GEOGRAPHY ‘The Geography is a combination of two words i.e. Geo and Graphy. Geo means land / earth and Graphy means description, it means description of earth / land is called Geography. Cardinal Points ‘The four cardinal directions, or cardinal points, are the directions north, east, south, and west, ‘commonly denoted by their initials N, E, S, and W. OR The four main points of the compass i. North, South, East and West, but the other lies in the midway between the cardinal points i.e. NE, SE, NW and SW. NW NE Map When the earth or part of it is transferred to a flat sheet of paper, itis called map. Before making a map, it is necessary to make a scale. Globe Round maps of our world are called globe. Border The imaginary line between two countries is called border. Equator It is an imaginary line drawn around the middle of the earth. If we cut along the equator, the earth separates into two hemisphere ic. Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. Most of the earth’s land is the Northern Hemisphere. x . Equator Northern and Southern HemispherePrime Meridian It is an imaginary line that runs from north to south poles. This creates eastern and western hemisphere. The continents in the eastern hemisphere are traditionally called Old World, while those in the western hemisphere called (U.S.A) Modern World. Eastern and Western Hemisphere Latitude ‘These are imaginary lines run east to west on the globe are called lines of latitude, OR The horizontal lines on the globe are called lines of latitude. Total latitudes are 180, 90 in north of the ‘equator and 90 in south of the equator. "8 So" 300 o 30°S 60°S os Longitude ‘The vertical lines on the globe run from North to south between the poles are called lines of Iongitude. Total longitudes are 360, 180 in east side and 180 in west side. North PoleIntroduction of Pakistan Pakistan emerged on the map of the world on 14% August 1947 as a result of the partition of the Indian Sub-continent into two sovereign states namely Pakistan and India. Initially, Pakistan was ‘comprised of two distinct areas, namely East Pakistan and West Pakistan. In December 1971, East Pakistan was separated and emerged as an independent state, ‘Bangladesh Location of Pakistan Pakistan is located between 24 to 37 North latitudes and extends from 61 to 76.5 East longitudes, ‘The total area of Pakistan is 796,096 square km, stretching over 1600 km from north to south and. about 885 km from east to west. In the extreme north east Pakistan has a common border 585 km with China, while in the west it has a 2252 km long border with Afghanistan, known as the Durand Line. To the north west, Wakhan is the narrow strip of Afghan territory which separates Pakistan from Tajikistan. To the south west, Pakistan has a common border with the Islamic Republic of Iran. The Arabian Sea marks its southern border and to the east it has a common border with India, known as Radcliffe Award. Pakistan has Five Provinces and Balochistan is the largest of all, then comes Punjab, then Sindh, then Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Gilgit-Baltistan which was declared as a province on 29" August 2009. Fig.1, Shows the Location, Boundaries and Five Provinces of Pakistan. PanaImportance of Pakistan’s Location 1. Pakistan is located in the centre of the Islamic World as Indonesia lies in south east, Gulf States in the west, Central Asian States in northwest and Bangladesh in the east. Among these countries Pakistan has a atomic technology. 2. Pakistan enjoys a key position in South Asia because there are few links by land to the north and north west due to large mountain ranges and harsh climate. The Khyber pass provides a route to Afghanistan and the Karakoram Highway makes communication with China easier and promote the trade and tourism industry. 3. To the north and north west the areas are landlocked so Pakistan’s sea port of Karachi and Gwadar can also serve these areas. 4. Pakistan's coastline on the Arabian Sea is in a central position for trading by sea both with South Asia, the Far East and beyond and with the Middle East to the west. 5. Karachi, a natural harbor and an important warm water port also serves as a refueling stop for ships. 6. The Jinnah Terminal, Karachi could have immense importance as an International airport. 7. To the northwest the Central Asian States possess untapped power resources such as mineral oil and natural gas, which can easily be transported through Pakistan and Iran to South Asia and South East Asian countries by constructing pipelines. Fig.2, Shows the Location of Pakistan. | finsah Terminal connect West with Asiaby air ‘Kanchi, azul harbour sand an important warm ‘water port alo serves refueling stop fo ships Fig.2Physical Features of Pakistan Topography Itis the study and description of the surface features of land, which includes both natural and artificial. Topography means the study of geographical features on land surface such as mountains, rivers and desert. With respect to the surface features of land, Pakistan can be divided into seven major topographical zones. 1. The Northern Mountains 2. The Western Mountains 3. The Balochistan Plateau 4. Potwar Plateau and Salt Ranges 5. The Indus Plain 6. Desert Areas. Fig.1, shows the Topographical Features of Pakistan. North.Western MountainsNorthern Mountains To the north, north-east and north-west of Pakistan there lie three ranges of mountains. The northern mountains comprise of three main mountain ranges: > The Karakoram > The Himalayas > The Hindu Kush Topographical / Natural features of northern Mountains / regions V shaped valleys / deep valleys / narrow valleys / gorges; U shaped valleys; High altitude (6000 m+) / snow-capped or high peaks / hilly / mountainous; Steep slopes / uneven / rugged; ‘Scree; (a mass of small loose stones that form or cover a slope on a mountain.) Bare rocks / rocky / barren; Snowfields / glaciers e.g. Siachin; Bautra; Parallel ranges; High passes (Khunjerab / Shandur / Lawarai); Rivers / streams / rapids / waterfalls. Fig.2, shows the location of Northern Mountains. N Shandur Pass Khunjerab Pass Babusar PassThe Karakoram Karakoram means black gravel (mass of rock and ice) They are located to the North of River Indus. The ranges run east to west direction. Its average height is 6000 meters and K2 (861m) is the highest peak which is the 24 highest peak of the world. These ranges have deep narrow valleys, vertically sharp cliffs form a rugged landscape. Karakoram pass is the highest and Khunjrab pass provide link to china through Karakoram Highway / Silk route. © River Hunza, River Gilgit and River Karakoram provide drainage to this area. ‘© Precipitation in the form of snow. ‘© Anumber of glaciers exist in upper valleys such as Siachin, Hispar, Baifo, Baltoro and Batura. ‘© Steep slopes. ‘© Important valleys of the area i.e. Karakoram and Hunza. '® People of the area cultivate apple, barley and millet in valleys where water is available like Hunza. ‘© People of the area rear goat and sheep and get milk, meat and other products. ‘© Nomadic and semi-nomadic life style is practiced. Climatic Characteristics Severe climate / very cold below freezing point. Large daily range (large difference between day and night temperatures). Large difference between sun and shade temperatures. Precipitation in the form of snow. Blizzards. Summers are mild / cool, Climatic Effects Too cold to grow food / for agriculture. Land frozen / covered by snow. Forced to stay at home and adopt indoor activities e.g. carpet making. No transportation / often cut off by snow. Need to stockpile food / fuel. Limited water supply because water freeze in pipes. Danger of avalanches. Land sliding. ecccee wee reeceThe Himalayas ‘The