Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office IX, Zamboanga Peninsula

11 Zest for Progress

Z Peal of artnership

Basic Calculus
Quarter 3 - Module 3:
Continuity of a Function at a Number
and on an Interval

Name of Learner: ___________________________

Grade & Section: ___________________________
Name of School: ___________________________
 What I Need to Know
The module contains only one lesson:
• Lesson 3 - Continuity of a Function at a Number and on an Interval

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Illustrate continuity of a function at a number

2. Determine whether a function is continuous at a number or not
3. Illustrate continuity of a function on an interval
4. Determine whether a function is continuous at on an interval or not
5. Solves problems involving continuity of a function

What I Know
Directions: Read each item carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. What function illustrates when a graph of a function can be traced without

disruption?
A. broken C. continuous
B. straight D. discontinuous
For numbers 2 and 3 refer to the graph below.

2. What is the value of x for which the function is discontinuous?

A. 𝑥 = −2
B. 𝑥 = 0
C. 𝑥 = 3
D. 𝑥 = 6
3. What interval illustrates continuity in the given function?
A. [-2 ,0 ] C. [ 1 ,3 ]
B. (0 ,3 ) D. ( 3 ,6 ]

1
4. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding continuity of a function at a
number?
A. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists and lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(𝑐) the function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be continuous.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
B. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exists , then lim 𝑓(𝑥) can assume the value of 𝑓(𝑐).
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
C. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exists and 𝑓(𝑐)exist, then the function is said to be
𝑥→𝑐
continuous.
D. If 𝑓(𝑐) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 , lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐) the function, then 𝑓(𝑥) is said to
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
be continuous.

5. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 5. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. The function is continuous C. The lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(4) .
𝑥→4
B. The 𝑓(4) does not exist D. The lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist.
𝑥→4

6. What value of x is the function 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 − 3 continuous?

A. 𝑥 = 0 C. 𝑥 = −3
B. 𝑥 = 1 D. 𝑥 = −2

𝑥+2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ −2
7. Given 𝑓(𝑥) =
−𝑥 − 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < −2

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. The lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist therefore, the function is discontinuous.
𝑥→−2
B. The 𝑓(−2) does not exist therefore, the function is discontinuous.
C. The lim 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(−2) exist but not equal therefore, the function is
𝑥→−2
discontinuous.
D. The limit of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(−2) exist therefore, the function is continuous.

8. What is interval is the function 𝑓(𝑥) = √4 − 𝑥 2 continuous?

A. (−∞, 2) C. [−2 , 2 ]
B. (2, ∞) D. (−∞ , ∞)

4𝑥−12
9. What is the largest interval is the function 𝑓(𝑥) continuous given that 𝑓(𝑥) = ?
𝑥 2 −9

A. (−∞, 3) ∪ (3, ∞) C. (−∞, −3) ∪ [−3,3] ∪ (3, ∞)

B. (−∞, 9) ∪ (9, ∞) D. (−∞, −3) ∪ (−3,3) ∪ (3, ∞)

10. What value of 𝑘 makes the function continuous at 𝑥 = 2?

2𝑥 − 8 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 2
𝑓(𝑥) =
4(𝑥 + 𝑘) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 2
A. -3 C. 1
B. -1 D. 3

2
 What’s In
Activity 1: Evaluate Me!

This activity will give you an opportunity to review the past lesson.
Directions: Evaluate the following limits.
sin 6𝑥 𝑒 𝑡 −1
1. lim 𝑒 −𝑥 = ___________ 2. lim = ___________ 3. lim = ________
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑡→0 𝑡

What’s New
Activity 2. Continuous or Not?
Directions: Consider the function whose graph appears below. Determine if the function
is continuous or not at the following values.

