene,
whose Traslacion feast is
celebrated every January
9
Other faiths
Manila has many Taoist and Buddhist temples like Seng Guan Temple that serve the spiritual needs of the
Chinese Filipino community.[244] Quiapo has a "Muslim town" that includes the city's largest mosque Masjid Al-
Dahab.[245] Members of the Indian expatriate community can worship at the large Hindu temple in the city or at
the Sikh gurdwara on United Nations Avenue. The Baháʼí Faith's governing body in the Philippines the National
Spiritual Assembly is headquartered near Manila's eastern boundary with Makati.
Economy
Manila is a major center for commerce, banking and finance, retailing,
transportation, tourism, real estate, new media, traditional media,
advertising, legal services, accounting, insurance, theater, fashion, and the
arts. Around 60,000 establishments operate in the city.[246]
The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines, which annually

publishes the Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index (CMCI),
ranks the country's cities, municipalities, and provinces according to their
economic dynamism, government efficiency, and infrastructure. According
Skyline of Binondo, the central
to the 2022 CMCI, Manila was the second-most-competitive highly
business district of the city of
urbanized city in the Philippines.[247] Manila held the title of the country's Manila.
most-competitive city in 2015, and since then has been in the top three,
denoting Manila is consistently one of the best place to live in and do
business.[248]
Binondo, the oldest and one of the largest Chinatowns in the world, was the center of commerce and business
activities in the city. Numerous residential and office skyscrapers occupy its medieval streets. As of 2013, plans
by the city government of Manila to turn the Chinatown area into a business process outsourcing (BPO) hub
were in progress; thirty unoccupied buildings had been already identified for conversion into BPO offices. Most
of these buildings are on Escolta Street, Binondo.[249]
The Port of Manila is the largest seaport in the Philippines and the main
international shipping route into the country. The Philippine Ports Authority
oversees the operation and management of the country's ports. International
Container Terminal Services Inc., according to the Asian Development Bank,
is one of the top-five major maritime terminal operators in the
world,[250][251] and has its headquarters and main operations at the Port of
Manila. Another port operator, Asian Terminal Incorporated, has its
corporate office and main operations at Manila South Harbor, and its
View of the Manila International
Container Terminal, the chief port of
container depository is in Santa Mesa. Manila is classified as a Medium-Port
the Philippines Megacity, using the Southampton system for port-city classification.[252]
Manufacturers within the city produce industrial-related products such as

chemicals, textiles, clothing, electronic goods, food, beverages, and tobacco products. Local businesses process
primary commodities for export, including rope, plywood, refined sugar, copra, and coconut oil. The food-
processing industry is one of the most-stable manufacturing sector in the city.
Pandacan oil depot houses the storage facilities and distribution terminals of
Caltex Philippines, Pilipinas Shell, and Petron Corporation; the major
players in the country's petroleum industry. The oil depot has been a subject
of various concerns, including its environmental and health impact on the
residents of Manila. The Supreme Court ordered the oil depot to be relocated
outside the city by July 2015,[253][254] but it failed to meet this deadline.
Most of the oil depot facility inside the 33-hectare (82-acre) compound were
demolished,[255] and plans have been made to convert it into a transport hub
or food park.[256] Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
headquarters.
Manila is a major publishing center of the Philippines.[257] Manila Bulletin,
the Philippines' largest broadsheet newspaper by circulation, is
headquartered in Intramuros.[258] Other major publishing companies in the country The Manila Times, The
Philippine Star, and Manila Standard Today are headquartered in the Port Area. The Chinese Commercial
News, the Philippines' oldest existing Chinese-language newspaper, and the country's third-oldest
newspaper,[259] is headquartered in Binondo. DWRK used to have its studio at the FEMS Tower 1 along South
Superhighway in Malate before transferring to the MBC Building at the CCP Complex in 2008.[260]
Manila serves as the headquarters of the Central Bank of the Philippines, which is located on Roxas
Boulevard.[261] The Landbank of the Philippines and Philippine Trust Company also have their headquarters in
Manila. Unilever Philippines used to have its corporate office on United Nations Avenue in Paco before
transferring to Bonifacio Global City in 2016.[262] Vehicle manufacturer Toyota also has its regional office on UN
Avenue.
Tourism
Manila welcomes over one million tourists each year.[257] Major tourist destinations include the historic Walled
City of Intramuros, the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex,[note 1] Manila Ocean Park, Binondo
(Chinatown), Ermita, Malate, Manila Zoo, the National Museum Complex, and Rizal Park.[263] Both the historic
Walled City of Intramuros and Rizal Park were designated as flagship destinations
and as tourism enterprise zones in the Tourism Act of 2009.[264]
Rizal Park, also known as Luneta Park, is a national park and the largest urban park
in Asia.[265] with an area of 58 hectares (140 acres),[266] The park was constructed
to honor of the country's national hero José Rizal, who was executed by the
Spaniards on charges of subversion. The flagpole west of the Rizal Monument is the
Kilometer Zero marker for distances to locations across the country. The park is
managed by the National Parks and Development Committee.[267]
The 0.67-square-kilometer (0.26 sq mi) Walled City of Intramuros is the historic

center of Manila. It is administered by the Intramuros Administration, an attached
agency of the Department of Tourism. It contains Manila Cathedral and the 18th
The historic Plaza Moriones Century San Agustin Church, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Kalesa is a popular
with the Manila Cathedral in mode of transportation for tourists in Intramuros and nearby places including
the background. Binondo, Ermita and Rizal Park.[268] Binondo, the oldest Chinatown in the world,
was established in 1521[269] and served as a hub of Chinese commerce before the
Spaniards colonized the Philippines. Its main attractions are Binondo Church,
Filipino-Chinese Friendship Arch, Seng Guan Buddhist Temple, and authentic Chinese restaurants.
Manila is designated as the country's leading destination for medical tourism, which is estimated to annually
generate $1 billion in revenue.[270] Lack of a progressive health system, inadequate infrastructure, and the
unstable political environment are seen as hindrances to its growth.[271]
Shopping
Manila is regarded as one of the best shopping destinations in Asia.[272][273]
Major shopping malls, department stores, markets, supermarkets, and
bazaars are located within the city.
Divisoria in Tondo has been locally described as a "shopping mecca" of

