Additional Reviewer (Practical Research I)
Human Subject Protection
Informal Research- a research that does
not follow the usual format of
researching. It is a research method that
gathers data/information/evidence
anecdotally or based on convenience
rather than in accordance with the
systematic methods prescribed by
methodological communities.
Example:
-searching for an answer through the use
of internet or expert
Ethical Codes and Policies for Research
Cristobal & Cristobal (2017), in their book,
“Practical Research 1 for Senior High
School”, lists the following ethical codes
and policies that the researcher needs to
consider in conducting a study:
1. Honesty
The researcher should strive to truthfully
report data in whatever form of
communication all throughout the study.
2. Objectivity
The researcher should avoid being biased.
The study should not be influenced by
his/her personal motives, beliefs and
opinions.
3. Integrity
The researcher should establish credibility
through the consistency of his/her
thought and action. He/she should act
with sincerity especially on keeping
agreement
4. Care
The researcher should never neglect even
the smallest detail of the study. All
information should be critically examined.
Records of research activities should be
properly and securely kept.
5. Openness
The researcher should be willing to accept
criticisms and new ideas for the
betterment of the study. Research results
and findings should be shared to the
public.
6. Respect for intellectual property
It refers to the protection of creations of
the mind, which have both a moral and
commercial value.
The researcher should not plagiarize.
Credit should be given to who or where it
is due. All authors cited and sources used
in the study should be properly
acknowledged.
- Plagiarism refers to the act of illegally
using another person’s ideas, works,
processes, and results. Thus, it constitutes
claiming an intellectual property as one’s
own that can be penalized through
Republic Act 8293 known as the
Intellectual Property Code of the
Philippines.
7. Confidentiality
The researcher should take steps to
protect all confidential communications or
documents from being discovered by
others.
8. Responsible publication
The researcher should ensure that his/her
work is clear, honest, complete, accurate,
and balanced, thus avoiding wasteful and
duplicate publication. It should likewise
refrain from selective, misleading, or
ambiguous reporting.
9. Responsible mentoring
The researcher should teach responsible
conduct of research and share
professional knowledge and skills
especially to new or less-experienced
researchers.
10. Respect for colleagues
The researcher should show courtesy to
his/her colleagues by treating them
equally and fairly.
11. Social responsibility
The researcher should promote social
good by working for the best interests and
benefits of the environment and society
as a whole.
12. Non-discrimination
The researcher should not discriminate
based on sex, race, ethnicity, or any factor
relating to scientific competence and
integrity. Thus, research should be open
to all people or entities who will
participate in research.
13. Competence
The researcher should possess necessary
knowledge and skills in conducting a
study. He/she should be equipped with a
sense of professionalism and expertise to
ensure competent results.
14. Legality
The researcher should know and abide by
relevant laws, institutional and
government policies concerning the legal
conduct of research.
15.
The researcher should protect human
lives by preventing and minimizing harms
and risks. He/she should always uphold
the human dignity, privacy, and autonomy
of human subjects to be used in the study.
Rights of Research Participants
In every aspect of life, rights and
responsibilities are inseparably linked to
one another. This means that both the
researcher and the participant have
necessary obligations to perform as a
prerequisite of their privileges in
conducting research. According to
Trochim (2006), Smith (2003) and Polit
(2006), the following are some of the
rights of research participants, as cited by
Cristobal & Cristobal (2017):
1. Voluntary participation
The research participants must be given
the privilege to exercise their free will
whether to participate or not. They have
the right to refuse involvement in the
study. Thus, any person should not be
forced to take part in any research
undertaking.
2. Informed consent
The research participants must be
provided with sufficient information about
the procedures and risks involved in the
research. It serves as an initial guide on
why and how the study will be conducted.
Hence, the researcher must ensure that
they fully understood and agreed upon
the study.
3. Risk of harm
The research participants must be
protected from any type of harm whether
it may be physical, psychological, social, or
economic. The researcher must avoid,
prevent, or minimize threats especially
when they are exposed and engaged in
invasive and risky procedures.