1. 𝑥 = −2 ____________________________
2. 𝑥 = 0 ____________________________
3. 𝑥 = 3 ____________________________
4. (1 , 3) ____________________________
5. (−3 , 0] ____________________________

3
 What is it

CONTINUITY AT A NUMBER

As we have observed in our discussion of limits in the previous lesson, there are functions
whose limits are not equal to the function value at 𝑥 = 𝑐, meaning, lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) is NOT NECESSARILY the same as 𝒇(𝒄)

𝒙→𝒄

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 1

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓(1) = 3

𝑥→1

lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(1)

𝑥→1

Figure 1
What does “continuity at a point” mean?
Intuitively, this means that in drawing the graph of a function, the point in question will
be traversed.
We start by graphically illustrating what it means to be continuous at a point.

Teacher’s Tip : A function is continuous when its graph is a single unbroken curve or
line. You can draw the entire graph without lifting their pen, or pencil, from the sheet
of paper.

That is not a formal definition, but it helps you understand the idea.

EXAMPLE 1: Consider the graph below.

Q : Is the function continuous at 𝑥 = 1?

Solution. To check if the function is continuous
at 𝑥 = 1, use the given graph.

Note that you are able to trace the graph from the
left side of the number 𝑥 = 1 going to the right
side of 𝑥 = 1, without lifting your pen. This is the
case here. Hence, we can say that the function is
continuous at 𝑥 = 1.

Figure 2
4
Now we will look at a graph of a rational function as another example

EXAMPLE 2: Consider the graph of the function 𝑔(𝑥) below. (see Figure 3)

Q : Is the function continuous at 𝑥 = 1?

Solution. We follow the process in the previous

example. Tracing the graph from the left of 𝑥 =
1 going to right of 𝑥 = 1, you will find that you
must lift your pen briefly upon reaching 𝑥 = 1,
creating a hole in the graph.

Thus, the function is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 1.

Figure 3

𝟏
EXAMPLE 3: Consider the graph of the function 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒙 . (see Figure 4)

Q : Is the function continuous at 𝑥 = 0?

Solution. If we trace the graph from the left of x

= 0 going to right of x = 0, we have to lift our pen
since at the left of x = 0, the function values will
go downward indefinitely, while at the right of x
= 0, the function values will go to upward
indefinitely. In other words,
1 1
lim− = −∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 lim+ = ∞
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥

Thus, the function is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 0.

Figure 4
EXAMPLE 4:
𝟏
Consider again the graph of the function 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝒙 . (see Figure 4)

Q: Is the function continuous at 𝑥 = 2?

1
Solution. If we trace the graph of the function ℎ(𝑥) = from the left of 𝑥 = 2 to the right
𝑥
of 𝑥 = 2, you will not lift your pen.

Therefore, the function ℎ is continuous at 𝑥 = 2.

PIECEWISE FUNCTION

A piecewise function is a function where more than one formula is used to

define the output. Each formula has its own domain, and the domain of
the function is the union of all of these smaller domains.

5
EXAMPLE 5:
Consider the graph of a piece-wise function

Q: Is the function continuous at 𝑥 = 4?

Solution. If we trace the graph of the function

𝑓(𝑥) from the left of 𝑥 = 4 to the right of 𝑥 =
4, you will not lift your pen.

Therefore, the function 𝑓 is discontinuous at

𝑥 = 4.

Figure 5

Suppose we are not given the graph of a function but just the function itself. How do we
determine if the function is continuous at a given number? In this case, we have to check
three conditions.

Three Conditions of Continuity

A function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if the following three conditions are

satisfied:
(i) 𝑓(𝑐) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 ;
(ii) lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 ; 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑥→𝑐
(iii) 𝑓(𝑐) = lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐

If at least one of these conditions is not met, 𝑓 is said to be discontinuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐

EXAMPLE 6 :

Determine if 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 − 2 continuous or not at 𝑥 = 1

SOLUTION :
We have to check the three conditions for continuity of a function.

(a) find the value of 𝑓(𝑐) (b) Determine lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 (c) Determine 𝑓(𝑐) = lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐

lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim(𝑥3 + 𝑥2 − 2 )

𝑓(1) = 13 + 12 − 2 𝑥→1 𝑥→1
𝑓(1) = 0 = lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→1
=𝟎 = 13 + 12 − 2 = 𝟎

Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 1.
6
 𝑥2− 𝑥 − 2
EXAMPLE 7 : Determine if 𝑓(𝑥) = continuous or not at 𝑥 = 0.
𝑥−2

SOLUTION : We have to check the three conditions for continuity of a function.