Manila.[274][275] Shopping malls sell goods at bargain prices. Small vendors
occupy several roads, causing pedestrian and vehicular traffic. A well-known
landmark in Divisoria is the Tutuban Center, a large shopping mall that is a
Divisoria is a popular flea market for
part of the Philippine National Railways' Main Station. It attracts 1 million locals and tourists.
people every month and is expected to add another 400,000 people upon
the completion of the LRT Line 2 West Extension, making it Manila's busiest
transfer station.[276] Another "lifestyle mall" is Lucky Chinatown. There are almost 1 million shoppers in
Divisoria according to the Manila Police District.[277]
Binondo, the oldest Chinatown in the world,[52] is the city's center of commerce and trade for all types of
businesses run by Filipino-Chinese merchants, with a wide variety of shops and restaurants. Quiapo is referred
to as the "Old Downtown", where tiangges, markets, boutique shops, music and electronics stores are
common.[278] Many department stores are on Recto Avenue.
Robinsons Place Manila is Manila's largest shopping mall.[279] The mall was the second and the largest
Robinsons Malls built. SM Supermalls operates the shopping malls SM City Manila and SM City San Lazaro. SM
City Manila is located on the former site of YMCA Manila beside Manila City Hall in Ermita, while SM City San
Lazaro is built on the site of the former San Lazaro Hippodrome in Santa Cruz. The building of the former
Manila Royal Hotel in Quiapo, which is known for its revolving restaurant, is now the SM Clearance Center and
was established in 1972.[280] The site of the first SM Department Store is Carlos Palanca Sr. (formerly Echague)
Street in San Miguel.[281]
Culture
Museums
As the cultural center of the Philippines, Manila has a number of museums.
The National Museum Complex of the National Museum of the Philippines,
located in Rizal Park, is composed of the National Museum of Fine Arts, the
National Museum of Anthropology, the National Museum of Natural
History,[282] and the National Planetarium. Spoliarium, a famous painting
by Juan Luna, can be found in the complex.[283]
The city hosts the National Library of the Philippines, a repository of the
The National Museum of Fine Arts
country's printed and recorded cultural heritage, and other literary and
information resources.[284][285] The National Historical Commission of the
Philippines maintains two history museums in the city, which are the Museo ni Apolinario Mabini – PUP and
the Museo ni Jose Rizal – Fort Santiago.[286] Museums established or run by the National Libraryeducational
institutions are DLS-CSB Museum of Contemporary Art and Design,[287] UST Museum of Arts and
Sciences,[288] and the UP Museum of a History of Ideas.[289]
Bahay Tsinoy, one of Manila's prominent museums, documents the lives of

Chinese people and their contributions to the history of the
Philippines.[290][291] Intramuros Light and Sound Museum chronicles
Filipinos' desire for freedom during the revolution under Rizal's leadership
and other revolutionary leaders. The Metropolitan Museum of Manila
houses modern and contemporary visual arts, and exhibits Filipino arts and
culture.[292]
National Museum of Natural HistoryOther museums in the city are the Museo Pambata,[293] a children's
at Agrifina Circle, Rizal Park
museum;[294] and Plaza San Luis, an outdoor heritage public museum that
includes nine Spanish Bahay na Bato houses.[295] Ecclesiastical museums
located in the city are the Parish of the Our Lady of the Abandoned in Santa Ana;[296] San Agustin Church
Museum;[297] and the Museo de Intramuros, which houses the ecclesiastical art collection of the Intramuros
Administration in the reconstructed San Ignacio Church and Convent.[298]
Sports
Sports in Manila have a long and distinguished history. The city's, and in general the country's, main sport is
basketball. Most barangays have a basketball court or a makeshift one, and court markings are frequently drawn
on the streets. Larger barangays have covered courts where inter-barangay leagues are held every April to May.
Manila's major sports venues include Rizal Memorial Sports Complex and San Andres Gym, the base of the
now-defunct Manila Metrostars.[299] Rizal Memorial Sports Complex houses a track and football stadium, a
baseball stadium, tennis courts, Rizal Memorial Coliseum, and Ninoy Aquino Stadium; the latter two are indoor
arenas. The Rizal complex had hosted several multi-sport events, such as the 1954 Asian Games and the 1934
Far Eastern Games. When the Philippines hosts the Southeast Asian Games, most of the events are held at the
complex but in the 2005 Games, most events were held elsewhere. The 1960 ABC Championship and the 1973
ABC Championship, forerunners of the FIBA Asia Championship, were

hosted at the memorial coliseum; the national basketball team won both
tournaments.[300] The 1978 FIBA World Championship was held at the
coliseum although the latter stages were held in the Araneta Coliseum in
Quezon City.
Manila has several other well-known sports facilities such as Enrique M.

Razon Sports Center and the University of Santo Tomas Sports Complex,
both of which are private venues owned by a university; collegiate sports are
Aerial view of the city-owned Rizal
also held in the city; the University Athletic Association of the Philippines
Memorial Stadium, part of the Rizal
and the National Collegiate Athletic Association basketball games held at Memorial Sports Complex.
Rizal Memorial Coliseum and Ninoy Aquino Stadium, although basketball
events have been transferred to San Juan's Filoil Flying V Arena and Araneta
Coliseum in Quezon City. Other collegiate sports are still held at Rizal
Memorial Sports Complex. Professional basketball, which has been mostly
organized by corporate teams, also used to play at the city but the Philippine
Basketball Association now holds their games at Araneta Coliseum and
Cuneta Astrodome at Pasay; the now-defunct Philippine Basketball League
played some of their games, such as its 1995–96 Philippine Basketball
League season, at Rizal Memorial Sports Complex.[301]
Children playing basketball at the
Manila Metrostars participated in the Metropolitan Basketball ruins of San Ignacio Church in
Association.[302] The Metrostars, named after the Metrostar Express – the Intramuros
brand name of the Metro Manila MRT-3, which does not have stations in the
city – participated in its first three seasons and won the 1999
championship.[303] The Metrostars later merged with the Batangas Blades and subsequently played in Lipa,
Batangas. Almost twenty years later, Manila Stars participated in the Maharlika Pilipinas Basketball League,
reaching the Northern Division Finals in 2019. Both teams played in the San Andres Sports Complex. Other
teams that represented Manila but did not host games in the city are the Manila Jeepney F.C. and FC Meralco
Manila. The city's government acknowledged Jeepney as Manila's representative in the United Football League.
Meralco Manila played in the Philippines Football League and designated Rizal Memorial Stadium as their
home ground.
Manila's rugby league team Manila Storm trains at Rizal Park and plays matches at Southern Plains Field,
Calamba, Laguna. Baseball was previously a widely played sport in the city but in 2022, Manila had the
Philippines' only sizable baseball stadium, Rizal Memorial Baseball Stadium, which hosted games of the now-
defunct Baseball Philippines; Lou Gehrig and Babe Ruth were the first players to score a home run at the
stadium during their tour of the country on December 2, 1934.[304] Cue sports are also popular in Manila;
billiard halls are present in most barangays. The 2010 World Cup of Pool was held at Robinsons Place
Manila.[305]
Rizal Memorial Track and Football Stadium hosted the first FIFA World Cup qualifier in decades when the
Philippines hosted Sri Lanka in July 2011. The stadium, which was previously unfit for international matches,
had been renovated before the match.[306] The stadium also hosted its first rugby test for the 2012 Asian Five
Nations Division I tournaments.[307]
Festivals and holidays

