Design of a Residential Building

Senior Design Project report submitted

in partial fulfilment for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering

Submitted by
Soumyabrata Panda (1651011016)
Subhasis Swain (1651011006)
Biswajit Rout (1651011020)
Muktar Khan (1651011027)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Institute of Technical Education and Research
SIKSHA ‘O’ ANUSANDHAN
(DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY)
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
2019

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report titled ‘DESIGN OF A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING”
being submitted by (SUBHASIS SWAIN(1651011006), SOUMYA BRATA PANDA
(1651011016), BISWAJIT ROUT (1651011020), MUKTAR KHAN(1651011027)) to the
Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (deemed to be
University), Bhubaneswar for the partial fulfilment for the degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Civil Engineering is a record of bonafide work carried out by under my/our supervision
and guidance. The project work, in my/our opinion, has reached the requisite standard
fulfilling the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology.
The results contained in this thesis have not been submitted in part or full to any other
University or Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Dr. Bidyadhar Basa

Department of Civil Engineering
ITER, SOA deemed to be University
Bhubaneswar

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 DECLARATION

We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words and where
other’sideas or words have been included. We have adequately cited and referenced the
original sources.We also declare that we have adhered to all principles of academic honesty
and integrity and have not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/fact/source in our
submission.
We understand that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the
University and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been
properly cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

SOUMYABRATA PANDA
SUBHASIS SWAIN
BISWAJIT ROUT
MUKTAR KHAN

Date: ————–

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 REPORT APPROVAL

This project report entitled ”DESIGN OF A RESIDENTIAL BUILDING” by (SUBHASIS

SWAIN(1651011006), SOUMYA BRATA PANDA (1651011016), BISWAJIT ROUT
(1651011020), MUKTAR KHAN(1651011027) is approved for the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Civil Engineering.

Examiner

Supervisor

Chairman

Date: ——————-

Place: ——————

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PLAGIARISM CHECK CERTIFICATE

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report is the result of analysis and design done by final year students, Civil Engineering
Department. It is indeed a matter of great pleasure and privilege to present this synopsis of
project report on “Design of a residential building”. Apart from the efforts of us, the
success of this project depends largely on the guidelines of many others.
First of all, we express our thankful appreciation towards Civil Engineering Department of
ITER for giving us the opportunity to work on this project.
We give our sincere gratitude and indebtedness to our guide DR .Bidyadhar basa, Asst.
Professor who gave us directions and advices throughout our preparations. Without his
continuous co-operation and guidance we wouldn’t have been able to accomplish all the
objectives of our project.
We are very much thankful to HOD, Civil Engineering Department, ITER and all the other
faculties who helped us rectify our mistakes. Their suggestions and constructive criticisms
have contributed to the evolution of our ideas on the project.
We feel very grateful towards all resource personals at various sites and all the people who
directly or indirectly helped us in completing this report.

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 ABSTRACT

Structural analysis is a branch which involves determination of behavior of structures

in order to predict the response of real structures such as buildings, bridges, trusses etc. With
economy, elegance, serviceability and durability of structure. Structural engineers are facing
the challenge of striving for the most efficient and economical design with the accuracy in
solution, while ensuring that the final design of a building must be serviceable for its intended
function over its design lifetime. This project attempts to understand the structural behavior
of various components in the multi-storied building. Analysis & designing of multi-storied
building has been taken up for basement+G+5 building, thereby depending on the suitability
of plan, layout of beams and positions of columns are fixed. Dead loads are calculated based
on material properties and live loads are considered according to the code IS875-part2,
footings are designed based on safe bearing capacity of soil. For the design of columns and
beams frame analysis is done by limit state method to know the moments they are acted
upon. Slab designing is done by depending upon the type of slab, end conditions and the
loading. From the slabs the loads are transferred to the beams, thereafter loads from the
beams are taken up by the columns and then to footing. Finally the section is checked for
components manually. The quantitative estimation has been worked out.

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 STUDY AREA
Structural analysis means determination of the general shape and all the specific
dimensions of a particular structure so that it will perform the function for which it is created
and will safely withstand the influences which will act on it throughout its useful life.

Due to concentration and increase of population into urban cities, there is need to
accommodate the inlux in urban cities. However, due to rapid increase of land cost and
limited availability of land, constructions of multi-storied buildings is taking part in our daily
life. A multi-storied is a building that has multiple floors above the ground in the building.
Multi-storied buildings aim to increase the floor area of the building without increasing the
area of the land, the building is built on and hence saving land and in most cases money. The
design process of multi-storied building not only imagination and conceptual thinking but
also sound knowledge of science of structural engineering.

The project deals with the planning and designing of building reinforced concrete
framed structure using IS456:2000 code. IS456:2000 is the basic code for general
construction in concrete structures, hence all the structural members are designed using limit
state method. The planning of any building in India will recognized by National Building
Code (NBC). Hence the building is planned in accordance with NBC.

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 PROPOSED SITE AREA

Bhubaneswar is one of the smart-city in India. As it is rapidly developing the

construction in the city is very costly. Economic point of view if the building is constructed at
a far distance from the city it will be cheaper and residents can live peaceful without any
external polluted sources. Having a peaceful surroundings is the main point of view of most
of the people in today’s lifestyle.

Our proposed site is located at Ranasinghpur, khandagiri, Bhubaneswar. The main

road is near to the site leads to AIIMS hospital. The branch road of 5 mt is connected to the
plot. The total area of our site is 3200 sq ft.

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 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The aim of the project is to plan and design the framed structure of a residential building.

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 CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
DECLARATION
PLAGIARISM CHECK CERTIFICATE
ABSTRACT
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION

DEMAND OF HOUSE

CLASSIFICATIONS OF BUILDING

BUILDING MATERIAL

CEMENT

SAND

STONE

BRICK

AGGREGATE

DEFINITIONS

REINFORCED CONCRETE

BEAM COLUMN CONSTRUCTIONS

BEAMS

COLUMNS

FOUNDATION

STAIRCASE

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DIAGRAM

DESIGN

SLAB

BEAMS

COLUMNS

FOOTING

STAIRCASE

REFERENCES

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 INTRODUCTION
The basic needs of human existence are food, clothing’s and shelter. From times
immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their standard of living. The point of
his efforts has been to provide an economic and efficient shelter. The possession of shelter
besides being a basic used gives a feeling of security, responsibility and shown the social
status of man.

Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed for his
pleasant living. This object is achieved by having a place of living situated at the safe and
convenient location, such a place for comfortable and pleasant living requires considered and
kept in view.

 A peaceful environment.
 Safety from all natural source & climate conditions.
 General facilities for community of his residential area.

The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building bye laws,
environment, financial capacity, water supply, sewage arrangement, provision of future,
aeration, ventilation etc. In suggestion a particular type of plan to any client.

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 DEMAND OF HOUSES
The house is the first unit of the society and it is primary unit of human habitation.
The house is built to grant the protection against wind, weathers and to give insurance against
physical insecurity of all kinds.

The special features of the demand for housing consists of in its unique nature and
depend on the following factors.