average height is about 4000 m. These ranges are located to the south of the Karakoram ranges. They run east to west. They comprise the following sub-parallel ranges. > Siwaliks > Lesser Himalayas > Central Himalayas 1. Siwaliks ‘© Average height is about 600-1200 meters. ‘© These are the most southern ranges. ‘© The ranges cover the Rawalpindi hills. ‘© These ranges have been folded and faulted. Fault ‘A fracture in earth’s crust means the land is faulted. Fold ‘A bend in rock strata caused by the movement of earth's crust. Fig.4, shows the Himalayas. Fig4 2. Lesser Himalayas They are Located to the north of Siwaliks. ‘Their altitude varies from 1800-4500 meters. ‘These ranges have been folded and faulted. ‘These ranges spread over Rawalpindi, Abbotabad and Mansehra district. ‘There are many hill stations like Murree, Nathia and Ghora gallies lie in these ranges. In winter, precipitation in the form of snow which limits the human activities. eee3. Central Himalayas ‘They are located in southeast of River Indus which separates it from Karakoram Ranges. They mostly lie in Kashmir with an average height of more than 4600 meters. Due to great altitude, some glaciers as Rupal (18 kms) are found here. Valley glaciations features are traced at Lake Saif ul Maluk in Kaghan. Nanga Parbat (8126 m) is the highest peak of the area. Some deepest valleys and gorges are also located in these ranges as Dasu-Patan i.e. 6500 m deep. River Indus is the main source of drainage for this range. Kaghan is the important valley of the area. ‘© Lake Saif ul Maluk and Satpara are the important lakes of the area. Photograph of lakes (Himalayas). Lake Saif ul Maluk Lake Satpara The Hindu Kush ‘© They are located to the west of Karakoram and Himalayas mountains or North west of Pakistan. ‘Their average height is about 5000 meters. ‘These ranges guard the north and north-western borders of Pakistan, Main body of the mountains lie in Afghanistan where it acts as a nest of earthquakes. Barren mountains, steep slopes and fast flowing are typical features of the area. Trich Mir (7690 m) and Noshaq (7484 m) are the highest peaks of the area. These ranges occupy the Chitral district and northern areas of Pakistan. Glaciation is another important feature forming glaciers such as Sakiz Jarab (30 kms)and ‘Trich Mir (22 kms). River Kabul, Ghizar and Mastuj provide the main drainage of the area. ‘© Important passes like Barogil Pass (provides link to Afghanistan through Wakhan strip), Shandur Pass connects (Chitral to Gilgit), Babusar Pass connects ( Kaghan valley to Chilas), Lowari Pass connects (Peshawar valley to Chitral valley) lie in these ranges. ‘© Precipitation in the form of snow. ‘© Chitral, Dir and Swat are the important valleys of the area.The Kohistan, Swat and Dir Ranges ‘© They are located south of the Hindu Kush Mountains. © They are sub-parallel ranges run north to south. ‘© These mountains are separated by rivers, the Kohistan mountains lie between the Indus and ‘Swat rivers, the Swat Mountains between the Swat and Panjkora rivers, the Dir Mountains between the Panjkora and Kunar rivers. ‘® In north they rise to 5000 to 6000 meters and southward they descent as low as 200 meters in altitude. Peaks are covered by snow. ‘The Lawarai (connects with chitral and Dir) and Shandur (connects Ghizer to chitral) are the important passes of these ranges. Precipitation in the form of snow. Agriculture is practiced in river valleys with terraced farming Lumbering is an important source of livelihood. Tourism industry is promoting due scenic beauty of the ranges. Life Style of People in Northern Mountains ‘© Sever climate makes this region extremely inhospitable so population density is extremely low. ‘© Transhumance or Semi-nomadic is practiced and some people go to lowland areas during winter season. ‘© Crops such as Wheat, maize, potato, peas, barley and millet are cultivated as terraced farming. ‘© Fruit farming such as apricot, peaches, plum, cherry, apple and dry fruit plants are also grown here. ‘© Where there is availability of water limited agriculture and settled lifestyle is practiced. ‘© In winter people are bound to stay at homes and adopt indoor activities e.g. carpet making. © Limited amount of seasonal earning from tourism. ‘© Sheep and goat rearing is common to meet the family requirement Importance of Northern Mountains ‘Snow-capped peaks melt during summer to drain water into rivers; Provides water from high rainfall; Provides water for hydel power / energy; River water used for irrigation / agriculture; Historical passes connect Pakistan to China and Afghanistan; ‘A natural border (to China and the Central Asian Republics); Provides a land /trade route through Karakoram Highway; Source of valuable minerals, timber and fruits; Provides raw material to several industries or examples: furniture / paper / cl Industry / chemical industry; Mountain peaks provide protection to Pakistan against the cold winds from Central Asia; Scenic beauty promotes tourism / named landmarks, e.g. K2; ‘© Provision of National Parks or named examples, e.g. Chitral National Park / wildlife preservation; ‘© Source of income from tourism / tourists / contribute to economy. eo ccrccceQu Study Describe four impacts of low temperatures on people who live and work in mountain areas. Difficulty with cost of obtaining heating fuel / gas; Unable to farm / grow crops / less income from agriculture / transhumance; Difficulty travelling by road / rail / air due to named adverse weather, e.g, snow / fog landslides / ice / slippery roads; Loss of telecommunications / electricity due to heavy snowfall; Isolate / cut off from. lowland areas; Danger of death from cold / hypothermia, especially for elderly / children; Requires adaptations to clothing / housin, Income from named tourist opportunities, e.g. mountaineering, rock climbing; Fewer mosquitoes / biting insects / diseases, e.g. malaria; Encouragement of small-scale cottage industri Photograph. Q2 Study Fig, 1.3 (Insert), State two features of the climate typical of the environment shown in the photograph. Cold / cool / low temperatures / freezing temperatures; Relief rainfall; ‘Snow (capped peaks) / blizzards; Ice / hail; Windy; Dry; ‘Sunny / bright / clear skies OR few sunny days / cloudy. Evaluate the extent to which the natural topography of Pakistan limits human activity and economic development in the north of the country. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied, You should consider different points of view in your answer. Limits to human activity and development Availability of flat land; Impact of topography on climate; Restrictions to developing named examples of industry / farming / other named examples of human activity and economic development; Restrictions to developing named examples of infrastructure, e.g. roads / telecommunications / internet / other named examples of human activity and economic development.Western Mountains ‘© These mountains border the western territory of the country and the western branches of the himalayas. ‘These are lower in altitude than the northern mountains. ‘These ranges receive rain in winter. ‘These ranges run north-south and make boundary between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Western mountains can be divided into sub ranges. > Kohesafed > Waziristan hills > Suleiman ranges > Kirthar ranges Topographical / Natural features of Western Mountains / regions V shaped valleys / deep valleys / narrow valleys / gorges; U shaped valleys; High altitude (4000 m+) / snow-capped or high peaks / hilly / mountainous; Steep slopes / uneven / rugged: Scree; (a mass of small loose stones that form or cover a slope on a mountain.) Bare rocks / rocky / barren; Parallel