Manila celebrates civic and national holidays. Because most of the city's residents are Roman Catholic,[308][309]
most of the festivals are religious in nature. Manila Day, which celebrates the city's founding on June 24,
1571,[310] Spanish conquistador Miguel López de Legazpi, was first proclaimed by the city's vice mayor
Herminio A. Astorga on June 24, 1962. It has been annually commemorated

under the patronage of John the Baptist, and has always been declared by
the national government as a special, non-working holiday through
presidential proclamations. Each of the city's 896 barangays also have their
own festivities, which are guided by their own patron saints.
Manila also hosts the procession of the Feast of the Black Nazarene
(Traslacíon), which is held every January 9 and draws millions of Catholic
followers.[311] Other religious festivities held in Manila are the Feast of Santo Catholic devotees during the Feast
of the Black Nazarene (Traslacíon)
Niño in Tondo and Pandacan, which is held on the third Sunday of
January;[312][313] the Feast of Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados de
Manila (Our Lady of the Abandoned), the patron saint of Santa Ana, which is held every May 12;[314] and the
Flores de Mayo.[315] Non-religious holidays include New Year's Day, National Heroes' Day, Bonifacio Day, and
Rizal Day.[316]
Government
Local government
Manila, which is officially known as the City of Manila, is the national capital
of the Philippines and is classified as a special city according to its
income,[317][318] and a highly urbanized city (HUC). The Mayor of Manila is
the chief executive, and is assisted by the vice mayor and the 38-member
City Council, who are elected as representatives of the six councilor districts
within the city, and the municipal presidents of the Liga ng mga Barangay
and Sangguniang Kabataan.
The city has no control over Intramuros and Manila North Harbor. The Manila City Hall, the seat of city
historic Walled City is administered by the Intramuros Administration while government
Manila North Harbor is managed by the Philippine Ports Authority. Both are
national government agencies. The barangays that have jurisdictions over
these places oversee the welfare of the city's constituents but cannot exercise
their executive powers. Manila had a 12,971 personnel complement at the
end of 2018.[319] Under the proposed form of federalism in the Philippines,
Manila may no longer be the capital and Metro Manila may no longer be the
seat of government; the committee has not yet decided on the federal capital
and states they are open to other proposals.[320][321]
As of May 2022, the Mayor of Manila is Maria Shielah "Honey" Lacuna- The inaugural session of the 12th
Pangan, daughter of former Manila vice mayor Danilo Lacuna. Lacuna is the Manila City Council at the city hall
city's first female mayor.[322] The vice mayor is Yul Servo. The mayor and (2022)
the vice mayor are limited to up-to three terms, each term lasting for three
years. The city has an ordinance penalizing cat-calling since 2018, and is the
second city in the Philippines to do so after Quezon City, which passed a similar ordinance in 2016.[323] In 2017,
the city government planned to revise the existing curfew ordinance since the Supreme Court declared it
unconstitutional in August that year. Of the three cities reviewed by the Supreme Court; the City of Manila,
Navotas, and Quezon City; only the curfew ordinance of Quezon City was approved.[324][325]
National government
Manila, being the seat of political power in the Philippines, has the
headquarters of several national government offices. Planning for the city's
role as the center of government started during the early years of American
colonization, when the U.S. envisioned a well-designed city outside the walls
of Intramuros, and chose Bagumbayan, a former town that is now Rizal Park
to become the center of government. A design commission was given to
Daniel Burnham to create a master plan for the city patterned after
Malacañang Palace, the official
Washington, D.C.[326] but the plans were abandoned under the residence and workplace of the
Commonwealth Government of Manuel L. Quezon. A new government President of the Philippines.
center was to be built on the hills northeast of Manila, in what is now
Quezon City. Several government agencies have set up their headquarters in
Quezon City but several key government offices are still based in Manila. Many of the plans were substantially
altered after the devastation of Manila during World War II and by subsequent administrations.
As the nation's capital, Manila hosts the Office of the President and the
President's official residence. It also houses important government agencies
and institutions such as the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, the
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, the Departments of Budget and Management,
Finance, Health, Justice, Labor and Employment, and Public Works and
Highways. Manila also hosts important national institutions such as the
National Library, National Archives, National Museum of the Philippines,
and Philippine General Hospital.. Other notable institutions based in Manila
are the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, National Historical
Facade of the Supreme Court of the
Philippines. Commission, Film Development Council of the Philippines, and the Cultural
Center of the Philippines.
Congress previously held office at the Old Congress Building.[327] In 1972, due to declaration of martial law,
Congress was dissolved; its successor, the unicameral Batasang Pambansa, held office at the new Batasang
Pambansa Complex. When a new constitution restored the bicameral Congress, the House of Representatives
stayed at the Batasang Pambansa Complex and the Senate remained at the Old Congress Building. In May 1997,
the Senate transferred to a new building, which it shares with the Government Service Insurance System on
reclaimed land at Pasay. The Supreme Court was due to transfer to its new campus at Bonifacio Global City,
Taguig, in 2019 but the move was postponed to a later year.[328]
In Congress, Manila has six representatives, one each from its six congressional districts.[329]
Finance
In the 2019 Annual Audit Report published by the Commission on Audit, the revenue of the City of Manila was
₱16.534 billion.[319] It is one of the cities with the highest tax collection and internal revenue allotment.[330] For
the 2019 fiscal year, the tax revenue collected by the city was ₱8.4 billion. The city's Internal Revenue Allotment
(IRA) from the National Treasury was ₱2.94 billion, and the city's total assets were worth ₱63.4 billion in
2019.[319] The City of Manila has the highest budget allocation for healthcare of all the cities and municipalities
in the Philippines; the city maintains the six district hospitals, 59 health centers and lying-in clinics, and
healthcare programs.
Infrastructure
Housing
Development of public housing in Manila began in the 1930s under U.S.