 Availability of cheap finance.

 Availability of skilled labours.
 Availability of transport facility.
 Cost of labours and material of construction.
 Predictions of future demand.
 Rate of interest on investment.
 Rate of population growth and urbanization.
 Supply of developed plots at reasonable prices.
 Taxation policy on real estates.
 Town planning & environmental conditions.

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 CLASSIFICATIONS OF BUILDINGS

GROUP A : RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

GROUP B : EDUCATIONAL BUILDINGS

GROUP C : INSTITUTIONAL BUILDINGS

GROUP D : ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS

GROUP E : BUSINESS BUILDINGS

GROUP F : MERCANTILE BUILDINGS

GROUP G : INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS

GROUP H : STORAGE BUILDINGS

GROUP I : HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS

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BUILDING MATERIAL

A Building structure is composed of different types of the materials. These materials

are either called as building materials. The materials used in the building on the basis of the
availability and cost. For construction of a building the essential building material are as
follows.

CEMENT

The cement often called the magic powder is a fine ground material consisting of
compound of lime, silica alumina and iron. When mixed with water it forms a paste which
hardened and bind the aggregates (sand, gravel, crushed rock etc.) together to form a durable
mass called concrete. Cement is the binder that holds concrete and mortars together. Which is
why it play the most critical role in giving strength and durability to your building. Cement
uses for domestic building such as home are basically of three types,

 Portland slag cement

 Portland pozzolana cement
 Ordinary Portland cement

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 1. PORTLAND SLAG CEMENT:

Portland slag cement (PSC) conforming to IS:455 a combination of good quality blast
furnace slag (from iron steel industry) with clinker (which makes the OPC)and gypsum.

2. PORTLAND POZZOLANA CEMENT:

Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) conforming to IS:1489 a combination of fly ash

(from thermal power plant) with clinker and gypsum. Pozzolana cement is prepared by
grinding Portland cement clinker with pozzolana. This type of cement is largely used in
marine structure.

3. ORDINARY PORTLAND CEMENT:

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 33 grade conforming to IS: 269, 43 grade

conforming to IS: 8112 and 53 grade conforming to IS: 12269 a combination of clinker and
gypsum of good quality. Ordinary Portland cement is manufactured by first burning at a very
high temperature the mixture of calcareous (mainly calcium carbonate) and argillaceous
(mainly clay) and then grinding the calcined product (clinker) with small amount of gypsum
in to as fine powder known as ordinary Portland cement.

Good quality cement has the following features:

 Reduced water requirement

 Improve workability
 Less permissible to moisture
 Improved resistance to acid and chlorides
 Reduced heat of hydration
 Easier to finish
 Reduced shrinkage
 Reduced leaching problems because it is low as free time

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SAND

These are cohesion less aggregates of either, rounded sub rounded, angular, sub
angular or flat fragments of more or less unaltered rock of minerals consisting of 90% of
particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and less than 2mm Alternatively, these are coarse
grained cohesion less particles of silica derived from the disintegration of rock.Coarse sand:
It is one which contains 90 & of particles of articled size greater than 0.6mm less than
2mm.Medium Sand: It is one, which contains 90& of particles of particles size greater than
0.2mm and less than 0.6mmFine sand: It is one, which contains 90% of particles of size
greater than 0.06mm and less than 0.2mm.Proper selection of sand is critical in the durability
and performance of concrete mixture. It should be Clear, angular and hardFree from clay,
mica and soft, flaky materialGraded, which means it should be a mix of fine, medium and
coarse sand fee from contamination like sea salt.

Consistent In moisture (water) content which should not exceed 7%. When mixing
must be taken the moisture.

Content must be taken in to consideration.

The price of sand includes three or four components base cost, transportation,
handling and number of intermediaries. Procuring sand in bulk directly from the source will
be cheaper. Your neighborhood dealer in this case is likely to be costlier, except when you
need smaller quantities.

Building Stone

Building stones are obtained from the rocks occurring in nature. The stones are use
into construct the foundation, super structure and many of the building components. The
various stones derived from these types of rocks are as follows.

Principle stones from igneous rock: Granite, basalt and Trap

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Principle stones from sedimentary rocks: Sand stones, Shale, Lime stones

Principal stones from metamorphic rocks: Quartzite, slate and marble

Properties or requirement of good building stone:

A good building stone should poses several characteristics such as high strength
(crushing strength>1000kg/cm), high durability, sufficient hardness (coefficient of
hardness>14), high resistance to wear, good fire resistance, specific gravity more 2.7,
crystalline structure, high impact value (toughness index>13) low water absorption
(percentage absorption after 24 hour less than 0.6), weather resistance and better appearance.

Bricks

Bricks are distinguished by their base (row) material and size. Standard brunt clay
bricks come in the size 10”x5”x3”. Modular, rarely use because they are not easily available,
come in the size 200mm x 100mm x 100mm (including mortar thickness) Fly ash bricks,
sometimes also come in modular form.

Conventional bricks have a frog (depressed / raised portion) on one of the larger
surface bearing the Manufacturer’s brand. These also provide a good mechanical key for
bonding (lock ability) with mortar.

The modular bricks do not have the frog n them. Fly ash bricks exhibit almost similar
mechanical properties as brunt clay bricks. Exposed brickwork with precise pointing is
possible if the shapes are perfect.

Aggregate

Aggregates is a general term applied to those inert (that chemically inactive) material,
which when bounded together by cement, form concrete. Most aggregates used in this
country are naturally occurring aggregates such as Sand, crushed rock and gravel.

Fine Aggregates: Most of which passes through 4.75 mm I.S. sieve and retained on 150
micron.

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Coarse Aggregates: Most of which passes through 63mm I.S. sieve and retained on
4.75micron.

All in Aggregates: Mixed aggregate, as it comes the pit or riverbed. It is sometimes used for
unimportant work without separating into different size.

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Properties of natural Aggregates:

The properties should comply with the norms laid down in I.S: 38-1970 Specification
for C.A. and F.A. from natural sources for concrete. Aggregates should be chemically inert,
strong, hard, durable, of limited porosity (water absorption when immerses in water for 24
hours should not be more than 10%) free from adherent coating, clay lumps, coal residues
and should contain o organic or other admixture that may cause corrosion of the
reinforcement or impair the strength r durability of the concrete. The shape (rounded,
strength, angular and flaky) and size of the aggregates should conform to the strength and
workability requirements.

Use of the Aggregates:

1. Naturally occurring crushed stone aggregates can be used for producing any type of
good concrete or R.C.C for construction purpose.
2. Broken brick aggregates is used to Produce plain concrete But not suitable For R.C.C.
which is lighter than broken stone aggregate.
3. Air- cools blast furnace slag, which is a by-product in the process of pig iron, from
stronger and durable concrete. When mixed with sand, and has a high fire resistance.