ranges; High passes (Khyber / Kurram); Rivers / streams e.g. Kabul; kurram. Fig.5, shows the location of Western Mountains and Passes. Pass lciy Western Mountaine| AANA River © 50 100Km esKoh -¢- Safed They are located to the south of river Kabul and River Kurram flows in its south, ‘These have east-west trend. Their height is up to 4712 meters. ‘They are mostly snow covered and then called white mountains. Sikaram is the highest peak which is 4760 meters high Khyber pass also lies in these ranges and connects Pakistan to Afghanistan. Rugged topography, steep slopes and severe winters are the main features. Precipitation in the form of snow. Large difference between day and night temperatures. People adopt nomadic / semi nomadic life. Important valleys are Peshawar and Kohat, ey ‘The Kohat valley is located at the other end of Kurram pass. With the help of irrigation ‘Wheat, Rice and sugar cane are cultivated. ‘The valley of Pehawar is drained by the rivers Kabul and swat. It is fertile, alluvial plain irrigated by canals from Warsak Dam on River Kabul. Waziristan Hills ‘© The height is up to 3513 meters. ‘© These hills are located between the Kurram and Gomal rivers. ‘© They form rampart between Pakistan and Afghanistan except Kurram, Tochi and Gomal passes. Tochi, Gomal and Kurram are the important rivers that join river Indus and are known as western tributaries. Tochi and Gomal are important passes of the area. These hills are rich in minerals. Bannu is the important valley. ‘The Kurram dam on the River Kurram is the main source of irrigation. Wheat, Rice,Cotton and sugar-cane are cultivated. Suleiman Mountains ‘The average height is 3383 meters. They are located towards the west of river Indus. ‘They run for a distance of 480 kms. and merge into Marri-Bugti hills in their south. The highest peak of the area is Takht e Suleiman (3383 meters). ‘These ranges are composed of Limestone, Sandstone and Shale rocks. .1, Describe the location of the Sulaiman Range. ns. + east of Quetta; + south/south-west of Peshawar: + west of river Indus; + south/south-east of/near to river Zhob; + near to confluence of rivers Indus and Zhob/between the two rivers; + south-east of Afghanistan/north-east of Iran/north-west of India; + in centre of Pakistarvinland/far away from international border/Arabian Sea/coast; + any appropriate distance fromvto a named feature measured from the scale e.g. Quetta 220-260 km, thar Ranges ‘© The height is up to 2174 meters. ‘© They are located to the south side of Suleiman ranges, Balochistan Plateau in their west and Sindh province in their east. Or west of River Indus. ‘These ranges form a border between Sindh province and Baluchistan plateau. ‘The area is drained by two rivers namely Hub and Layari. These ranges are bare of natural vegetation due to little rainfall. beBaluchistan plateau Plateau: It isa large upland area which is almost level and usually bounded by steep slopes. M: in Features of Balochistan Plateau Located on west side of Sulaiman and Kirthar ranges, separates it from Indus Plain. Its Westem boundary is marked by Iran, Northern by Afghanistan and southern by Arabian sea. The altitude varies from 600 ~ 3000 m. Its total area is 347,190 sq. Kms. This area is devoid of natural vegetation because of less rain. Landscape is covered with rugged mountains. Narrow streams flow downhill in rainy season and deposit sand, gravel and alluvial soil at the foothills. Some river join the Indus forming the western tributaries such as River Zhob and Kalachi. Some rivers fall into Arabian sea such as River Hab, Porali, Hingol and Dasht. Some rivers such as River Mula, Bolan and Chakar absorb into the Kachhi Sibi Plain, Some rivers flow westward and drain into inland depression such as Hamun -e- Mashkel. This plateau is rich in minerals resources such as Natural gas, Oil, Gold, Silver copper & Coal. It covers by small hill ranges, valleys, plains, water bodies and deserts. Dry climate is experienced and hot winds blow in summer. Winters are harshly cold including snow falling. This plateau is divided into following natural topographical features. oe ec cee cocee ween 1. Northern Basins 2. Western Basins 3. Mountain Ranges 4. The Coastal Areas Fig.6, Shows the Location of Balochistan Plateau.1. Basins of Northern Balochistan Y Zhob and Loralai basins which are situated between Toba Kakar and sulaiman ranges. ¥ To the south west of the Loralai basin is the Quetta valley surrounded by mountain ranges. 2. Basins of Western Balochistan Y Number of basins between the mountain ranges of Chagai, Ras Koh, Siahan and Central Makran. 3. Mountain Ranges ‘© To the extreme north there is Toba Kakar Range. ‘® To the south of Quetta there is Kalat Plateau, which is criss crossed by Central Brahui ranges. © To the south of Kalat Plateau a triangular region of Khuzdar Knot which is subject to frequent earthquakes. ‘© Chagai hills are located at Pak-Afghan border. ‘© To the south of Chagai hills, Ras Koh range is located where some inland drainages called Hamuns are found. ‘© To the south of Chagai hills curved shaped Siahan range is located. ‘© To the south of Siahan Range Central Makran Range is located. 4, The Coastal Areas ‘The coastal areas of the Balochistan Plateau can be divided into Eastern and Western parts. ‘© The eastern part comprises the Lasbela Plain which is marked by gravel and sand dunes. ‘® The western part is known as the Makran Coast. The Makran Coast has a narrow beach backed by rock cliffs. Behind the cliffs, there is a coastal plain. The coastal plain is covered with sand dunes and dotted with small hills. The Makran coast is noted for a number of uplifted terraces, including the Clifton hills, Manora, Cape Monze (Hawks Bay) Ormara, Gwadar and Jiwani Life Style of the People at Balochistan Plateau Rearing of animals (goat and sheep) is a major occupation in this area. ing is practiced through Karez irrigation, occur in winter by western depression and grapes are cultivated near Quetta. Marine fishing on Makran Coast provides living to the people at this area Climatic conditions are ideal for flowering / ripening vegetables seeds. Gwadar port has a great potential for domestic as well as International trade. Road transport available only to main towns / Air transport is even more limited. Local traffic consists of camels and donkey. Density of population is very less (21 persons / sq.kms) due rugged terrain. wee rcccee Drainage System (Balochistan Plateau) The natural flow of water from an area in rivers, streams and lakes. The following rivers and lakes form the drainage system. v River Hingol iver Zhob River Por: River Mula River Dasht Hamun Makshel Hamun Lora Hamun Mergo, VVVVVVVInland Drainage System (Balochistan Plateau) When the water from river or stream is absorbed into land or collects in a lake and does not join big river / sea, The following lakes form the inland drainage system. > Hamun e Makshel > Hamun Lora > Hamun Mergo. Potwar Plateau Plateau: It is a large upland area which is almost level and usually bounded by steep slopes. Main Features of Potwar Plateau The average height is about 300 to 600 meters. It is located Northwest side of the Punjab Province and covers the area of 18000 km? Its northern boundary is formed by Kala Chitta ranges and Margalla Hills, south side by salt ranges, easter side by River Jhelum and westem by River Indus. ‘© The plateau cover the districts of Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Mianwali and Chakwal. It is a bad land topographic area. Ravines, Ridges, Gullies, Trough and Residual hills are the main features of the area These Gullies and Ravines are called khaderas. River Soan, Korang, Harro, Sill and Dharab are the main water