02 − 0 − 2
(a) 𝑓(0) = =1
0−2
𝑥2− 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥−2)(𝑥+1)
(b) lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim = lim = lim(𝑥 + 1) = 0 + 1 = 1
𝑥→0 𝑥→0 𝑥−2 𝑥→0 𝑥−2 𝑥→0
(c) 𝑓(0) = 1 = lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→0
Therefore, 𝑓 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0

𝑥2− 𝑥 − 2
EXAMPLE 8 : Determine if 𝑓(𝑥) = continuous or not at 𝑥 = 2
𝑥−2

Solution.
Note that 𝑓 is not defined at 𝑥 = 2 since 2 is not in the domain of 𝑓.
22 − 2 − 2 0
(a) 𝑓(0) = = 0 (not defined)
2−2

Hence, the first condition in the definition of a continuous function is not satisfied.
Therefore, 𝑓 is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 2.

EXAMPLE 9 : Determine if

is continuous or not at 𝑥 = 4.

(a) 𝑓(4) = (4 − 4)2 + 3 = 0 + 3 = 3

(b) lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 𝑥 + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
𝑥→4 𝑥→4
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = lim+ ((𝑥 − 4)2 + 3) = (4 − 4)2 + 3 = 3
𝑥→4+ 𝑥→4
lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→4− 𝑥→4
Therefore lim 𝑓(𝑥) 𝐷𝑁𝐸.
𝑥→4

Hence, the second condition in the definition of a continuous function is not satisfied.
Therefore, 𝑓 is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 4.

CONTINUITY ON AN INTERVAL

A function can be continuous on an interval. This simply means that it is continuous

at every point on the interval.

Equivalently, if we are able to draw the entire graph of the function on an interval
without lifting our tracing pen, or without being interrupted by a hole in the middle of the
graph, then we can conclude that the function is continuous on that interval.

7
EXAMPLE 10 : Consider the graph of a piece-wise function
whose graph is shown below.

Figure 5

Q: Is the function continuous on the following intervals?

a. [0, +∞)
b. [−∞, 4]

Solution.
c. For the interval [0, +∞) if we trace the graph from x = 0 to the right of 𝑥 = 0, you
will not lift your pen. Thus, the function f is continuous on [0, +∞).
d. For the interval [−∞, 4] if we trace the graph from x = 4 to the left of 𝑥 = 4, we are
forced to lift our pen immediately after x = 4 and continue tracing again starting
to the left of 𝑥 = 4. Thus, the function f is discontinuous on [−∞, 4]

Now, if a function is given without its corresponding graph, we must find other means to
determine if the function is continuous or not on an interval. Here are definitions that
will help us:

One-Sided Continuity

(a) A function 𝑓 is said to be continuous from the left at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if 𝑓(𝑐) = lim− 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐
(b) A function 𝑓 is said to be continuous from the right at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if 𝑓(𝑐) = lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→𝑐

(a) Continuity on an Open Interval

A function 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on an

open interval (𝑎, 𝑏) if it is continuous
at every point on the interval (𝑎, 𝑏)

8
 (b) Continuity on a Closed Interval
A function 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on a closed interval
[𝑎, 𝑏] if
1. It is continuous on the open interval (𝑎, 𝑏).
2. It is continuous from the right at 𝑎. 𝐼𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
a. 𝑓(𝑎) exists.
b. lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) exists.
𝑥→𝑎
c. lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) .
𝑥→𝑎
3. It is continuous from the left at 𝑏.
a. 𝑓(𝑏) exists.
b. lim− 𝑓(𝑥) exists.
𝑥→𝑏
c. lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑏)
𝑥→𝑏

A function 𝑓 is said to be continuous...