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Reinforcement Steel
RCC stands for reinforced cement concrete. TO enhance the load carrying capacity of
the concrete it is reinforced with bars of different diameters in an appropriate manner. Such
concrete is called reinforced concrete and the bars are called the reinforcement. These bars
are provided at various location to resist the internal force which force, which are developed
due to the loads acting on the structure reinforcing steel contributes to the tensile strength of
the concrete. Concrete has low tensile, but high compressive strength. The tensile efficiency
is compensated by reinforcing the concrete mass through insertion of plain or twist mild steel
bars. Both branded and unbranded bars are available. It is wise to buy good brands the names
of names of which are marked on the steel. During construction make sure that steel
reinforcement is provided exactly as the engineering design specification.

Precaution:
Steel bars/rods should be responsibly clean and free of rust.
Bars that cannot be easily bent manually or mechanically should be rejected.
Optimum length bars must not be chosen to reduce wastage in cutting.
To avoid laps, shorter bars must not be accepted.
Welded length of the bars should not be accepted

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WATER
The strength and durability of concrete depends also on the amount of Water mixed
with it. Too much or too little Water can adversely affect the strength of concrete.
After concrete is cast, water is used to cure it so that the temperature iscontrolled and
concrete matures
slowly.It is very important to use clean, potable water in quality concrete production.
Brackish or salty water must never be used. Contaminated water will produce concrete
mortars with lower durability, erratic set characteristics and in consistent colour.

REINFORCED CONCRETE:
Reinforced concrete is simply concrete in which steel bars with desirable magnitude
are introduced in the casting stage; the resulting composite material can resist the stresses
developed by the external loads. The revolutionary engineering concept of reinforcing the
weak tensile zone of the concrete with steel bars was developed in the mid-19lh century. The
early 20th century witnessed significant improvement in the development and use of
reinforced concrete mainly due to the production of a good quality concrete with improved
strength and the improved quality of steel with surface characteristics suitable to develop a
good bond with the steel and concrete.

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS:
Each building structure consists of the following elements:-
1. Slabs: horizontal plate elements carrying the loads.
2. Beams: horizontal members carrying the load from slabs.
3. Columns: vertical members carrying mainly axial loads (interior columns) but
sometimes they carry axial loads and moments in the case of exterior beams.

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4. Walls: vertical plate elements resisting vertical, lateral or in-plane loads.

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DESIGN BASES:

The single most important characteristic of any structural member is its actual
strength, which must be large enough to resist, with some margin to spare, all foreseeable
loads that may act on it during the life of the structure, without failure or other distress. It is
logical, therefore, to proportion members, i.e., to select concrete dimensions and
reinforcement, so that member strengths are adequate to resist forces resulting from certain
hypothetical overload stages, significantly above loads expected actually to occur in service.
This design concept is known as strength design. Similarly, steel close to and at failure of the
member is usually stressed beyond its elastic domain into and even beyond the yield region.
Consequently, the nominal strength of a member must be calculated based on this inelastic
behavior of the materials. A member designed by the strength method must also perform in a
satisfactory way under normal service loading. For example, beam deflections must be
limited to acceptable values, and the number and width of flexural cracks at service loads
must be controlled. Serviceability limit conditions are an important part of the total design,
although attention is focused initially on strength.

CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES:

Concrete frame structures are a very common - or perhaps the most common- type of
modern building. As the name suggests, this type of building consists of a frame or skeleton
of concrete. Horizontal members of this frame are called beams, and vertical members are
called columns. Humans walk on flat planes of concrete called slabs. Of these, the column is
the most important, as it is the primary load-carrying element of the building , lf you damage
a beam in a building, it will usually affect only one floor, but damage to a column could bring
down the entire building. Its full name is reinforced cement concrete, or RCC. RCC is
concrete that contains steel bars, called reinforcement

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REINFORCED CONCRETE (RC):

It is a composite material in which concrete's relatively low tensile strength and

ductility are counteracted by the inclusion of reinforcement having higher tensile strength
and/or ductility. The reinforcement is usually, though not necessarily, steel reinforcing bars
and is usually embedded passively in the concrete before the concrete sets. Reinforcing
schemes are generally designed to resist tensile stresses in particular regions of the concrete
that might cause unacceptable cracking and/or structural failure. Reinforced concrete may
also be permanently stressed (in compression), so as to improve the behavior of the final
structure under working loads.
In the United States, the most common methods of doing this are known as pre-
tensioning and post-tensioning.

For a strong, ductile and durable construction the reinforcement needs to have the
following properties at least:
• High relative strength, High toleration of tensile stress Good bond to the concrete,
irrespective of pH, moisture, and similar factors
• Thermal compatibility, not causing unacceptable stresses in response to changing
temperatures, Durability in the concrete environment

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BEAM- COLUMN CONSTRUCTION:

This is often called as "skeleton construction". The floor slabs, partitions, exterior
walls etc. are all supported by a framework of steel beams and columns. This type of skeleton
structure can be erected easily leading to very tall buildings. In such a beam and column
construction, the frame usually consists of columns with beams and girders framed into them
from both directions at each floor level. Generally columns used in the framework are hot-
rolled I-sections or concrete encased steel columns. Where the loading requirements exceed
the capacity of available section. The selection of beam sections depends upon the span,
loading and limitations on overall depth from headroom considerations. Simple beams with
precast floors or composite metal deck floors are likely to be the most economical for smaller
spans.

ONE-WAY&TWO-WAY REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS:

One way slabs are used when the longitudinal span is two or more times the short
span. In one-way slabs, the short span direction is the direction in which loads get transferred
from slab to the beams. Hence the main reinforcing bars are provided along this direction.
However, temperature, shrinkage and distribution steel is provided along the longer direction.
The two-way concrete slab is used when aspect ratio of the slab supported along all
four edges i.e. longitudinal span/transverse span is less than 2. The main reinforcement runs
in both directions.

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 All permanent constructions of the structure form the dead loads. The dead load
comprises of the weights of walls, partitions floor finishes, false ceilings, false floors and the
other permanent constructions in the buildings. The dead loads may be calculated from the
dimensions of various members and their unit weights. The unit weights of plain concrete and
reinforced concrete made with sand and gravel or crushed natural stone aggregate may be
taken as 24 KN/m3.

Concrete slabs may in some cases be carried directly by columns without the use of
beams or girders such slabs are described as flat plates and are commonly used where spans
are not large and loads not particularly heavy.
Flat plates can be constructed in less time and with minimum labor costs.
In many cities the maximum height of buildings is restricted, and then the thin flat plate
permits the construction of the maximum number of stories in a given height.
Flat plates also provide for the most flexibility in the layout of columns, partitions and small
openings, etc Another advantage of flat plate slabs that should not be over looked in fire
resistance.
The slabs are classified to one-way slab or two-way slab according to the method of
transfer of moments in the both directions depends on the ratio of long span/short span
If the ratio more than two or equal to two, load transfer predominantly by bending in
the short direction and the panel acts as one-way slab. And if the ratio is less than two, then
the load is transferred by bending in both orthogonal directions, and the panel is two-way
slab.