bodies of the area. Kallar Kahar, Khabeki and Uchchali are main lakes of the area. Rock salt, Limestone, Gypsum, oil, Coal and Gas are the main minerals of the plateau, Important mountain ranges Khairi Murat,Kheri Mar, Bakralla Ridges, Jogi Tilla and Salt ranges. Soan valley is the important of the area. ‘© Steep slope towards south side. Fig.7, shows the location of Potwar Plateau and Salt Ranges.Photograph of Potwar Plateau showing a Bad Land Topographic area. Photograph of Potwar Plateau Drainage System (Potwar Plateau) ‘The natural flow of water from an area in rivers, streams and lakes, The following rivers and lakes form the drainage system of Potwar Plateau. > River Soan Kaller Kahar > River Korang Khabeki > River Harro Uchali > River Sill > River Dharab Inland Drainage System (Potwar Plateau) When the water from river or stream is absorbed into land or collects in a lake and does not join big river / sea, The following lakes form the inland drainage system. > Kaller Kahar > Khabeki > Uchali,Photograph of Lakes (Potwar Plateau) Uchali Khabeki Kaller Kahar Salt Ranges ‘© Salt ranges are located to the south side of Potwar Plateau, ‘© Its average height is about 750 ~ 900 meters. Salt Ranges cover most of the Jhelum, Kalabagh and Mianwali districts has become famous as the salt ranges. This is because of the salt mines of Khewra, a small town about 160 km from Islamabad. The highest peak of the area is Sakesar (1527 m). ‘Small streams like Khewra, Makrachi, Jaranwala and Jamsukh, It is a bad land topographic area. Some beautiful lakes exist in this area e.g. Kaller Kahar, Khabeki and Uchali, which add to the scenic beauty of the area. This area is rich in number of minerals e.g. Rock salt, Limestone and Gypsum. eee .Photograph of Salt Ranges (Potwar Plateau) Describe the features of the Salt Range. badland topography/dissected/rugged; steep slopes/high land/mountainous/hilly; sharp peak/peaks; idge/ravine/gullies/rills; sparse vegetation/greenery/shrubs/scrub/bushes; bare rock/rocky/gravel/barren/small rocks/scree/sandy/stony; + red/orange/brown rocks; + rocks in layers; + dry/arid. Fe Life Style of People at Potwar Plateau / Salt Ranges © Settled life style is practiced. ‘© Farming depends on rainfall (Barani Farming) because rugged landscape does not allow canal Irrigation. Wheat, Maize, Barley and gram are cultivated. ‘© Infrastructure is available and area is accessible by road, rail and air transport due to urban settlement. Terms Gully It is a channel formed by flowing water along a hill slope.Trough It is a long deep valley. Photograph of Trough idges It is a narrow range of hills. OR ‘A ridge is a long and rather narrow upland area with one or more steep sides. Photograph of Ridgesills Residual Isolated blocks of rock remaining after an extended period of erosion has lowered surrounding hills. Photograph of Residual Hills. Study Photograph X which shows a part of the Potwar Plateau. Photograph X Describe the relief of the part of the Potwar Plateau shown on photograph X. Badland topography, flat surface, Gullies, Ravine, Valley has steep sides, Flat bottom, Describe the drainage features of the potwar plateau. River Soan and its tributaries, meanders, Salty lakes like, Kallar Kahar, Khabeki, Uchali. How may the following have contributed to the features of area Y on photograph X. Deforestation, Soil erosion, no roots to hold the soil No tree leaves to intercept rain. May have allowed overgrazing, soil erosion. Monsoon rain and thunderstorm, Heavy rain causes rapid surface run-off, washes away exposed soil / soil erosion, Enlarge the gullies and ravines.Indus Plain Plain: ‘The Indus Plain were formed by the alluvium laid down by the River Indus and its tributaries. The River Indus is a mighty river about 2900 kilometers long. From its source in Mansorawar Lake in Tibet, the Indus flows from east to west between lofty mountains like the Karakoram and the great Himalayas. It then majestically flows into the Arabian Sea through a braided channel in Punjab and a meandering channel in Sindh Province. : An extensive area of level or gently undulating land, usually of low altitude. Fig.8, shows the location of Indus Plain (Upper and Lower Indus Plain). = [Roundary of indus Pin Fig.8 The Tributaries of River Indus Tributary: A river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake. ‘The river Indus is joined by a number of tributaries from the right and left. In general the right- hand / western tributaries are small and carry a lower volume of water e.g. River Kabul, River Gilgit, River Kurram and River Gomal. ‘A number of left-hand / Eastern tributaries are major rivers which carry large volumes of water and sediments. These rivers are the Jhelum, River Chenab, River Ravi, River Beas and River Sutlej. Eventually, all of them join at Mithankot. From there, they flow as one stream under the name of Panjnad before they join the Indus. From there onwards, the Indus makes its way to the Arabian Sea without being joined by any further tributaries.Fig.9, shows the location of River Indus and its Tributaries (Eastern and Western). KEY International Boundary —2 | Provincial Boundary River Arabian Sea Rivers of Pakistan. Fig.9 Indus plain is divided into two parts. 1. Upper Indus Plain 2. Lower Indus Plain 1. Upper Indus Plain (Features and comparison ) ‘The area between Attock to Mithankot is called Upper Indus Plai Located in the northern part of the Indus Plain. Nearly flat, undulating plain and sloping towards the south-west. It stretches over the whole Punjab Province approximately. River Indus and its major tributaries flow here. River Jhelum, Ravi and Sutlej have joined the Panjnad which joins the Indus near Mithankot. ‘The average width of the Indus is 1.4 km till Kalabagh and 1.6 km near Sukkur. River Indus is in its middle course in the north and enters its lower course towards south. Both erosion and deposition take place. Meanders, Oxbow-lakes, Braided Channel and Levees are present in doab areas. Doabs and Bars / Alluvial Terraces are formed between the rivers exist in this area. Piedmont Plain with alluvial fans to the north and west. Ideal for industries and agriculture with a network of perennial and link canals. iver Chenab at Panjnad to form the eeccoeeFig.10, shows the location of Upper Indus Plain. Upper Indus Plains Fig.10 Landf Forms / Natural Topographical Features of River Indus Land forms of River Indus can be divided into four parts. 1. Active Flood Plain 2. Old Flood Plain 3. Scarp/ Bluff 4, Alluvial Terraces / Bars, 1. Active Flood Plain Flat area. Flooded every year. New alluvium is deposited. Meanders, Oxbow-lakes, Braided Channel and Levees are present. 2. Old Flood Plain Flat area. Flooded every 7/8 years due to severe flood. Old alluvium is deposited. Meanders, Oxbow-lakes, Braided Channel and Levees are present. Fit for agriculture. 3. Scarp / Bluff Steep slope. Fit for agriculture. 