(c) everywhere if 𝑓 is continuous at every real number. In this case, we also say
𝑓 is continuous on ℝ.
(d) on [𝑎, 𝑏) if 𝑓 is continuous on (𝑎, 𝑏) and from the right at 𝑎.
(e) on (𝑎, 𝑏] if 𝑓 is continuous on (𝑎, 𝑏) and from the left at 𝑏.
(f) on (𝑎, ∞) if 𝑓 is continuous at all 𝑥 > 𝑎.
(g) on [𝑎, ∞) if 𝑓 is continuous on (𝑎, ∞) and from the right at 𝑎.
(h) on (−∞, 𝑏) if 𝑓 is continuous at all 𝑥 < 𝑏.
(i) on (−∞, 𝑏] if 𝑓 is continuous on (−∞, 𝑏) and from the left at 𝑏.

Here are known facts on continuities of functions on intervals:

(a) Polynomial functions are continuous everywhere.

(b) The absolute value function 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥| is continuous everywhere.
(c) Rational functions are continuous on their respective domains.
(d) The square root function 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 is continuous on [0, ∞ ).

EXAMPLE 11 : Determine whether the 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 is continuous on the interval

(−∞, +∞).

Solution.
Since a polynomial function is continuous at every
real number, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 2 is continuous at (−∞, +∞).

9
EXAMPLE 12 : Determine whether 𝑓(𝑥) = √9 − 𝑥 2 is continuous on the interval [−3, 3 ].

Solution. The graph is shown below.

a. The function 𝑓(𝑥) is only defined if 9 − 𝑥 2 ≥

0. Since 9 − 𝑥 2 is a polynomial, then it is
continuous everywhere. Therefore,
whenever 9 − 𝑥 2 > 0, the function is
continuous on the open interval (−3,3).
b. 𝑓(3) = √9 − 𝑥 2
= √9 − (3)2
=0
c. lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = √9 − 𝑥 2
𝑥→3
= √9 − (3)2
=0
d. lim− 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(3)
𝑥→3

It is continuous from the left at 3

e. 𝑓(−3) = √9 − 𝑥 2 = √9 − (−3)2 = 0
f. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = √9 − 𝑥 2 = √9 − (−3)2 = 0
𝑥→−3+
g. lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(−3)
𝑥→−3+

It is continuous from the left at -3.

Hence, the function is continuous on the interval [−𝟑, 𝟑].

EXAMPLE 13: Define the function

2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
𝒇(𝒙) = √4 − 𝑥 2 𝑖𝑓 0 ≤ 𝑥 < 2
−2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 2

Is 𝑓 continuous at the following intervals?

a. (−∞, 0 ) b. (0 , ∞ ) c. (−∞, ∞)

Solution.

a. 𝑓 is continuous on (−∞, 0 ) because it is constant function.

b. 𝑓 is not continuous on (0 , ∞ ) because it is not continuous at 𝑥 = 2.
c. 𝑓 is not continuous on (−∞ , ∞ )

10
PROBLEMS INVOLVING CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION
EXAMPLE 14: What value of 𝑘 makes the function continuous at 𝑥 = 3?

𝑥2 − 4 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 3
𝑓(𝑥) =
2𝑥 + 𝑘 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 3
Solution.
To make the function continuous we have to make the two pieces of the function equal
at 𝑥 = 3.
𝑥 2 − 4 = 2𝑥 + 𝑘
Substitute 𝑥 = 3 (3)2 − 4 = 2(3) + 𝑘
Solve for 𝑘 9−4 =6+𝑘
−4 − 6 = 𝑘
−1 = 𝑘

In general:
1. A function is discontinuous at numbers where it is undefined.
2. A piecewise-defined function may be discontinuous at endpoints of intervals.

What’s More
Activity 3. Determine Me!
Directions: Consider the function whose graph appears below. Determine if the function
is continuous or not at the following values.