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BEAMS:

A beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily by

resisting bending. The bending force induced into the material of the beam as a result of the
external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to these loads is called a bending
moment.
Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces but can also be used to carry horizontal
loads (i.e., loads due to an earthquake or wind). The loads carried by a beam are transferred
to columns, walls, or girders, which then transfer the force to adjacent structural compression
members. In light frame construction the joists rest on the beam. Beams are characterized by
their profile (the shape of their cross-section), their length, and their material. In
contemporary construction, beams are typically made of steel, reinforced concrete, or wood.
One of the most common types of steel beam is the I-beam or wide-flange beam. This is
commonly used in steel-frame buildings and bridges. Other common beam profiles are the C-
channel, the hollow structural section beam, the pipe, and the angle.

Structural member of reinforced concrete placed horizontally to carry loads over

openings. Because both bending and shear in such beams induce tensile stresses, steel
reinforcing tremendously increases beam strength. Usually, beams are designed under the
assumption that tensile stresses have cracked the concrete and the steel reinforcing is carrying
all the tension. stress and strain sections can be singly or doubly reinforced (sections with
only tensile reinforcement or sections with both tensile and compressive reinforcement). In
practice most beams are designed with only tensile reinforcement (singly reinforced).
However, in certain situations it might be necessary to design beams with both tensile and
compression reinforcement (doubly reinforced). For example, when beam cross section is
limited because of architectural or other considerations, it may happen that the concrete
cannot develop the compression force required to resist the given bending moment. In some
cases if a beam is designed with only tensile reinforcement, the section may become over
reinforced, which is neither desirable nor acceptable by most codes of practice, in these
situations the section must also be designed as doubly reinforced. There are situations in
which compressive reinforcement is used for reasons other than strength.

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COLUMNS:

Columns are defined as members that carry loads chiefly in compression. Usually
columns carry bending moments as well, about one or both axes of the cross-section, and the
bending action may produce tensile forces over apart of cross-section. Even in each case,
columns are generally refer to as compression members, because the compression forces
dominate their behavior.

There are three types of reinforced concrete compression members are in use:

1-Members reinforced with longitudinal bars and lateral ties.

2-Members reinforced with longitudinal bars and continuous spiral.
3-Composite compression members reinforced longitudinally with structural steel
shapes, pipe, or tubing, with or without additional longitudinal bars, and various types
of lateral reinforcement.

Minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be 4 for bars

within rectangular or circular ties, 3 for bars within triangular ties, and 6 for bars enclosed by
spirals. The slenderness ratio have great effective in describe the type of columns (short or
long) where, when (KL/r ≤ Cc) then the column defined as short column, otherwise the
column defined as long column, Where

Cc=√2πϵ/fy

But the effect of slenderness neglected in the following cases:

1- In sway frame when KL/r<22.
2- In non-sway frame when KL/r ≤ 34-12 M1/M2 .

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FOUNDATION:

A foundation is a lower portion of building structure that transfers its gravity loads to
the earth.

Foundations are generally broken into two categories:

 shallow foundations
 deep foundations.

A tall building must have a strong foundation if it is to stand for a long time. To make
a foundation, we normally dig a trench in the ground, digging deeper and deeper until we
come to subsoil, which is more solid than the topsoil that is used to grow plants and crops.
When the trench is deep enough, we fill it with any strong, hard material we can find.
Sometimes we pour in concrete into the trench, which we strengthen even more by first
putting long thin round pieces of steel into the trench. When the concrete dries, the steel acts
like the bones in our body to tie the foundation together. We call this reinforced concrete.
Once the foundation has been packed down tightly, or dried hard, we can begin to build the
building superstructure.

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32
STAIRCASES:
Staircases provide means of movement from one floor to another in a structure. Staircases
consist of a number of steps with landings at suitable intervals to provide comfort and safety
for the users. These include straight-flight stairs, quarter-turn stairs, half-turn stairs,
branching stairs and geometrical stairs.

The definitions of some technical terms, which are used in connection with design of
stairs, shows main technical terms associated with stairs design:

a. Tread or Going: horizontal upper portion of a step.

b. Riser: vertical portion of a step

c. Rise: vertical distance between two consecutive treads.

d. Flight: a series of steps provided between two landings.

e. Landing: a horizontal slab provided between two flights.
f. Waist: the least thickness of a stair slab.
g. Winder: radiating or angular tapering steps.
h. Soffit: the bottom surface of a stair slab.
i. Nosing: the intersection of the tread and the riser.
j. Headroom: the vertical distance from a line connecting the nosing's of all treads and
the soffit above.

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TYPES OF STAIRS:

For purpose of design, stairs are classified into two types; transversely and longitudinally
supported.

a- Transversely supported (transverse to the direction of movement):

Transversely supported stairs include:
Simply supported steps supported by two walls or beams or a combination of both.
Steps cantilevering from a wall or a beam.
Stairs cantilevering from a central spine beam.

b- Longitudinally supported (in the direction of movement):

These stairs span between supports at the top and bottom of a flight and unsupported at the
sides. Longitudinally supported stairs may be supported in any of the following manners:

a. Beams or walls at the outside edges of the landings.

b. Internal beams at the ends of the flight in addition to beams or walls at the outside edges of
the landings.

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TRYPES OF LOAD
1. Dead load
2. Live load
3. Wind load
4. Earthquake load

a. Dead Load:
The dead load, which can be calculated on horizontal plan, includes:

 Own weight of the steps.

 Own weight of the slab. For flight load calculations, this load is to be increased by
dividing it by cosα to get it on horizontal projection, where α is the angle of slope of
the flight.
 Surface finishes on the flight and on the landings. For flight load calculations, the part
of load acting on slope is to be increased by dividing it by cosα to get it on horizontal
projection.

b. Live Load:
 Live load is always given on horizontal projection.

35
DATA
 Type of structure - Multi storey rigid jointed frame
 Number of storey - 4 (G+3)
 Floor to floor ht. - 3.35m
 Height of plinth - 1m above G.L.
 External wall - 230mm thick including plaster
 Internal wall - 150mm thick including plaster
 Bearing capacity - 200kN/m²
 Loads roof – roof finish – 1.5kN/m²
 live load -- 1.5kN/m²
 floor – floor finish – 1.5kN/m²
 live load -- 4kN/m²

36
ONE WAY SLAB:
A slab in which load transfers only in one direction.
In this slab reinforcement is provided in one direction only which is in shorter direction.

Lx

Ly

ly / lx = >2

TWO WAY SLAB -

A slab in which load transfers in both directions.
In this slab reinforcement is provided in both shorter and longer directions.
Lx

Ly

37
ly / lx < 2

38
DESIGN OF ONEWAY SLAB
Effective depth-
L = 3m = 3000mm
L/d = 26*M.F. (modification factor) ( pg. – 37,38)
Assume Pt =0.4%
M.F. =1.3 (Fig- 4, pg.-38)
L/ d = 26 * M.F
=> 3000/d = 26*1.3 => d= 84.47mm
=> d = 90 mm(effective depth)
Overall depth D = d+ ɸ / 2 + clear cover
= 90+10/2+20
= 115 mm.