4, Alluvial Terrace / Bar upland Bar Upland: Highland built by river deposition. Flat / level area. Old alluvium is deposited Fit for industry, houses and agriculture.Photograph A Photograph B Qu Ans. Study Photographs A and B (Insert) which show parts of the lower Indus valley. Using the photographs and your own knowledge, explain the advantages for agriculture in areas like this. Near to river /lake / water source (for ease of irrigation / plentiful water for sugarcane or cotton) [Active / old] flood plain (allows floods to spread over a large area) River floods regularly / every 1-8 years (e.g. depositing alluvium / providing water and nutrients / which is useful for rice / suitable for Buffalo to wallow idea) Alluvium / fertile soil (to increase crop yields) Wide area / floodplain / space / up to 40 km wide (which provides large area of land forintensive cropping) Flat (e.g. for ease of cultivation / easy to grow crops / easy 10 use machinery / easy for cattle to graze). Piedmont Plains Plain stretching out from the base of a mountain, Piedmont plains are located at the foothills of the Sulaiman, Kirthar and Himalayas mountains. ‘The most dominant features of the Piedmont plains are the Alluvial Fans or cones that develop eastward from the Sulaiman and Kirthar mountains. When most of the rivers or streams coming from the Sulaiman and Kisthar ranges have low water flows. They become active only during the rainy season, when they flow down the mountain slopes swiftly. As they reach the foothills, they become slow and split into narrow channels that fan out on to the slopes. The material brought down by the water is dropped within the narrow channels of the streams. The gravel, sand and alluvium deposited by rivers form alluvial fans. There are extensive areas of alluvial fans on the eastern side of the Sulaiman and Kirthar ranges. The Sulaiman Piedmont plain is also known as Derajat. The piedmont plains are mainly agricultural. The Derajat consist of the trans-Indus territory and are located between River Indus and Sulaiman Mountains covering an area of 2 million hectares in the districts of D.G. Khan Ranjinpur plus adjacent tribal areas in the Punjab and D.I. Khan in Khyberpaktunkhan. Alluvial Fan Fan like deposit made by a river at the base of a bill, Alluvial FanPhotograph of Alluvial Fan Photograph of Alluvial Fan Meander ‘The zig zag winding course of river is called meander. Photograph of Meanders Ox-Bow Lake It is a curved river channel cut off from the main stream. Photograph of Ox-Bow LakeLevees ‘Natural embankment built on the banks of a stream by deposition. Fig.11, shows the formation of Levees. Deposition raises bed And B show the development of levées and the raising of the river bed Key: F = Flood plain L=Levée Fig.11 Braided Channel A channel which flows into shallow interconnected channels divided by deposited material. Photograph of Braided Channel Doab Area between two rivers called doab. Well known doabs are the following. Bari Doab: Area between River Sutlej and River Ravi. Following districts are Included in it. Lahore, Kasur, Okara, Shaiwal, Pakpattan, Vehari, Multan, Khanewal and Lodhran. Rechna Doab: _ Area between River Ravi and River Chenab. (Sialkot, Narowal, Gujranwala, Hsfizabad, Jhang, Faisalabad and Toba-Tek-Singh). Chaj Doab: ‘Area between River Chenab and River Jhelum. (Gujrat, Sargodha, Mandi Bahauddin and north western part of Shang).Sindh Sagar Doab: Area between River Jhelum and River Indus. (Khushab, Mianwali, Leiah and Muzaffargarh). Alluvial Terraces / Bar upland Alluvial Terraces / Bar Upland: Highland built by river deposition. Alluvial Terraces have developed in some parts of the interfluves / Doab of the Upper Indus Plain, The interfluves are locally called Doabs and the terraces are called Bars. These terraces were formed the deposition during the past. Well known terraces are the following. > Kirana Bar in Chaj Doab. > Sandal Bar in Rechana Doab. > Ganji Bar in Bari Doab. > Nili Bar in between the old bed of River Beas and River Sutlej. Fig.12, shows the location of Doabs and Bars. —— |internationat Boundary Fig.12 Bahawalpur Plain ‘The Bahawalpur plain is grouped with the doabs because of the riverain tracts locally known as sindh and an upland identical to the bar upland. The north eastern part is a cover and meander flood plain, the central area is a sandy plain being leveled and irrigated and the south western part is a cover flood plain of Dera Nawab. Along its southern border is the Ghaggar channel way. Bahawalpur, Bahawalnagar, Chistian and Rahim Yar Khan’s irrigated areas are best known for cultivation (cotton).2. Lower Indus Plain ‘The area between Mithankot to Thatta is called Lower Indus Plain. It is located in the southern part of the Indus Plain. Nearly flat, undulating plain and sloping towards south. It stretches over the whole Sindh Province approximately. River Indus flows alone. River Indus flows into the Arabian Sea south of Thatta Width of the River Indus is 1.6 km. River Indus is in its lower course. Deposition is the main function of River Indus. Meanders, Oxbow-lakes, Braided Channel and Levees are present. Doabs and Bars / Alluvial Terraces are not present. Cuesta is (A ridge of limestone) present. Piedmont Plain with alluvial fans to the west. Ideal for industries and agriculture with a network of canals. wee reer cccccce Fig.13, shows the location of Lower Indus Plain. Lower Indus Plains Meander Rohri flood plain indus chesta Aetveood plain 4 °E, lve od plan Fig.13 The Kachhi-Sibi Plain It is a barren area which is bounded on the north by the Marri-Bugti Ranges and on the west by the Kalat Range and southern by Indus Plain. Heat and aridity are the common characteristics of this area. Cuesta It is a ridge of limestone with a steep slope and a gentle slope. The steep slope of a cuesta may also be called a scarp. The gentle slope of a cuesta is known as the dip-slope or back slope. They are only two in Pakistan namely Rohri and Ganjo Takar. Both are located in the lower Indus Plain. These limestone ridges provide a firm foundation for the construction of Barrages for irrigation. They also add to the scenic beauty of the area,Fig.14, shows the Picture of Cuesta. Isolated remnant marking former Position Of SRP scarp st00€ Cuesta Resistant rock Study the map of southern Pakistan AQ.l Describe the natural topography (relief) of Area D on the map. Ans. Flat or gentle stoping land; Lower Indus Plain / low altitude; Flood plain / active floodplain (bet) / old floodplain; Delta; Limestone cliffs at Hyderabad (Ganjo Takkar Hills) / escarpment / cuesta; Piedmont plains with alluvial fans Indus Delta Delta: Triangular deposition made by river at its mouth is called delta. When River Indus reaches near Arabian Sea its speed is reduced due to load (Sand, Clay) and low gradient. So it divides into many smaller and larger distributaries. It is the 7" largest delta in the world with an area 780 sq.km. In Pakistan only two rivers form the delta e.g. River Indus forms delta called Indus Delta and River Hub forms delta called Hub Delta. Indus delta includes the areas like Thatta, Keti Bandar, Jati and Ladian. Con NS (Formation of Delta) > The River must carry the load. > The River must deposit the load Photograph of Indus Delta Features of Indus Delta Itis located to the south of Thatta, The larger distributries are Ochito and Gungro, The smaller distributries are Kalri and Panyari. Sea water often fills up Troughs between distributaries, resulting in swamps. There are some depressions in deltic areas which are filled with water during flood, locally called Dhands / ox-bow lake. Levees formed due to deposition of alluvium on the banks of distributaries. woesFig.16, shows the location of Indus Delta. Hyderabad Fig.16 Indus delta has low population density due to sea waves, tropical cyclones damage the area. Agriculture is limited due to swampy land, saline soil and less rainfall. Infrastructure is not well developed discouraging the industrial and commercial activities. Only unmetalled roads are here which connect the different parts but not suitable for heavy vehicles. Local communities involve in fishing, ‘Mangrove trees are used as fuel wood, boats and leaves as a fodder for animals like camel. Fig.16, shows the formation of Indus Delta. Deposits build faster than waves Frome Ditittaios Samos "SECyrens can cmove se Fig.16Desert Areas Desert: A large barren area of land that has very less rain / no rain called desert. ‘The most important deserts in Pakistan are the following: 