rule; Americans had to deal with the problem of sanitation and
concentration of settlers around business areas.[331] Business codes and
sanitation laws were implemented in the 1930s. During this period until the
1950s, new communities were opened for relocation. Among these were
Projects 1–8 in Diliman, Quezon City; and the Vitas tenement houses in
Tondo.[332] In 1947, the government implemented a public housing policy
that established the People's Homesite and Housing Corporation
Smokey Mountain Housing Project
was built on a former landfill.
(PHHC).[333] A few years later, it established a Slum Clearance Committee
Continuous development of housing which, with the help of the PHHC, relocated thousands of families from
buildings continues up to the Manila and Quezon City to Sapang Palay in San Jose del Monte, Bulacan in
present day. the 1960s.[334]
In 2016, the national government completed several medium-rise houses for

300 Manila residents whose slum community was destroyed by a fire in 2011.[335] As of 2019, the city
government plans to retrofit dilapidated tenements within the city,[336] and will construct new housing
buildings for the city's informal settlers such as the 14-story Tondominium 1 and Tondomium 2 buildings,
containing 42-square-meter (450 sq ft), two-bedroom units. The construction of these new in-city vertical
housing projects was funded by a loan from the Development Bank of the Philippines and the Land Bank of the
Philippines.[337][338]
Since 2019, the Manila City Government has initiated six housing projects: Tondominium 1 & 2,
Binondominium, Basecommunity, San Lazaro Residences, Pedro Gil Residences, and San Sebastian
Residences.[339][340][341]
Transportation
One of the best-known modes of
transportation in Manila is the jeepney,
which were patterned after U.S. Army
jeeps and have been in use since the mid-
to-late 1940s.[342] The Tamaraw FX, the
third generation of the Toyota Kijang,
once directly competed with jeepneys
and followed fixed routes for a set price. Jeepneys are one of the most
Pureza station of LRT Line 2 in They were replaced by the UV Express. popular modes of transportation in
Santa Mesa All types of public road transportation in Manila.
Manila are privately owned and operated
under government-issued franchises.
On a for-hire basis, the city is served by taxicabs, "tricycles" – motorcycles

with sidecars—the Philippine version of the auto rickshaw), and "trisikads",
"sikads" or "kuligligs"; bicycles with sidecars, the Philippine version of
pedicabs), which are popular In some areas, especially Divisoria. Spanish-
era horse-drawn calesas are a popular tourist attraction and mode of
transportation in Binondo and Intramuros. Manila will phase out all
gasoline-run tricycles and pedicabs, and replace them with electric tricycles
(e-trikes), and plans to distribute 10,000 e-trikes to qualified tricycle drivers Blumentritt Station of the LRT Line 1
from the city.[343][344] By January 2018, the city has distributed e-trikes to a
number of drivers and operators in Binondo, Ermita, Malate, and Santa
Cruz.[345]
Manila is serviced by LRT Line 1 (LRT-1) and Line 2 (LRT-2), which form the Manila Light Rail Transit System.
Development of the light rail system began in the 1970s during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, when the
LRT Line 1 was built, making it the first light-rail system in Southeast Asia. Despite its name, LRT-1 operates as
a light metro, running on dedicated rights-of-way. LRT 2 operates as a full-metro, heavy rail system. As of 2015,
these systems were undergoing a multi-billion-dollar expansion.[346] The LRT runs along the length of Taft
Avenue (N170/R-2) and Rizal Avenue (N150/R-9), while LRT-2 runs along Claro M. Recto Avenue (N145/C-1)
and Ramon Magsaysay Boulevard (N180/R-6) from Santa Cruz, through Quezon City, and to Masinag in
Antipolo, Rizal.
Tutuban station, the central terminal of the Philippine National Railways,

lies within Manila.[347][348] Within Metro Manila, one commuter railway is
in operation. The line runs in a general north–south direction from Tutuban
(Tondo) toward the province of Laguna. The Port of Manila, which is located
in the western section of the city on Manila Bay, is the largest and chief
seaport of the Philippines.[349] The Pasig River Ferry Service is another form
of transportation.[350] The city is also served by Ninoy Aquino International
Airport, the country's main international airport and domestic air hub.[351]
Tutuban Main Station, which was
Trolleys, hand-made human-powered metal handcarts operated by "trolley
built in 1887, is the main terminal of
boys", transport people along sections of the PNR lines. This is a popular the Ferrocaril de Manila-Dagupan
means of transportation because it is low-cost – roughly ₱10 or US$.20 per (now known as the Philippine
trip – and avoids traffic. Many trolley boy are homeless and live alongside National Railways). At the present
the railroad line, which is actively used by passenger trains so collisions with moment, it serves as a shopping
passenger trains are a consistent danger, although casualties are rare. center and a public transit hub.
Trolley rides are unofficial and unregulated but tolerated by
authorities.[352][353][354][355]
Satellite navigation company TomTom ranked Manila as the second world's most-traffic-congested city in
2019.[356] According to Waze's 2015 "Global Driver Satisfaction Index", Manila has the worst traffic
worldwide.[357] Manila is notorious for its frequent traffic jams and high densities.[358] The government has
undertaken several projects to alleviate the traffic in the city, some of which include the proposed construction
of a new viaduct or underpass at the intersection of España Boulevard and Lacson Avenue;[359] the construction
of Skyway Stage 3, NLEX Connector, and Pasig River Expressway; the proposed LRT Line 2 West Extension
Project from Recto Avenue to Pier 4 of Manila North Harbor;[360] the proposed construction of the PNR east–
west line through España Boulevard to Quezon City; and the expansion and widening of several national and
local roads. These projects, however, had yet to make any meaningful impact by 2014, and the traffic jams and
congestion continue.[361]
The government, under its 2014 Metro Manila Dream Plan aims to address these urban transport problems. The
plan is a list of short-term priority projects and medium-to-long-term infrastructure projects that will last up to
2030.[362][363]
Water and electricity