Effective span
Condition for effective span -
Support width < 1/12 * clear span
(i) clear span + d
(ii) c/c of support
(Take the smaller value among the two is ‘Le’)
clear span = 3000-115-115 = 2770mm
ratio = 1/12 * 2770 = 230.83
=> 230< 230.83
(i) clear span + d = 2770+90 = 2860 mm
(ii) c/c of support = 3000mm
SO ‘Le’= 2860 mm.

39
Load calculation
 Dead load
(i) Self wt of slab = 0.115 * 25 = 2.875 KN/m
(ii) Floor finish = 1 KN/m
dead load = 3.875 KN/m
factored dead load = 1.5 * 3.875 = 5.81 KN/m
 Live load
live load = 4*1 = 4 KN / m
factored live load = 1.5 *4 = 6 KN /m

Bending moment table

A B C D
E

F G H
I

support A B C D E

Middle span F G H I

DL -1/24 1/12 -1/10 1/16 -1/12 1/16 -1/12 1/16 -1/12

LL -1/20 1/10 -1/9 1/12 -1/9 1/12 -1/9 1/12 -1/9

40
BENDING MOMENT CALCULATION :
 Bending moment at middle span ‘F’ -
MD.L. =1/12 * 5.81 * 2.86² = 3.96 KN/ m
ML.L. = 1/10 * 6.0 * 2.86² = 4.91 KN / m
Total = 8.87 KN/ m
 Bending moment at support ‘B’ –
MD.L = - 1/10 * 5.81 * 2.86² = - 4.75 KN /m
ML.L. = - 1/9 * 6 * 2.86² = - 5.45 KN / m
Total = - 10 .20 KN /m
 Bending moment at G –

MD.L = 1/16 * 5.81 * 2.86² = 2.91 KN / m

ML.L. = 1/12 * 6.0 * 2.86² = 4.080 KN / m
Total = 7.05 KN/m
 Bending moment at C –
MD.L = -1/12 * 5.81 * 2.86² = -3.96 KN /m
ML.L. = -1/9 * 6 * 2.86 ² = -5.45 KN /m
Total = -9.41 KN /m
CHECK FOR DEPTH :
M max = 10.2 KN / m
d = mu / Ru b { Ru = [ 0.36 * 0.48 * (1- 0.42 * 0.48 * 20 }
= 10.2 *10^6 / (0.138 * 20 ) * 100
= 60.8 mm < 90 mm (safe)

41
Main reinforcement –
 Reinforcement at middle span F:

Mu = 8.87 KN/m
Mu / bd² = 8.87 * 10^ 6 / 1000 * 90²
= 1.095
pt = 0.325
Ast = pt / 100 *bd
= 0.325 / 100 * 1000 * 90 = 297 mm²
Spacing of 10mm bar –
= area of one bar / Ast * 1000
= 269 mm (say 260mm c/c )
Ast = π / 4 * 10²/260* 1000 = 302 mm²

 Reinforcement at middle span G -

Mu = 7.05 KN/m
Ratio = Mu / bd² =0.87
pt = 0.260%
Ast = pt/100 * bd
= 0.260/ 100 * 1000* 90 = 234 mm
Spacing of 8 mm bar –
= area of one bar / Ast *100
= 214 mm ( say 220 mm )
Final Ast = (π / 4 * 8²) / 220 * 1000 = 239 mm²
 Reinforcement at support ‘B’ ;
Mu = 10.20 KN/m ( -ve)
Mu /bd² = 10.20 * 10^ 6 / 1000 * 90² = 1.26
(pt = 0.392%)
Ast = 0.392 / 100 * 1000 * 90 = 342mm²
But 50% bent up bar are at F = 302 / 2 = 151 mm²
50% bent up bar are at G = 239/2 = 119 mm²
Total = 270.5 mm²
Bars area required at B = 342 – 270.5 = 71.5 mm²

42
Provide 8 mm ɸ bars at top –
ast = π /4 * 8² = 50.26 mm²
Spacing = ast / Ast * 1000
= 50.26 / 71.5 * 1000
= 701.93mm ( say 700mm c/c)
Provide 8m ɸ bar at 700 mm c/c
Ast = π / 4 * 8 ² / 700 * 1000
= 71.8 mm²
 Reinforcement at support ‘C’ ;
Mu = 9.41 KN/m ( -ve)
Mu /bd² = 9.41 * 10^ 6 / 1000 * 90² = 1.26
(pt = 0.357%)
Ast = 0.357 / 100 * 1000 * 90 = 321.3mm²
But 50% bent up bar are at G =239 / 2 = 119.5 mm²
50% bent up bar are at H= 239 /2 = 119.5 mm²
Total = 270.5 mm²
Bars area required at B – 321.3– 270.5 = 82.3 mm²
Provide 8 mm ɸ bars at top –
ast = π/4 * 8² = 50.26 mm²
Spacing = ast / Ast * 1000
= 50.26 / 82.3 * 1000
= 610.69 mm ( say 610 mm c/c)
Provide 8m ɸ bar at 700 mm c/c
Ast = π / 4 * 8 ² / 610 * 1000
= 82.4 mm²

43
Distribution steel :

 Provide min 0.12% of steel -

Ast = 0.12/100 * 1000 * 115
= 138mm²
Provide 6 mm ɸ @ 200 mm center – center
Ast = 141 mm²

DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB

EFFECTIVE DEPTH-
Span = 4m> 3.5m
L.L = 4kN/m² > 3kN/m²
L /d = 26* M.F
= 26*1.5 ( PT. = 0.4 % taken , M.F. = 1.5)

 4000mm / d = 26*1.5

 d = 102.56mm

 provide = d = 110mm

 D = 110+ 10 / 2 + 20 = 135 mm.

EFFECTIVE SPAN
External wall support / with of support = 230mm
Clear span = 4000 - 115 – 115 = 3770mm
Ratio = 1 / 12 *3370 = 314.16mm
=> 230 < 314.16mm
=> Effective span is
(i) Clear span + d = 3770 + 110 =3880mm.
(ii) c/c of support = 4000mm
lx= 3880mm (shorter span) ly = 5580mm

44
LOAD CALCULATION
 Self weight of slab = 0.135 * 25 = 3.375 kN/ m²
 floor finish = =1.0kN / m ²
 Live load = = 4.0kN / m²
Total = 8.375kN/m²

Factor load = 1.5 * 8.375

w = 12.56 kN / m²

DESIGN MOMENT
 Formula for ,
shorter span = αx * w* lx²
longer span = αy * w * lx²
ratio = ly / lx = 5.88/3.88 = 1.52
we get the value of αx and αy in point table –
αx = -0.058 αy =0.028
αx = 0.04 αy = -0.0.37
mx= 0.045 * 12.56 * 3.88² = 8.50 KN/m
-mx= -0.058 * 12.56 * 3.88² = -10.96 KN/m
my= 0.028 * 12.56 * 3.88² = 6.29 KN/m
-my = -0.037 * 12.56 * 3.88² = 7.0 KN/m