1. Thal Desert / Sindh Sagar Doab 2, The Thar Desert (Thar desert has three parts) © Cholistan / Rohi © Nara /Pat © Tharparker 3. Kharan Desert Features of Desert Areas ‘© Very hot in summer season and temperature remain above 40 © Arid conditions prevail (little or no rain) ‘© Winters are mild (Temperature remain 10€ to 20°), ‘© Dust Storms / hot dusty winds blow during May to September. ‘© Sand dunes are present, they are in different shapes like Latitudinal, Longitudinal, Transverse and Crescent. ‘© Sand plains are present. © Large daily range. ‘* People adopt nomadic life and rear goat and sheep. © Little / no agriculture due to shortage of water e.g. grams are cultivated. ‘© Little /no vegetation i.e. thorny bushes (mostly acacia) is a general picture of desert. © Mineral deposits such as coal, oil and gas fields are present in Thar desert Fig.17, shows the location of Desert areas in Pakistan. Desert Area Int. Boundary Provin. BoundaryPhotograph of Deserts areas. Photograph of Desert Areas Life Style of People in Desert areas of Pakistan People adopt nomadic life in summer due to extreme hot and lack of water. People keep goat and sheep. Camels are widely used for transportation. Rabi crops are cultivated i.e. wheat and gram. Handicraft industries related to hide and wool are popular. Density of population is very less due to harsh climate and poor facilities. AQ.1 Name the desert C. Ans. Thal. Q.2__ Describe the natural topography (relief) of Area C on the map. Ans. Sand plains, Sand dunes, Little or no rain, Little / no vegetation i.e. thomy bushes (mostly acacia) is a general picture of desert. Q.3._ Describe the effects on people of living in extremely hot climates. Ans. Difficult working conditions People have to stay indoors / stay in shade /cannot stay outdoors too long Heat-related deaths e.g. heatstroke/heart attack/sunstroke/skin cancer/dehydration Difficulty storing water Need to avoid dehydration by drinking more water Requires adaptions to clothing to keep cool Study Photograph A Explain how the ground surface and the vegetation show that this is an area of low rainfall. Ground Surface Vegetation bare/barren ground scattered, e.g. sparce/scanty lack of Sand greenery/pale brown/not green ‘Small stones low bushes/shrubs/scrub/not tall adaptations seen in photograph, e.g. thors/thin leaves etc.Study Fig.1.2 Study Fig, 1.2 (Insert). Describe the main features of the desert area shown in the photograph. ‘Sand / sandy; Sand dunes / ridges / hills / hilly; Large area / expanse / plain / plains; Sparse / scant vegetation / not much greenery / few trees / lack of trees; Small bushes / thorny bushes / scrub / rakh / shrubs; Barren / bare / dry; Oasis, Explain the challenges of living in a desert area, such as that shown in Fig. 1.2. You should develop your answer. Challenges such as: High temperatures / hot (during day) / cold at night / uncomfortable living conditions; Lack of /little / unreliable rainfall; Difficult to grow crops / carry out ag Difficult to rear animals; Lack of water / travel long distance to find water / low water table: Dust / sandstorms; Infertile soils / lack of nutrients / lack of humus produced; Reliable food supply; Isolated / far from urban areas / remote; Inaccessible / poor / lack of roads; Wild / poisonous animals. ture;Study Fig.1.3. Q.7 Study Fig. 1.3 (Insert), State two features of the climate typical of the environment shown in the photograph. Ans. Cold / cool / low temperatures / freezing temperatures; Relief rainfall; ‘Snow (capped peaks) / blizzards; Ice / hail; Windy: Dry; Sunny / bright / clear skies OR few sunny days / cloudy. Avalanches ‘The huge masses of snow that move down the slopes. Photograph of Avalanches. Photograph of Avalanches Landslide ‘The movement of rocks and soil down the mountain slopes known as landslide.eae \, TAJIKISTAN. 76° onens Gomal 1" 12 13 14 16(a) The sketch cross-section, Fig.l shows the main physical features, A to D, of a typical doad. ADoab Metres above river level ° 5 30 a 6 7 90 105 120 kilometres Fig (i) For each of the following, write the name of the physical features A to D. (21The Natural Topography (unit: 1) By Sir Bilal Sarwar from DMC fsd (03228659670) Topic: The Northen Mountains = aand-—=—sNorth-Westem Mountains. Q Describe the relief (Physical) features of + the ~_Karakoram Range. ‘Ans: The Karakoram Range runs from 400 km ftom Hunza to Shyok River, The Karakoram Range is 200 km wide. The range runs in east-west direction. The average height of Karakoram Range is 6000 metres. K-2 (8610metres) is the highest peak of Karakoram Range. The range has deep, narrow valleys are sharp peaks covered with snow and glaciers. Siachen and Biafo are the main glaciers. Q Describe the main features of Himalayas range. ‘Ans: Himalayas are in the south of Karakoram Range. They run East to West. The Himalayas is, divided in Pakistan in three sub parallel ranges the great or high Himalayas, the lesser Himalayas and the sub-Himalayas. (2) The great Himalayas: also known as central Himalayas mostly lie in Kashmir. The average height of Himalayas is 6000 meters. Highest peak is Nanga Parbat (8126meters). Rupal is longest river. Satpara is largest lake of region. The river Indus River has set up a number of gorges (narrow valley) in its path. The peaks of central Himalayas are snow capped and steep-sided with large glaciers. (b) The lesser Himalayas: are located south of the great Himalayas. Lesser of lower Himalayas are of medium height 1800 to 4500 meters. Lesser Himalayas are of special interest to tourist, Hill stations like Murree, Ghora Gali, Nathia Gali are located in lesser Himalayas. No glacier is found in this region (0) The sub-Himalayas: The sub-Himalayas or Siwaliks are the southernmost mountain of Himalayas located near Attock. They are low in altitude 600 metres to 1200 metres, They are located near Attock, Q ‘Describe the relief ~— features. © ofthe Hindu «Kush range ‘Ans: The Hindu Kush range lies on north and north-west border of Pakistan. This range runs in north-south direction. Average altitude (height) of the Hindu kush range is 5000 metres. Trich Mir (7690m) is highest peak of range. High, steep (sharp), sided valleys with narrow floor are one of feature of Hindu kush range. Important passes of the range are Shandur pass connects which Gilgit and Chitral. Lawari pass connects chitral to swat and Peshawar Valley. Shangla pass connects Swat valley to upper Indus pass. The Hindu Kush range is bare (empty) of vegetation. Some forest lie in Swat, Chitral and —Dir’_—svalleys = aare_—slocated = in. =the ~—range. Q How life and economy of the people living in northem areas affected by relief of northem mountains? Ans: Northen Mountains have steep slopes, high peaks; deep gorges, rugged (rough) landscape, several steams and glaciers restrict (limits) human movement. Little land is available. Small scale agriculture is done on terraced (stepped) field. In summer livestock and tourism are source of income. Some hydro-electric projects are set up on rivers. Indoor activities like carpet making and embroidery (needlework) are carry out in winter because land is covered with snow. Q Describe the drainage pattern of northern areas ‘Ans: River indus and its tributaries is main feature of drainage pattem. River Indus starts from Mansrowar Lake in Karakoram. Indus River passes through Hindukush joined by river Kabul and ‘Swat. After passing from dissected gorges enter in plain areas at Kalabagh. Tributaries (branches) of Indus such as Jhelum, Chenab, Sutlej and Beas starts from Himalayas passes through Kashmir and enters plain. = areas. «= aand = join = Indus. = sat_—Mithankot. Q Describe the = main’ ~— features. ~—sof,_— Gilgit’ += agency area? Ans: Gilgit agency covers extreme northern part of Pakistan. It is a mountainous region covered by Karakoram Range. River Indus flows through it. In the south of river Indus located Himalayas range with average altitude (height) of 6000 metres. High land comprises (made) of steep (sharp) sided parallel ranges, sharp sided ridges, peaks covered with snow, huge glaciers are located in Karakoram and Himalayas. River Gilgit and river Hunza flows from north and join Indus. Area is marked with cold winter and snow falls. Topic: The Western Mountains Q Describe the reliet features of western mountains. ‘Ans: Safed koh range: is located in the south of river Kabul in east-west direction. It has height up to of 4712 metres. Sikeram is the highest peak. It has snow capped lime stone ridges (peaks). It form barrier on Pak-Afghan border. 