Water services used to be provided by the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS), which
served 30% of the city; most other sewage was directly dumped into storm drains, septic tanks, and open
canals.[364] MWSS was privatized in 1997, which split the water concession into the east and west zones.
Maynilad Water Services took over the west zone, of which Manila is a part. As of 2001, Maynilad Water
Services provides the supply and delivery of potable water, and sewerage system in Manila[365] but does not
serve the southeastern part of the city, which belongs to the east zone that is served by Manila Water.[366]
Electricity services are provided by Meralco, the sole electricity distributor in Metro Manila.[367]
Healthcare
Manila Health Department is responsible for the planning and
implementation of healthcare programs provided by the city government.
Manila Health Department operates 59 health centers and six city-run
hospitals, which are free of charge for the city's constituents. The six public
city-run hospitals are Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center, Ospital ng
Sampaloc, Gat Andres Bonifacio Memorial Medical Center, Ospital ng
Tondo, Santa Ana Hospital, and Justice Jose Abad Santos General
Hospital.[369] Philippine General Hospital, a tertiary state-owned hospital in
Manila, is operated by the University of the Philippines Manila. The city is Philippine General Hospital,
planning to build an education, research, and hospital facility for cleft lip established in 1910, is the largest
and cleft palate patients,[370][371] and to establish the first children's surgical modern tertiary hospital in the
hospital in Southeast Asia.[372] country.[368]
Private corporations also provide healthcare in Manila. Private hospitals that

operate in the city are Manila Doctors Hospital,[373] Chinese General Hospital and Medical Center,[374] José R.
Reyes Memorial Medical Center,[375] Metropolitan Medical Center,[376] Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital,[377] and
the University of Santo Tomas Hospital.[378]
The Department of Health (DOH) has its main office in Manila[379] and operates San Lazaro Hospital, a special
referral tertiary hospital. DOH also operates Dr. Jose Fabella Memorial Hospital, Jose R. Reyes Memorial
Medical Center, and Tondo Medical Center.[380] Manila is the home to the headquarters of the World Health
Organization's Regional Office for the Western Pacific and Country Office for the Philippines.[381]
The city government provides free immunization programs for children, who are specifically targeted against
hepatitis B, hemophilus influenza B pneumonia, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, measles, mumps, and rubella. As of
2016, 31,115 children age one and below have been fully immunized.[382] Manila Dialysis Center, which provides
free services for the poor, has been cited by the United Nations Committee on Innovation, Competitiveness and
Public-Private Partnerships as a model for public-private partnership (PPP) projects.[383][384] The dialysis
facility was named Flora V. Valisno de Siojo Dialysis Center in 2019, and was inaugurated as the largest free
dialysis facility in the Philippines. It has 91 dialysis machines, which can be expanded up to 100, matching the
capabilities of the National Kidney and Transplant Institute (NKTI).[385][386]
Education
Manila has been a center of education since the colonial period.[387] The city has several Philippine universities
and colleges, some of which are the county's oldest. The city's University Belt has a high concentration of
colleges and universities, which are a short walking distance of each other. The University Belt is at the
boundaries between San Miguel, Quiapo, and Sampaloc districts, while other clusters colleges lie along the
southern bank of the Pasig River – mostly in Intramuros and Ermita districts; and at the southernmost part of
Malate near the city limits.
The historic district Intramuros once housed the University of Santo Tomas (1611), Colegio de San Juan de
Letran (1620), and Ateneo de Manila University (1859).[387][388] Only Colegio de San Juan de Letran remains at
Intramuros; the University of Santo Tomas transferred to a new campus at Sampaloc in 1927 and Ateneo de
Manila University relocated to Loyola Heights, Quezon City, in 1952. In the 20th century, new non-sectarian
schools were built; Mapúa University (1925), Lyceum of the Philippines