REINFORCEMENT
 Along lx =
Mx = 8.50 kN/m
dx = 110 mm
Ratio = Mu / bd² = 8.50 * 10 ^ 6 / 1000 * 110²
( pt = 0.023 %)
Ast = 0.023 / 100 * 1000*110 = 223.30 mm²
Provide 8 ɸ @ 220 mm center – center
Ast = 228 mm²

45
  Along ly =
my = 5.29kN/m
dy = 110-8 = 102mm
Ratio = mu / bd² = 5.29 * 10^6 / 1000 * 102²
= 0.508 %
pt = 0.145 %
Ast = 0.145 / 100 * 1000 * 102
= 147.90 mm²
Provide 8 mm ɸ @ 300 mm center – center
Final Ast = 168mm²

REINFORCEMENT
 Over continuous edge of BEAM B4 and B 7 -
Mx = - 10.96kN/m
dx = 110 mm
Ratio = Mu / bd² = 10.96 * 10 ^ 6 / 1000 * 110² = 0.90
pt = 0.264 %
Ast = 0.264 / 100 * 1000*110 = 290.4mm²
Provide 8 ɸ @ 170 mm center – center
Ast = 296 mm²
Extend this steel bar 1/ 4 distance .
 Over continuous edge of BEAM B 19 -
My = - 7 kN/m
dx = 110 mm
Ratio = Mu / bd² = 9 * 10 ^ 6 / 1000 * 110² = 0.578
pt = 0.172 %
Ast = 0.172 / 100 * 1000*110 = 189.2 mm²
Provide 8 ɸ @ 260 mm center – center
Ast = 193 mm²

46
  Reinforcement in edge steel -
pt min = 0.12%
Ast = 0.12/ 1000 * 110 = 132 mm²
Provide 8 ɸ 350 mm center – center Ast = 143 mm²

TORSION
 Max Middle Strips Reinforcement = 228 mm²
Reinforcement in each four layers
¾ * 228 = 171 mm²
Ast in each layer at corner where are edge is discontinuous
= 0.50 * 171 = 85.50 mm²
Length of bar = lx / 5
= 3880 / 5 = 796 mm
( which is equal to 780 mm )

47
LOADS ON BEAM 18 & 20
Assume size of beam = 230mm * 300mm
Assume size of column = 300mm * 300mm
Self wt of slab = 0.115 * 25 = 2.875 KN/m
floor finish = =1 KN/m
DL = 3.875 KN/m
Live load = 4 KN/m
(1) DL of slab = 3.875 (1.5 + 1.5 )
= 11.625 KN/m
(2) Masonry wall = 0.15 * (3.35 – 0.3 ) * 20 = 9.15 KN/m
(3) self wt. of beam rib = 0.23 * (0.3 – 0.115 ) *25 = 1.06 KN/m
Total dead load = (1.06 + 9.15 + 11.625 ) = 21.835 KN/m
Factored dead load = 32.7 KN/m
Factored live load = ([4(1.5 + 1.5 )] * 1.5 = 18 KN/m

LOADS ON BEAM 19
(1) Dl of slab + FF = 3.875 KN/ m²
Equivalent U.D.L = 2 * WLx / 3
= 2 * 3.875 * 4 / 3 = 10.34 KN/m
(2) Masonry wall = 9.15 KN/m
(3) Self wt. beam rib = 1.06 KN/m
DL = 20.55 KN/m
factored DL = 1.5 * 20.55 = 30.82 KN/m
 Live load –

Live load = 4 KN/m

48
  Equivalent live load = 2 * Wlx / 3
= 2 * 4 * 4/ 3 = 10.67 KN/m
Factored live load = 1.5 * 10.67 =16 KN/m
Total load on beam = factor DL + factor LL = 32.75 +18
= 50.75 KN/m
Total load on beam = factored DL + factor LL = 30.82 + 16
= 46.82 KN/m

FIXED END MOMENT

FIXED END MOMENT

 M f ab = -wl²/12 = - 50.75 * 6² / 12 = - 152.25 KN
 M f ba = wl² / 12 = 50.75 * 6² / 12 = 152.25 KN
 M f bc = -wl²/12 = -46.82 * 4² / 12 = -62.42 KN
 M f cb = -wl²/12 = 46.82 * 4² / 12 = 62.42 KN
 M f cd = -wl²/12 = - 50.75 * 6² / 12 = - 152.25 KN
 M f dc = wl² / 12 = 50.75 * 6² / 12 = 152.25 KN

49
DISTRIBUTION FACTOR
Sr joint member k= I/L ∑k D.F = K / ∑K
1 A AE 675 * 10 ^ 6 / 3350 4.88*10^5 0.412
= 20.1 * 10 ^5
AB 0.86 * 10^5 0.176
AI 2.01 * 10^5 0.412
2 B BF 2.01*10^5 6.17*10^5 0.325
BC 1.29* 10^5 0.209
BJ 2.01* 10^5 0.325
BA 0.86* 10^5 0.139

MOMENT DISTRIBUTION
Joints col AB BA Col BC CB col CD
AE,AI BF,BJ CG,CK

D.F 0.824 0.176 0.139 0.65 0.209 0.209 0.65 0.139

FEM 0.0 -152.25 152.25 0.0 -62.42 62.42 0.0 -152.25

BAL 125.45 26.80 -12.48 -58.38 -18.77 18.77 58.38 12.48

CO -6.24 13.40 9.38 -9.38 -13.40

BAL 5.14 1.10 -3.17 -14.81 -4.76 4.76 14.81 3.17

CO -1.58 0.55 2.38 2.38 -0.55

BAL 1.30 0.28 -0.41 -1.90 -0.61 0.61 1.90 0.41

CO -0.20 0.14 0.30 -0.30 -0.14

BAL 0.16 0.04 -0.06 -0.28 -0.09 0.09 0.28 0.06

F.M 132.05 -132.05 150.22 -75.37 -74.59 74.59 75.37 -150.22

50
COLUMN MOMENT
Column moments = moment distribution / 2
 M AE = M AI = 132.05 / 2 = 66.0 KN/m
 M BF = M BJ = - 75.37 / 2 = -37.68 KN/m
 M CG = M CK = 75.37/ 2 = 37.68 KN/m
 M DA = M DL = -132.05 / 2 = -66KN/m

REACTION
V = Free shear ± Net moment / span
V AB = 50.75*6 / 2 – (150.22 – 132.05 ) / 6 = 149.22 KN
V BA = 50.75*6 / 2 + (150.22 – 132.05 ) / 6 = 155.28KN
V BC = 46.82 * 4 / 2 – ( 74.59 – 74.59 ) / 4 = 93.64 KN
V CB = 46.82 * 4 / 2 + ( 74.59 – 74.59 ) / 4 = 93..64KN
V CD = 50.75*6 / 2 + (150.22 – 132.05 ) / 6 = 155.28KN
V DC = 50.75*6 / 2 – (150.22 – 132.05 ) / 6 = 149.22 KN

MAXIMUM MID SPAN MOMENTS

 Span AB or CD –
149.22 = 50.75 * x => x = 2.94mt.
M max = ( 149.22 * 2.91) – 132.05 – ( 50.75 * 2.94) * (2.94 / 2)
= 87.32 KNm
 Span BC -
93.64 = 46.82 * x => x = 2mt.
M max = ( 93.64 * 2) – 74.59 – ( 46.82 * 2) * 1
= 19.05 KNm
 Max moment at support –
At A& B = -132.05 KNm
B & C = -150.22KNm

51
FLEXURAL MEMBER DESIGN
( I ) max moment at mi d span = 87.32KNm
- Width of the beam = 230mm
- Assume depth of the beam = 450mm
d = 450 – 50 = 400mm
Mu lim = 0.138 f ck bd² = 0.138 * 20 * 230 * 400²
= 101.56 KNm

 So design the beam as single RC beam –

mu / bd² = 87.30 * 10^ 6 / 230 * 400²
= 2.37
pt = 0.785
Ast = 0.785 / 100 * 230 * 400 = 722.2 mm²
Provide 16 Ø – 4 No's -
= π d² / spacing * 1000
Ast = 804 mm² at bottom .