2) Waziristan hills: are located between rivers Khurran and Gomal along Afghan border are highly mineralized. Hills have no vegetation. Hills rise up to 3513 metres. Bannu town is located in these hills 3) Sulaiman range: is located towards west of river Indus. Range is 400 km long and 20 to 25km wide, Highest peak is Takht-i-Sulaiman (3383metres). Lime stone and sand stone are the main minerals of area, Range separate Indus plain from Balochistan _ plateau. 4) Kirthar range: is located in the west of river Indus in Sindh and Balochistan plateau. Range risesup to 2174 meters and is bare of vegetation. Hub and Lyari are main rivers of Kirthar range. Q How life and economy of people living in western mountains is affected by relief of the western mountains? ‘Ans: Rugged (rocky) landscape is a hurdle in development of infrastructure and transport net work. Canal system cannot be set up due to mountainous landscape (land). Range is bare (empty) of vegetation can only support nomadic way of livestock. Mineral deposits are unexplored (unfound) due to poor road network. Only valleys like Peshawar, Kohat and Bannu are very much populated Topic: The Balochistan Plateau. Q Describe the main relief (land form) features of the mountain ranges in Balochistan Ans: Average height of plateau is 1000 metres. The western part of plateau has a number of parallel ranges. Ranges is south are comparatively low. Important ranges from south to north are Makran coastal range, Raskoh and Chagai hills. Raskoh has a height of 3000 meters. Tobakakar range is located in the east of Quetta. Sulaiman range is in north-west of Quetta Q Describe the relief and drainage pattem of upper Balochistan. (6) N 2002 Ans: In northern Balochistan basins like Zhob and Loralai are located between Toba Kakar and Sulaiman range. Hills have steep slopes, sharp ridges and deep narrow valleys. River Zhob passes through Balochistan plateau and join river Indus. In Sulaiman range hill torrents (flood) forms alluvial fans and join river Indus. Quetta valley is in south-west of Loralai basin. Quetta valley is surrounded by mountain ranges and its bed is made of alluvial material brought by seasonal rivers. The northern part of Balochistan has an average height of 2000 meters. Sulaiman range rise up to height of 3000 meters. Q With reference of named location, describe the main features of the relief, drainage and soils of the basins in Balochistan. w 1996) ‘Ans: Northem Balochistan: Norther part of the Balochistan plateau has number of basins. Zhob and Loralai basins are situated between TobaKakar and Sulaiman range. To the south-west of Loralai basin is the_—Quetta’—valley— surrounded = bys mountain ranges. Western Balochistan: There are number of Basins located in Western Balochistan between chagai hills, Raskoh, Siahan and central Makran range. These basins have no outlet to sea and have inland drainage. There are number of dry salt lakes located in these basins. Hamun-i-Mashkel is largest salt range. Drainage (water flow): River Hab, Hingol and Dasht flows in Arabian Sea. River Zhob flows in Indus River. Soil: The valley floor is covered with sand, silt and clay with limited agriculture. Foot hills are covered with alluvial fans. Q Describe the drainage (flow) pattern of Balochistan ‘Ans: Rivers like Zhob, Khandar and Kalachi flows east ward. These rivers drain in indus River. Most of the rivers of Balochistan are seasonal and active in rainy season. Rivers Loralai, Chakar, Bolan and Mula have inland drainage soaked in Kachi sibi piain. River Hab, Porali, Hingol and Mushkai flows in Arabian Sea. Many small rivers flow west ward and drains in salt lakes called Hamun Q Describe one problem created due to highland of Balochistan plateau and how it can be overcome? ‘Ans: There is shortage of land suitable for agriculture. Farming is done in narrow valleys on small scale. There is shortage of water due to low rainfall. Karez system of irrigation is used in some valleys, Small dams are made on river Zhob. Topic: The Potwar Plateau and the Salt Range. Q> Describe the drainage features of the Potwar plateau. (3) N 2003 Ans: There are number of perennial and non perennial rivers in Potwar plateau which swells up (enlarge) in the rainy season. River Soan is an important river which flows through potwar plateau North east to south west direction and join river Indus. Rawal dam has been set up on river Korang near Islamabad. There are number of small salt lakes in the plateau such as kullar kahar, Uch Chali and Khabeki, which add Sto. scenic = beauty = of_—S the = area Q Describe the relief features of _-—-Potwar~— plateau. © (3)._—sN 2003 Ans: Potwar plateau is located in the south of Islamabad, between river Indus and Jhelum. Potwar plateau had bad land topography. Steep (sharp) slopes, ravines, gullies and gorges are formed due 10 soil erosion; there is Series of low hills average height 300 to 600 metres. Residue hills such as Kalachitta and Khair «= Murat rise. = to. just «over = 1000-—s metres. a Describe the relief features of salt range. ‘Ans: Average height of salt range is 750 meters to 900 meters. The Skesar peak is 1527 meters high. Range runs in east-west direction. Range covers most of Jhelum, Chakwal, Kalabagh and Mianwali districts. South slope of range is steep and other is gentle. Salt range is collection of several parallel ranges which are folded and faulted. Sand stone and shale rocks are commonly found. Salt range is also rich in rock salt, gypsum and lime stone. Topic: The Indus Plain, Q- What is doab (scalloped _interfluves)? (ty N 2002 Ans: The land between two rivers. Q Name a doab and its location,‘Ans: Rachna doab between river Ravi and Chenab, Chaj doab between river Chenab and Jhelum, Bari doab between river Sutlej and river Ravi Q~ What are locations of bars (alluvial terrace) in upper Indus plain? ‘Ans: Ganji bar and Neli bars are in Bari doab, Sandal bar is in Rachna doab and Kirana bar is in Chaj doab Q Where on doab would be best place to build a house? Why? ‘Ans: A house can be set up on doab at the bar up land area because itis highest place on doab safe from, floods. Q Describe the relief and drainage of upper Indus plain. (6) (J97, N99, N2002) Ans: Drainage of Upper Indus Plain: Upper Indus plain(Punjab) is flat land from Potwar plateau to Mithonkot drained by river Indus and its tributaries Jhelum, Chenab, Sutlej, and Ravi. At Panjnad tributaries join to form river Paninad which meets river indus after 72km at Mithankot, Upper indus plain is divided in Sindh Sargar, Chaj, Rachna and Bari doabs. Doabs are located between Indus River and its tributaries. Active flood plains: are narrow strip along rivers flooded every year. Levees, meander, oxbow lakes and braided channels are features of active flood plain. Old flood plain: is next to active flood plain. Scars of levees, meanders, oxbow lakes and braided channels are found in