University (1952), and Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (1965) – which
is owned and operated by the Manila city government.[389][390] The four
schools in the district formed the Intramuros Consortium. Other notable
universities in the city include National University (1900), San Beda
University (1901), the only Benedictine university in Asia, De La Salle
University (1911), the largest of all De La Salle University System of schools,
Far Eastern University (1928), and Adamson University (1939).
The campus of the Pamantasan ng
Lungsod ng Maynila and Baluarte
The University of the Philippines (1908), the country's main state university,
de San Diego in Intramuros
was established in Ermita, Manila. It moved its central administrative offices
from Manila to Diliman in 1949 and eventually made the original campus
the University of the Philippines Manila, the oldest of the constituent
universities of the University of the Philippines System, and the center of
health-sciences education in the country.[391] Manila is also the site of the
main campus of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines, the largest
university in the country in terms of student population.[392]
The city's three-tier public education system, the Division of the City Schools
of Manila, is a branch of the Department of Education. The division governs
the 71 public elementary schools and 32 public high schools within the De La Salle University is a Lasallian
city.[393] The city also contains Manila Science High School, a pilot science educational institution established in
high school.[394] 1911.
Sister cities
Asia
Astana, Kazakhstan[395]
Bacoor, Cavite[396]
Bangkok, Thailand[397]
Beijing, People's Republic of China[398][399]
Dili, East Timor[400][401]
Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China[399]
Haifa, Israel[402]
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam[403]
Incheon, South Korea[404]
Jakarta, Indonesia[405]
Nantan, Kyoto, Japan[406]
Osaka, Japan (business partner)[407]
Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands[408]
Shanghai, People's Republic of China[409]
Taipei, Taiwan[410]
Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan[411][412]
Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan[412][413]
Europe
Bucharest, Romania[395]
Lisbon, Portugal[414]
Warsaw, Poland
Madrid, Spain[415]
Málaga, Spain[395]
Moscow, Russia[395]
Nice, France[416]
Americas
Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico[417]
Buenos Aires, Argentina[418]
Cali, Colombia
Cartagena, Colombia[395]
Havana, Cuba[395]
Honolulu, Hawaii, United States[419]
Lima, Peru[395]
Maui County, Hawaii, United States[420]
Mexico City, Mexico
Montevideo, Uruguay[421]
Montreal, Quebec, Canada[422]
New York City, New York, United States (global partner)[423]
Panama City, Panama[424]
Sacramento, California, United States
San Francisco, California, United States[425]
Santiago, Chile[395]
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada[426]
International relations
Manila hosts the foreign embassies of the United States[427] and Vietnam.[428] Honorary consulates of Belize,
Burkina Faso, Jordan, Nepal, Poland, Iceland, Paraguay, Thailand, and Tunisia are based in the city.[429]
See also
Greater Manila Area
List of people from Manila
Province of Manila
Notes
a. This was spurred by a locally found sacred image, i.e., a Black Madonna of unknown origin; one theory is
that it is from Portuguese-Macau, another is that it is a Tantric goddess and this was worshiped by the
natives in a Pagan-Hindu manner and had survived Islamic iconoclasm by the Sultanate of Brunei. This
image was interpreted to be of Marian nature, and it was found during the Miguel de Legazpi expedition and
eventually, a Mexican hermit built a chapel around that image.
1. The city limits was at Vicente Sotto Street. The rest of the place south of the street belongs to Pasay.
Buildings and structures in CCP that falls under the jurisdiction of Manila includes the National Theater.
References
1. " 'Pearl of Orient' Stripped of Food; Manila, Before Pearl Harbor, Had Been Prosperous—Its Harbor One, of
Best Focus for Two Attacks Osmeña Succeeded Quezon" (https://www.nytimes.com/1945/02/05/archives/pe
arl-of-orient-stripped-of-food-manila-before-pearl-harbor-had.html). New York Times. February 5, 1945.
Retrieved March 3, 2014. "Manila, modernized and elevated to the status of a metropolis by American
engineering skill, was before Pearl Harbor a city of 623,000 population, contained in an area of 14 square
miles (36 km2)."
2. [https://lgu201.dilg.gov.ph/view.php?r=13&p=39
3. "Manila" (https://manila.gov.ph/city-profile/). City Government of Manila.
4. "Demographia World Urban Areas PDF (July 2022)" (http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf) (PDF).
Demographia. Retrieved September 16, 2022.
5. Census of Population (2020). Table B - Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City, and
Municipality - By Region (https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/Table%2520B%2520-%2520Populati
on%2520and%2520Annual%2520Growth%2520Rates%2520by%2520Province%252C%2520City%252C%
2520and%2520Municipality%2520-%2520By%2520Region_AGBA_rev.xlsx). Philippine Statistics Authority.
Retrieved July 8, 2021.
6. "Philippine Population Density (Based on the 2015 Census of Population)" (https://psa.gov.ph/content/philipp
ine-population-density-based-2015-census-population). Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved
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7. This is the original Spanish, even used by José Rizal in El filibusterismo.
8. Error: Unable to display the reference properly. See the documentation for details.
9. Sub-national HDI. "Area Database – Global Data Lab" (https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/).
hdi.globaldatalab.org.
10. "Annual Audit Report: City of Manila" (https://web.archive.org/web/20161104083035/http://www.coa.gov.ph/p
hocadownloadpap/userupload/annual_audit_report/LGUs/2014/NCR/Cities/City_of_Manila_ES2014.pdf)
(PDF). Commission on Audit. 2014. Archived from the original (https://www.coa.gov.ph/index.php/local-gover
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11. China and the Birth of Globalization in the 16th Century, by Dennis O. Flynn and Arturo Giráldez
12. Frank, Andre G. (1998). ReOrient: Global Economy in the Asian Age (https://archive.org/details/reorient00an
dr). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 131 (https://archive.org/details/reorient00andr/page/131).
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14. "GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2018" (https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2018t.html).
www.lboro.ac.uk. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
15. "Brookings – Global Metro Monitor 2018" (https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor-2018/).
www.brookings.edu. November 30, 2001. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
16. "The Global Financial Centres Index 27" (https://www.longfinance.net/media/documents/GFCI_27_Full_Rep
ort_2020.03.26_v1.1_.pdf) (PDF). Long Finance. March 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
17. Lozada, Bong (March 27, 2014). "Metro Manila is world's second riskiest capital to live in–poll" (http://newsin
fo.inquirer.net/589526/manila-is-worlds-second-riskiest-city-to-live-in-poll). Philippine Daily Inquirer.
Retrieved April 9, 2014.
18. "Global Metro Monitor" (https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/). Brookings Institution.
January 22, 2015. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
19. Baumgartner, Joseph (March 1975). "Manila – Maynilad or Maynila?". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and
Society. 3 (1): 52–54. JSTOR 29791188 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/29791188).
20. Chamberlain, Alexander F. (1901). "Philippine Studies: V. The Origin of the Name Manila" (https://books.goo
gle.com/books?id=x1Y4AQAAMAAJ). The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal. 23 (5): 33.
21. Thomas, Hugh (August 11, 2015). World Without End: Spain, Philip II, and the First Global Empire (https://b
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8129-9812-2. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
22. "Ixora manila Blanco" (http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=235302). World Marine
Species Database. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
23. Merrill, Elmer Drew (1903). A Dictionary of the Plant Names of the Philippine Islands (https://archive.org/stre
am/dictionaryofplan00merr#page/88/search/nilar). Manila: Bureau of Public Printing.
24. Aloma Monte de los Santos (1994). Parish of Santo Niño de Molino – Bacoor, Cavite – 1984–1994: The
Making of a Parish (https://books.google.com/books?id=hibkAAAAMAAJ). Parish of Santo Niño de Molino.
Retrieved August 20, 2018.
25. Ambeth Ocampo (June 25, 2008), Looking Back: Pre-Spanish Manila (https://web.archive.org/web/2008062
8110827/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080625-144587/Pre-Spanish-Manila),
Philippine Daily Inquirer, archived from the original (http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/2
0080625-144587/Pre-Spanish-Manila) on June 28, 2008, retrieved August 21, 2018
26. Ocampo, Ambeth R. (1990). Looking Back, Volume 1 (https://books.google.com/books?id=nCZyAAAAMAA
J). Anvil Publishing Inc. ISBN 9789712700583. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
27. Nakpil, Julio. "A Suggestion to the Tagalistas to Elucidate the Origin of the Name of the Capital City of the
Philippines: Manila. Which of these Three Terms or Names Is the More Accurate: Maynilad, Manilad, or
Manila?". August 26, 1940.
28. Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands, 1493–1898, Vol. VIII, p. 96-141. The Arthur H. Clarke
Company.; Census of the Philippines, 1903
29. Velasquez-Ty, Catalina; García, Tomas; Maceda, Antonio J. (1955). Your Country and Mine (https://books.go
ogle.com/books?id=IE8OAQAAIAAJ).
30. An example is: Saenger, Peter (June 29, 2013). Mangrove Ecology, Silviculture and Conservation. Springer
Science & Business Media. p. 19. ISBN 9789401599627.
31. Rolfe, R.A. (1886) On the flora of Philippine Islands and its probable derivation. The Journal of the Linnean
Society - Botany 21: 285 (https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QacI71mt_EoXKT
o6hqZy18tFfIPj1o_TgmmrtgsqWr7j6DpWOgxOT9LTw0NxQt1mHWMh3agvkguqMaqyBThP9gC9IDKgvIEG
MYl1BB6FB_WrQ102ahtPSLsN-gXh-biwM_obsuWI4ucnyFMRyI8gyH8G98iPlEJA-hVG_pX_lhl1PUubpFVfE
jV2g8Obhoaqn8aNV33BkWiFut-CgccEKYY_CMlZnr07eRZB6klbXQK42aA-5KkyR9yD4xeFXu1ou0cxK0a7v
cy34FWfZlBAnpAKb8horQ).
32. Ray, John; Camel, Georg Joseph; Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de (1686). Historia plantarum : species
hactenus editas aliasque insuper multas noviter inventas & descriptas complectens (https://www.biodiversity
library.org/item/126270). Vol. 3 ([Large paper issue] ed.). Londini: Typis Mariæ Clark, prostant apud
Henricum Faithorne [etc.] p. 86.
33. Mijares, Armand Salvador B. (2006). .The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon: Perspectives From The
Peñablanca Cave Sites (http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/10/9) Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20140707050814/http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/article/viewFile/10/9) July
7, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 26: 72–78.
34. Junker, Laura Lee (2000). Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms.
Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. pp. 184–192. ISBN 978-9715503471.
35. Wakan Sansai Zue, Pages 202-216
36. Reading Song-Ming Records on the Pre-colonial History of the Philippines (https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/
228735802.pdf) By Wang Zhenping Page 256.
37. Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times By Robert Nicholl Page 12, citing: "Groenveldt, Notes Page
112"
38. "Pusat Sejarah Brunei" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150415152209/http://www.history-centre.gov.bn/sulta
nbrunei.htm) (in Malay). Government of Brunei Darussalam. Archived from the original (http://www.history-ce
ntre.gov.bn/sultanbrunei.htm) on April 15, 2015. Retrieved March 3, 2014.
39. Agoncillo, Teodoro (1990) [1960]. History of the Filipino People (https://books.google.com/books?id=KjxFOQ
AACAAJ) (8th ed.). Quezon City: Garotech Publishing Inc. p. 22. ISBN 971-10-2415-2.
40. Wright, Hamilton M. (1907). "A Handbook of the Philippines" (https://archive.org/details/ahandbookphilip01w