Middle span of BC –
Mu = 19.05
(Mu < Mu lim )
 So design the beam as single RC beam –

Mu / bd² = 19.05 * 10^ 6 / 230 * 400² = 0.52

pt = 0.149 %
But provide min Pt = 20.204 % for Fe -415
Ast = 0.204 / 100 * 230 * 400 = 187.68 mm²
Provide 2nos – 16mm Ø =πd² / spacing * 1000
= 402 mm² ( bottom)
 Max moment at supports
At support A& D = -132.05KNm
B& C = -150.22 KNm
( Mu> Mu lim )
 So design the beam as doubly RC beam –

Mu2 = A sc(fsc – f cc) * (d – d’)

Here .

52
 Mu2 = Mu – Mu lim = 150.22 – 101.56 = 48.66 KNm
Fsc= d’ / d = 30 / 400 = 0.075 = 0.1
= 353 N/mm²
Fcc = 0.446 fck = 0.446fck = 0.446 * 20 = 8.90 N/mm²
To find out Asc =
Mu2 = Asc(fsc – fcc ) (d-d’) m
= 48.66*10^6 =Asc (353-8.90) (400-30)
Asc = 382.22mm²
To find out Ast =
Ast = Ast1 + Ast 2
Ast1 = 0.96/100*230*400 = 883.20mm²
Ast2 =fsc – fcc * Asc / 0.87fy = 364.25mm²
Ast = 883.20+364.25=1247.45mm²
 Provide 4 – 20 Ø
Ast = π / 4 d² * / spacing * 1000
= 1256 mm²
 External bars up to l/4 en either side from ctr.
Asc = 382.22mm²
=> Provide 2- 16 Ø -
Asc = 402mm² at bottom .

53
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT –
 (1) Span AB –
Ast = 804mm²
Pt = 100 Ast / bd = 100* 804 / 230 * 400 = 0.87%
ζc = 0.59
Vuc = ζc * bd = 0.59 * 230 * 400 = 54.28 KN
Now
Use 8 Ø – 2 legged vertical stirrups ;
Asv = 2 * π/ 4 * 8 ² = 100.33 mm²
Spacing of min. shear reinforcement
Sv= 0.87fyAsv / 0.4 * b = 0.87 * 415 * 100.33 / 0.4 * 230 = 394.22 mm

Spacing should not exceed

- 0.75d = 0.75 * 400 = 300mm
- 300 mm
Min. shear reinforcement is 8 mm Ø 300 mm c/c –
 Shear resisted by min . Shear reinforced -
Vus min = 0.87 fy* Asv * d / sv
= 48.40 KN
Shear resistance of conc. + min. strireps
= 54.28 + 48.40 = 102.68 KN

54
(A) Near support A –
Vu = 149.22 – 50.74 * 0.4
= 128.92 KN
d = 0.40 m
Ls1 = 0.40 + (128.92 – 102.68 ) / 50.75 = 0.917 m = 1 m
Vus = Uu – ζc bd = 128.92 – ( 0.59 * 230 * 400 ) = 74.64 KN
Sv= 0.87fyAsv d / v us = 194.51 KN
Provide 8 Ø “ 190mm c/c up to 1 m from A & provide 8 Ø 300 mm c/c at center .

(B) Near support B –

Vu = 155.28 – ( 0.40 * 50.75 ) = 133.98 KN
Ls2 = 0.4 + ( 133.98 – 102 . 68 ) / 50.78 = 1m
Vus = Vu – ζc bd = 79.70 KN
Sv = 0.87fy Asv d / Vus = 182 mm
Provide 8 Ø “ 180 mm c/c up to 1m from B .

(2) Span BC –
Ast = 402 mm²
Pt = 100Ast / bd = 0.437 %
ζc = 0.47 N/mm²
Vuc = 0.47 * 230* 400 = 43.24 KN
Shear resistance conc + min. stripes = 43.24 + 48. 40 = 91 .64 KN
(A) Shear at B –
Vu = 93.64 –( 46.87 * 0.4 )
= 74.91 KN
But 91.64 > 74.91 KN
Provided min shear reinforcement 8 Ø 800 c/c at supports .

55
DESIGN OF COLUMN:
 Load calculation –
 Roof
live load = 1.5 kN/m²
self wt of slab= 0.135 * 25 = 3.375 KN/m²
Roof finish = 1.5 KN/ m²
Total = 6.375 KN/m²
Factored load = 9.56KN/ m²

 Typical floor -
live load = 4 KN /m²
self wt of slab= 0.135 * 25 = 3.375 KN /m²
Roof finish = 1 KN / m²
Total= 8.375 KN/m²
Factored load = 12.56 KN / m²

 Wall
Wt. of internaal wall = [ 0.150 * (3.35 – 0.45 ) ]*20 = 8.70
Factored load= 13.05 KN / m²
 Main beam
Size of beam = 230 *450mm
Wt of beam = (0.23 * 0.315 ) *25 = 1081 KN / m²
Factored load = 2.72 KN / m²
 Secondary beam –
Assumed size and beam = 230*300mm
Wt. of beam = [0.23 * (0.30 – 0.135 ) * 25 ] = 0.95
Factored load = 1.43 KN /m²

56
  Floor transferring load to column : c10 -:
6*5 = 30mm²
length of wall = (6+5) + 2*3 / 20 = 14m.
length of main beam = 6+5 = 11m
length of secondary beam = 2*3 / 2 = 3m
 Loads on column ./ in KN –
1. Roof and 3rd floor –
Roof slab = 30 * 9.56 = 28608 KN
Walls = 14 * 13.05 = 182 . KN
Main beam = 11 * 2.72 = 29.72 KN
Secondary Beam = 3 * 1.43 = 4.29 KN
Total = 503 .71 KN

2 . 3rd floor and 2nd floor =

Roof slab = 30 * 12.56 = 376.8 KN

Walls = 14 * 13.05= 182 . 7KN
Main beam = 11 * 2.72 = 29.72 KN
Secondary Beam = 3 * 1.43 = 4.29 KN
Total = 593.71 + 503.71 = 1097.42 KN