4. Confidentiality
The research participants must be assured
of their privacy particularly on personal
information. The researcher must secure
that all information disclosed by them will
not be used without authorized access.
5. Anonymity
The research participants must remain
anonymous or unidentified throughout
the study even to the researchers
themselves. They have the right to keep
their identities secret as they participate
especially in case-sensitive studies.
Kinds of Qualitative Research
In conducting a qualitative type of
research on different fields such as
business, education, medicine, etc., there
are six (6) widely used qualitative research
kinds namely: (1) phenomenological; (2)
ethnographic; (3) grounded theory; (4)
case study; (5) historical; and (6)
narrative.
1. Phenomenological. This kind of
qualitative research focuses on subjective
lived experiences of the participants in
order to understand phenomenon. Here,
the researcher is concerned with the
feelings of the participants regarding a
particular event or activity, hence, the
uniqueness of their lived situations can be
described. Interview is the common
instrument used for its data collection
with the suggested sample size ranging
from 5 to 25.
Examples:
o A researcher aims to determine the
challenges and coping mechanisms of
senior high school working students in the
second district of Bataan.
o A researcher aims to explain the lived
experiences of the COVID-19 survivors in
the province of Bataan.
2. Ethnographic. It is a kind of qualitative
research which concentrates on the study
of a group of people in a particular
environment. To characterize behaviors,
cultures, challenges, and possible
occurring themes, the researcher is
required to engage himself/herself with
the participants through immersion in an
extended period of time. Observation,
along with the use of interview and
survey, is an essential instrument for this
type of study.
Examples:
o A researcher seeks to determine the
cultural practices and healthcare beliefs of
the ethnic group living in Bataan province.
o A researcher seeks to characterize the
survival strategies of families in an urban
poor community.
3. Grounded Theory. This kind of
qualitative research intends to explain a
phenomenon through developing a
theory. In comparison with
phenomenological study that primarily
describes lived experiences, grounded
theory aims to provide explanation and
theory behind those lived experiences. Examples:
Interview and supporting documents are
o A researcher attempts to explore the
the commonly used data collection
nature and context of the political
instrument for its participants
leadership of Bataan governors.
approximately ranging from 20 to 30 or
until data achieve saturation. o A researcher seeks to explore the
development in the courtship letter
Examples:
writing style among Bataeños.
o A researcher attempts to conceptualize
6. Narrative. Life accounts of individuals
the breast cancer survivorship process
based on their personal experiences are
among Bataeños.
typically obtained and analyzed in the
o A researcher attempts to generate a conduct of this kind of qualitative
theory of defense mechanisms of research. The primary objective of the
students who experience school bullying. study is to extract meaningful context
based on the documented experiences.
4. Case Study. It is a qualitative research
Unlike phenomenological research which
kind which allows the researcher to have
focuses on describing and explaining a
an intensive analysis of the phenomenon.
phenomenon through the lived
The aim of this study is to accurately
experiences of the participants, narrative
describe the case through an in-depth
research focuses merely on the nature of
examination of a single person or single
the story told by the participants. Hence,
institution. With this, thorough interview,
phenomenological research may use
observation, and documentation are all
narrative, but narrative research does not
utilized as multiple data collection
necessarily need phenomenological.
instruments.
Discourse analysis is one of the commonly
Examples: and widely employed approaches of
narrative research.
o A researcher aims to explain the causes
Examples:
of the reading difficulty of a grade 5
struggling reader.
o A researcher seeks to characterize the
o A researcher aims to describe the struggles faced by student-athletes.
language challenges of hearing-impaired
o A researcher seeks to describe the daily
students in a SPED class.
teaching experiences of millennial
teachers in the Schools Division of Bataan.
5. Historical. This qualitative research kind
is concerned with the identification,
evaluation, and synthesis of past event
data. Further, it aims to understand
present patterns and to anticipate future
choices through clearly relating the past
event data which are obtained from
sources such as documents, relics and
artifacts, and oral reports.