riggoog/page/n208), p. 143. A.C. McClurg & Co., Chicago.
41. Kane, Herb Kawainui (1996). "The Manila Galleons". In Bob Dye (ed.). Hawaiʻi Chronicles: Island History
from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine. Vol. I. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 25–32. ISBN 978-0-
8248-1829-6.
42. The "Indo-Pacific" Crossroads (https://lirias.kuleuven.be/retrieve/578752#page=22): The Asian Waters as
Conduits of Knowledge, People, Cargoes, and Technologies Page 107 (Citing:"Wang 1953; Tanaka Takeo
1961.")
43. Bartolome Juan Leonardy y de Argensola, Conquistas de las islas Molucas (Madrid: Alonso Martin, 1909)
pp. 351-8; Cesar Majul, Muslims in the Philippines (Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press, 1973)
pp. 119-20; Hal, History of Southeast Asia, pp. 249-50.
44. Peter Borschberg (2015). Journal, Memorials and Letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge. Security,
Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th-Century Southeast Asia (https://www.academia.edu/4302783).
Singapore: NUS Press. pp. 82, 84, 126, 421. Retrieved August 30, 2015.
45. Zamboangueño Chavacano: Philippine Spanish Creole or Filipinized Spanish Creole? By Tyron Judes D.
Casumpang (Page 3)
46. Bhattacharya, Bhaswati (March 2008). "Making money at the blessed place of Manila: Armenians in the
Madras–Manila trade in the eighteenth century*" (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-global-
history/article/abs/making-money-at-the-blessed-place-of-manila-armenians-in-the-madrasmanila-trade-in-th
e-eighteenth-century/5B0481C8F3C2F0D7D470D38408B956BB). Journal of Global History. 3 (1): 1–20.
doi:10.1017/S1740022808002416 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1740022808002416). ISSN 1740-0236 (http
s://www.worldcat.org/issn/1740-0236).
47. "Manila (Philippines)" (https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/362270/Manila). Britannica. Retrieved
March 3, 2014.
48. Backhouse, Thomas (1765). The Secretary at War to Mr. Secretary Conway. London: British Library. pp. v.
40.
49. Fish, Shirley (2003). When Britain Ruled The Philippines 1762–1764 (https://books.google.com/books?id=4g
oyHgAACAAJ). 1stBooks. p. 158. ISBN 978-1-4107-1069-7.
50. "Wars and Battles: Treaty of Paris (1763)" (http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h754.html). www.u-s-
history.com.
51. Barrows, David (2014). "A History of the Philippines" (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38269/38269-h/38269-
h.htm#pb139). Guttenburg Free Online E-books. 1: 179. "Within the walls, there were some six hundred
houses of a private nature, most of them built of stone and tile, and an equal number outside in the suburbs,
or "arrabales", all occupied by Spaniards ("todos son vivienda y poblacion de los Españoles"). This gives
some twelve hundred Spanish families or establishments, exclusive of the religious, who in Manila
numbered at least one hundred and fifty, the garrison, at certain times, about four hundred trained Spanish
soldiers who had seen service in Holland and the Low Countries, and the official classes."
52. Raitisoja, Geni " Chinatown Manila: Oldest in the world" (http://en.radio86.com/travel/travel-destinations/chin
atown-manila-oldest-world) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110402180844/http://en.radio86.com/tr
avel/travel-destinations/chinatown-manila-oldest-world) April 2, 2011, at the Wayback Machine,
Tradio86.com, July 8, 2006, accessed March 19, 2011.
53. "In 1637 the military force maintained in the islands consisted of one thousand seven hundred and two
Spaniards and one hundred and forty Indians." ~Memorial de D. Juan Grau y Monfalcon, Procurador
General de las Islas Filipinas, Docs. Inéditos del Archivo de Indias, vi, p. 425. "In 1787 the garrison at Manila
consisted of one regiment of Mexicans comprising one thousand three hundred men, two artillery
companies of eighty men each, three cavalry companies of fifty men each." La Pérouse, ii, p. 368.
54. (Page 10) Pérez, Marilola (2015). Cavite Chabacano Philippine Creole Spanish: Description and Typology (h
ttps://web.archive.org/web/20210114232555/https://escholarship.org/content/qt6xj6f1jt/qt6xj6f1jt_noSplash_f
d187448d1120e8904337fe47b42df2a.pdf) (PDF) (PhD). University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the
original (https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6xj6f1jt) on January 14, 2021. "The galleon activities also attracted
a great number of Mexican men that arrived from the Mexican Pacific coast as ships' crewmembers (Grant
2009: 230). Mexicans were administrators, priests and soldiers (guachinangos or hombres de pueblo)
(Bernal 1964: 188) many though, integrated into the peasant society, even becoming tulisanes "bandits" who
in the late 18th century "infested" Cavite and led peasant revolts (Medina 2002: 66). Meanwhile, in the
Spanish garrisons, Spanish was used among administrators and priests. Nonetheless, there is not enough
historical information on the social role of these men. In fact some of the few references point to a quick
integration into the local society: "los hombres del pueblo, los soldados y marinos, anónimos, olvidados,
absorbidos en su totalidad por la población Filipina." (Bernal 1964: 188). In addition to the Manila-Acapulco
galleon, a complex commercial maritime system circulated European and Asian commodities including
slaves. During the 17th century, Portuguese vessels traded with the ports of Manila and Cavite, even after
the prohibition of 1644 (Seijas 2008: 21). Crucially, the commercial activities included the smuggling and
trade of slaves: "from the Moluccas, and Malacca, and India... with the monsoon winds" carrying "clove
spice, cinnamon, and pepper and black slaves, and Kafir [slaves]" (Antonio de Morga cf Seijas 2008: 21)."
Though there is no data on the numbers of slaves in Cavite, the numbers in Manila suggest a significant
fraction of the population had been brought in as slaves by the Portuguese vessels. By 1621, slaves in
Manila numbered 1,970 out of a population of 6,110. This influx of slaves continued until late in the 17th
century; according to contemporary cargo records in 1690, 200 slaves departed from Malacca to Manila
(Seijas 2008: 21). Different ethnicities were favored for different labor; Africans were brought to work on the
agricultural production, and skilled slaves from India served as caulkers and carpenters. "
55. "Jesuits In The Philippines (1581-1768)" Page 132 (https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.530346/201
5.530346.jesuits-in_djvu.txt) "In 1591 there arrived in Manila a secular priest named Juan Fernandez de
Leon. He had led a hermit's life in Mexico and planned to continue it in the Philippines. For this purpose he
built himself a retreat near a wayside shrine just outside the city walls which was dedicated to Our Lady of
Guidance, Nuestra Sehora de Guia. His hermitage later gave its name to the entire district, which is called
Ermita to this day."
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Official website (http://manila.gov.ph/)
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Geographic data related to Manila (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/103703) at OpenStreetMap
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4/16/24, 9:03 PM Manila - Wikipedia