1. 𝑥 = −2
2. 𝑥 = 1
3. 𝑥 = 2
4. (1 , 3)
5. (−3 , 0]

11
 What I Have Learned
Activity 4. Value Me!
Directions: Determine if the function is continuous or not at the following values and
intervals.
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 3 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 3 , [ −3 , 2 ] _________________
𝑥 2 −16
2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 5 , [0,4] _________________
𝑥−4

3. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 − 5 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 4 , [ 5 , ∞) __________________

3 − 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 2
4. 𝑓(𝑥) =
−3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 2 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2 , (−∞ , 2 ) ___________________
2𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 2
5. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 2, [2 , +∞ ) __________________
−2𝑥 + 2 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 2

What I Can Do
Activity 5. Solve Me!
1. Solve the following problem. What value of k makes the function continuous at 𝑥 =
3?
𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 3
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑘(𝑥 − 6) 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 3
2. Examine the given function. If the function is discontinuous redefine the function
to make it continuous.
2𝑥 − 3 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 1
𝑓(𝑥) =
−4 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≤ 1

Assessment
Directions: Read each item carefully. Encircle the letter of your answer.

1. Which function illustrates when a graph of a function is a single unbroken curve or

line?
A. continuous C. broken
B. discontinuous D. undefined

12
2. Which of the graphs illustrates continuity at x=1?

I III

II IV

A. I, II, III and IV C. I, II, and III

B. I, III and IV D. Only II

3. What are the values of x for which the function is discontinuous?

A. 𝑥 = −4, −1, 3
B. 𝑥 = −3, −1, 3
C. 𝑥 = −3, 0 , 5
D. 𝑥 = −2, −1, 2

4. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. If 𝑓 (𝑐 ) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 , lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑐) the function, then 𝑓(𝑥) is said to
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
be continuous.
B. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists and lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(𝑐) the function 𝑓(𝑥) is said to be continuous.
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
C. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exists, then lim 𝑓(𝑥) can assume the value of 𝑓(𝑐).
𝑥→𝑐 𝑥→𝑐
D. If lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exists and 𝑓(𝑐)exist, then the function is said to be
𝑥→𝑐
continuous.

13
5. Given 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 1. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. The lim 𝑓(𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(4) C. The lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(4) .
𝑥→4 𝑥→4
B. The 𝑓(4) does not exist D. The lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist.
𝑥→4

6. Given

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. The limit of 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist.
B. The 𝑓(0) does not exist
C. The lim 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist and 𝑓(0) exist.
𝑥→0
D. The lim 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑓(0) exist but not equal.
𝑥→0

For numbers 7 and 8 refer to the graph below.

7. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. The function is continuous at (-2,6 ).
B. The function is continuous at [ 3,6 ).
C. The function is continuous at (0 ,∞ ).
D. The function is continuous at (-∞,0 ).
𝑥+5
8. What interval is the function 𝑓(𝑥) continuous given that 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+4 ?

A. (−∞, −41) ∪ (−4, −1) ∪ (−1, ∞) C. (−∞, −4) ∪ (−1, ∞)

B. (−∞, 1) ∪ (1,4) ∪ (4, ∞) D. (−∞, 1) ∪ (4, ∞)

9. What is the largest interval is the function 𝑓(𝑥) continuous given that

A. (−∞, ∞) C. [2 , ∞)
B. (−∞, 2) ∪ (2, ∞) D. (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)

10. What value of c makes the function continuous at 𝑥 = 4?

𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 6 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 4
𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑐 + 2𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 ≥ 4

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 A. 𝑥 = −6 C. 𝑥 = 4
B. 𝑥 = −2 D. 𝑥 = 10

References
Balmaceda, Jose Maria P., et al. 2016. Teaching Guide for Senior High
School. Basic Calculus. Printed in the Philippines by EC-TEC
Commercial, pp. 53 – 87. No. 32 St. Louis Compound 7, Baesa, Quezon City,
ectec_com@yahoo.com

Mercado, Jesus P. and Fernando B. Orines. 2016. Next Century

Mathematics - Basic Calculus. Published and distributed by Phoenix Publishing
House, Inc. pp. 59 – 91. 927 Quezon Avenue., Quezon City

Versosa, Debbie Marie, et al. 2016. Basic Calculus. Published and printed by Vibal
Group Inc. pp. 32 – 37. 1253 G. Araneta Ave., Quezon City

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