it. tis flooded once in 7 to 8 years. It is 5 to 10 meters higher than active flood plain. Alluvial terrace: or bar is located in the middle of doab. It is safe from floods. It is 5 to 15 meters high. Scarp or bluff is a slope that separates old flood plain from bar (alluvial terrace). Kerana bar is located in chaj doab, sandal bar is in Rachna doab, Ganji and Neli bars are in Bari doab. Q Describe the relief. = and drainage of lower— indus —_ plain ‘Ans: Lower Indus plain is southern part of Indus plain starts from Mithonkot. Land is flat undulating (wavy) sloping towards south. it is drained by river Indus have an active flood plain is around 40km. Meanders, levees, oxbow lakes and braided channels are main features of active flood plain, Alluvial fans have formed piedmont plain along Kirthar and Sulaiman range in the west of Indus. In the south of lower Indus plain River Indus forms Indus delta by deposition (setting down) of alluvial material. Cuesta is located at Rohri and Ganjo Takkar. Q How life and economy of people living in_Indus plain is affected by its relief and drainage? ‘Ans: Indus plain has flat and undulating land. Doabs and active flood plain of lower Indus have rich alluvial soil and water is available for irrigation so agriculture is the main profession. Industry that process material provided by agriculture sector is also developed i.e. Textile mills, sugar mills and flour mills, Roads and railway line are easier to set up due to flat land. River Indus and its tributaries are crossed by bridges at convenient places. Population is high due to food production and employment. Topic: Piedmont Plains. Q” Describe the relief, _and_— drainage pattern of __piedmont plain _region. Ans: Alluvial fans are found in the foot hills of Sulaiman mountain range and Kirthar mountains range in piedmont plain region. Hill torrents (flood) become active only during rainfall on reaching foot brought material (sand, silt and gravel) is deposited (set down). Torrents divide into number of channels like shape of Chinese fans spread from 2 to 4 miles. Piedmont plains have fertile soil suitable for agriculture. Alluvial fans are also found in northem Punjab. Topic: Tidal Delta Q Name two delta. ~—located~=on_—coastal © areas of_——Pakistan. Ans: Indus delta and Hub delta, Q Describe the drainage of Indus delta N 2002 Ans: Indus delta starts from Thatta, Here Indus River divides in number of channels which are shallow and natural channels. The deta is a flat region crossed by many shallow (not deep) Channels through which the water of river Indus flows into sea, The channels are shallow because of continuous deposit (lay down) of silt on their beds. The channel bed gets raised, and at many places channel is higher than nearby land. Levees are formed on the banks of channels. Sea water fills in lower land between channels. and =—sforms = swamps. (marshiwetland). Topic: Cuestas in the lower Indus Plain: Q What are important feature of Cuestas? Ans: Cuestas are located in lower Sindh. Cuesta is a ridge with steep slope at one side and gentle slope at other side. Rohri Cuesta is 80 meters high and 48 Km long. Gango Takkar Cuesta is 24 Km long Q Describe important use of cuesta in Sindh Ans: Rohri cuesta is source of ime stone for Rohri cement factory. Ganjo Takkar hills are source of lime stone for cement factories near Hyderabad, Kotri and Thatta. Cuesta provides good location for construction of barrages, Topic: The Desert Areas Q Name three deserts located in south-east Pakistan. Ans: Cholistan, Nara and Tharparkar. Q Name a one desert in upper Punjab and one _in_Balochistan. Ans: Thal in. upper. Punjab = and) =—Kharan in. —_ BalochistanQ _Explain the appearance and_— development ~—of_~—sand dunes. ‘Ans: Tharparkar and Thar deserts have land covered with rolling sand plain and countless sand dunes. Sand dunes are normally 25 to 50 feet in height may be even higher. The sand dunes are steep on one side and gentle on other side. Sand dunes are formed by wind action and shift their location in the direction of wind. Some places there is strip (narrow piece) of flat land called patt. Q How life of people in desert is affected by natural environment? J 94 Ans: Desert relief (land form) is marked by sand dunes have high temperature and low rainfall Agriculture is limited. Rearing of sheep and goats is the main occupation (profession). Nomadic way of life is practiced (done) due to shortage of vegetation and water. Population is low and scattered. People travel ~—saat._—=—snight’ = due. = to. shigh = day_-—_—_—temperature. Q Location of only these latitude and longitude line is included in syllabus. Locate: Latitude lines 24°, 30° and 36°. Longitude lines 64°, 70° and 76° Q Definitions 1) Alluvial material material brought by river. 2) Alluvial terrace or bar: central high area of doab which has mature type of soil (fine loamy). It is 10 to 15 meters high separated from old flood plain by a slope called scarp or bluff 3) Alluvial fans: are found along foot of Kirthar Mountains in Sindh. During rainy season hill torrents (sudden flow of water) bring lot of silt, sand, gravel and rock material. At foot hill torrent slowdowns and deposit the material. Torrent split in many channels spread over 2 to 4 miles forms a sharp of Chinese fan called alluvial tans. 4) Alluvial cone: an alluvial fan with steep slope. 5) Basin: Natural or artificial depression in. land like = wash _basin. 6) Braided channel: a steam with a wide, shallow channel split in two or more channels due to hurdle in the path, Split channels merge (join) again 7) Boulder: any large, detached, generally rounded + mass_—of_rock 8) Catchment area: the total area drained by a iver and its tributaries. 9) Doab: The land between two adjacent rivets is known as doab or interfluves 10) Drainage: The natural runotf (flow) of water from an area by streams and. rivers. 11) Delta: is the mouth of the river. River is divided into number of distributaries (channels) before joining sea called delta. 42) Glacier: A large mass of snow over huge area formed by consolidation of snow falling 13) Gradient: slope. 14) Gully: a nartow channel set up in earth by the action of water. 15) Gorge: 2 rocky walled, steep (sharp) sided deep narrow river _ valley. 16) Hamun: Shallow salt lake with inland drainage found in Balochistan Plateau. 17) Levees: ate naturally built river bank by slow deposition of silt along sides. 18) Meander: curves in the natural course (path) of a river known as meander. 19) Mangrove swamp: trees_ == grown —in_— tidal, «Ss mud_—in’— delta, 20) Oxbow lake: The small horse shoe shaped lake which is formed by the separation of a meander form its main stream is known as ‘oxbow lake. 21) Plateau: is large stretch of highland which is practically at the same height above sea level. It descends on all sides to lower land. 2) Pass: a route over or through mountain. 23) Ravine: a small, narrow valley with steep sides, larger than a _gulley. 24) Rugged uneven, rough and imegular surface 25) Relief: isthe «= degree == of__—sunevenness_ = or_~—land form. 26) River bed! the channel in which river flow. 27) River basin: all area drained by river. 28) Runoff: all the water flowing from drained area. Flow of -—_water. 29) Silt: fine Particles larger than clay. 30) Shale: a fine grained sediment rock formed largely by hardening of clay. 31) _ Swamp: wet and spongy land saturated with —_water. 32) Terrain: an area of land in respect of its physical characteristics or conditions. 33) Tributary: = a_—Ssstream = or_—siver_~—flowing—into’— large _—river. 34) Tidal flat: an area of sand or = mud uncovered at low tide. 35) Undulating wavy form of land. By Sir Bilal Sarwar from DMC Faisalabad (03228659670)