By 1258, a Tagalog-fortified polity called Maynila existed on the

Manila was an active trade • Darwin "Awi" B. Sia

American invasion era

Gallery of Manila during the American era

Aerial view of Manila, 1936

Japanese occupation era

The postwar and independence era

The Martial Law era

The People Power revolution

In 2012, DMCI Homes began constructing Torre de Manila, which became

Barangays and districts

District I (2020 population: 441,282)[164] covers the western part of

km2 sq mi /km2 /sq mi

Binondo 3 0.6611 0.2553 20,491 31,000 80,000 10

Ermita 5 1.5891 0.6136 19,189 12,000 31,000 13

Malate 5 2.5958 1.0022 99,257 38,000 98,000 57

Pandacan 6 1.66 0.64 84,769 51,000 130,000 38

Quiapo 3 0.8469 0.3270 29,846 35,000 91,000 16

San Andres 5 1.6802 0.6487 133,727 80,000 210,000 65

San Nicolas 3 1.6385 0.6326 42,957 26,000 67,000 15

Santa Cruz 3 3.0901 1.1931 126,735 41,000 110,000 82

Tondo 1&2 8.6513 3.3403 654,220 76,000 200,000 259

Temperature and rainfall

Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute (sun, 1931–1960)[173]

Parks and green spaces

The Arroceros Forest Park is a 2.2-hectare (5.4-acre) nature park situated in

According to a report in 2003, the Pasig River is one of the most-polluted

neglected historic buildings and places such as

Several Mainline Protestant denominations are headquartered in the city. St.

Quiapo Church, home of

The National Competitiveness Council of the Philippines, which annually

Manufacturers within the city produce industrial-related products such as

The 0.67-square-kilometer (0.26 sq mi) Walled City of Intramuros is the historic

Divisoria in Tondo has been locally described as a "shopping mecca" of

Bahay Tsinoy, one of Manila's prominent museums, documents the lives of

ABC Championship, forerunners of the FIBA Asia Championship, were

Manila has several other well-known sports facilities such as Enrique M.

Festivals and holidays

Herminio A. Astorga on June 24, 1962. It has been annually commemorated

Development of public housing in Manila began in the 1930s under U.S.

In 2016, the national government completed several medium-rise houses for

On a for-hire basis, the city is served by taxicabs, "tricycles" – motorcycles

Tutuban station, the central terminal of the Philippine National Railways,

Water and electricity

Private corporations also provide healthcare in Manila. Private hospitals that

schools were built; Mapúa University (1925), Lyceum of the Philippines

40. Wright, Hamilton M. (1907). "A Handbook of the Philippines" (https://archive.org/details/ahandbookphilip01w

170. "Manila" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160822140435/http://jeepneyguide.com/manila/travel-guide).

185. "Arroceros forest park should be preserved" (http://www.philstar.com/opinion/274716/arroceros-forest-park-s

201. "Pending Philippine UNESCO Nominations or Applications" (https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ZE3O

216. "Province of Metro Manila, 1st (Not a Province)" (http://122.54.214.222/population/MunPop.asp?prov=NC1&

241. "House Honors Iglesia Ni Cristo on 108th Founding Anniversary" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220808163

289. "About Us" (https://web.archive.org/web/20220820114604/https://mhi.upm.edu.ph/node/6). UP Museum of a

303. "Manila is 1999 MBA Champion" (https://web.archive.org/web/20040923094712/http://www.newsflash.org/19

353. " 'Trolley boys' cheat death to make a living" (https://manilastandard.net/news/top-stories/281422/-trolley-boy

415. "Hermanamientos y Acuerdos con ciudades" (https://archive.today/20160315202452/http://www.madrid.es/v

428. "Vietnam Visa For Filipino; Vietnam Embassy in Philippines" (https://www.vietnam-immigration.org.vn/vietna

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