3. 2nd and 1st floor =

Load from upper floor = 1097.42 KN
2nd& 1st floor load = 593.71 KN
Total = 1691.13 KN
4. 1st floor and plinth =
Loads from upper floor = 1691.3 KN
1stfllor to plinth load = 593.71 KN
Total = 2284.84 KN

57
5. column between Floor plinth and footing –
 Assume no floor slab and plinth
 Consider only plinth beams , no wall
 Wt. of plinth main beam – 11 * 2.72 = 29.92 KN
 Wt. of plinth sec beam - 3 * 1.43 = 4.29 KN
 Wt. of col - 3 * (0.3 * 0.3 )* 25 = 6.75 KN
Total = 40.76 KN
Loads on 1st floor and plinth = 2284.84 KN
Total load on footing = 2325.8 KN
Design of column at ground floor -
Pu = 2284.84 KN = 2285 KN
Mux = 37.68 KN.m
Muy = 35 KN
Assume size of col = 300 * 600 mm
Effective cover = 60 mm
b = 300mm ,D = 600mm , d’ = 60 mm
L = 3350 – 225 – 225 = 2900 mm

Effective length –

 Le = 0.65 L = 0.65 * 2900 = 1885 mm

 Lux / D = 1885 / 600 = 3.14 < 12
 Luy / D = 1885 / 300 = 6.28 < 12
Consider as shorter column .
 Selecting trial section –
Pu = 2285 KN
Mu = 51.43 KN .m
 d’ / D = 60 / 600 = 0.10
 Fu / fck * b * d = 2285 * 10 ^3 / 20* 300 * 600 = 0.635
 Mu / fck * b * d = 51.43 * 10 ^ 6 / 20 * 300 * 600 ² = 0.024
p / fck = 0.075

58
 p = 0.075 * 20 = 1.5 %
Asc = 1.5 / 100 * 300 * 600 = 2700 mm²
Provide 4 – 25 ɸ + 4 – 20 ɸ
( Asc = 3219 mm²)
Actual pt = 100 * 3219 / 300 * 600 = 1.788 %
 Checking interaction formula :-
[Mᵤx/Mᵤx1]αn + [Muy/Muy1]αn ≤ 1
→ To find out Mᵤx1 :-
P/fck = 1,788/20 = 0.089
Pu/fck.b.D = 2285 × 103 / 20 × 300 × 600 = 0.635
Provide 4 - 25φ + 4 - 20φ (Asc = 3219 mm2)
=> Lateral ties :-
→ Diameter of ties :
(i) ¼ × 25 = 6.25
(ii) 16 mm
→ Pitch :
(i) Least lateral dimension = 300 mm
(ii) 16 × 20 = 320 mm
(iii) 300 mm
Provide 8φ@ 300 mm c/c
d’/D = 0.10
Mᵤx1/ fck.b.D2 = 0.040
Mᵤx1 = 0.040 × 20 × 300 × 6002
Mᵤx1 = 86.4 KN.m
→ To find Mᵤy1 :-
P/fck = 0.089
d’/D = 60/300 = 0.20
Pu/fck.b.D = 0.635
Mᵤy1/ fck.b.D2 = 0.035
Mᵤy1 = 0.035 × 20 × 600 × 3002 = 37.8 KN.m

59
→ To find PUZ:-
Puz = 0.45 fck. Ac + 0.75 fy .Asc
Ac = (300×600) – 3219 = 176781 mm2
Asc = 3219 mm2
Puz = 2593 KN
→ To find αn
Pu/ Puz = 2285/2593 = 0.881
Pu/ Puz = 0.881 > 0.8
αn = 2.0

Pu/ Puz αn

0.2 1.0

0.8 2.0

[Mᵤx/Mᵤx1]αn + [Muy/Muy1]αn ≤ 1
[37.68/86.4]2 + [35/37.8]2 ≤ 1
0.19 + 0.85 ≤ 1

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Design of footing
 Design data
Total fl on footing = 2325.8KN
size of column = 300 * 600 mm
bearing capacity of soil = 200kn/ m²

1. SIZE OF FOOTING
Design working load = 2325.8 / 1.5 = 1550.5 KN
10 % as selfweight of footing = 115 KN
Total working load = 1705.5 KN
Area of footing req.= Total load / SBC = 8.53m²
Difference between dimensions of col = 0.6 – 0.3 = 0.3 m
b * d = 8.53 m² d = b + 0.3
B * ( b + 0.3 ) = 8.53 = b = 2.77 = 2.8 m
d = 2.85 + 0. 3 = 3.15 m
Size of footing = 2.85 * 3.15 m
A = 2.85 * 3.15 = 8.98m > 8.53m ( ok )

2.NET UPWARD PRESSURE (P)

p = factored col load / Area of footing provided
= 2328.8 / 8.98 = 259 KN/m²

3.BENDING MOMENT
udl along x direction = p * 2.85 = 259 * 2.85 = 738.15 KN /m
udl along y direction = p * 3.315 = 259 * 3.15 = 875.85 KN /m
muy = wl / 2 = 600 KN .m
mux = wl / 2 = 663.13 KN.m

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4.DEPTH OF FOOTING
mux = 0.138 fck b *d * x²
dx = 566mm
muy =0.138 fck b *d * y²
dy = 695mm
Try overall depth 800mm
dy = 800 – 50 – 6 = 744 mm ( Assume 12 ɸ bars )
dx = 744 – 12 = 732 mm
Avg. depth = 744 + 732 / 2 = 738 mm
Assume edge depth = 230mm
5.REINFORCEMENT
Along x axis =
muy / bd² = 2.40 , pt = 0.798 %
Ast = 0.798 / 100 * 450 * 744 = 2671.70 mm
Provide 12 ɸ – 24 nos(Ast = 2715mm² )

 check for cracking

spaces of bars = 2850 – 100 – 12 / 23 = 119.04mm
provide 110mm c/c < 180mm (ok)
=> Along y axis
Mux / bd = 663.13 * 10 ^ 6 / 750 * 732 ^ 2 = 165 ( pt = 0.512 % )
Ast 0.512 / 100 * 750 * 732 = 2810 .90 mm
Provide 12 - 25 nos(Ast = 2827 mm )
=>check for cracking –
spacing of bars = 3150 – 100 – 12 / 24 = 126.58 mm
Provide 120 mm c/c < 180mm (ok)

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6. CHECK FOR ONE WAY SHEAR
Along y axis
y’ / 531 = 570 / 1275 = y ‘ = 237.38mm
 D’ = y’ + (230 – 50 – 6) = 411.38 mm
B’ = width of col +2d = 300+ 2 * 744 = 1788 mm
Vu = S.F at critical section = 259 * ( 2.85 * 0.531 ) = 391 .95 KN
Mu at critical section = wl²/ 2 = 738.15 * 0.531 / 2 = 104.06kn.m
tan β = 570/ 1275 = 0.447 .
ζv = (vu – mu /d’ tanβ) / b’d’ = 0.38 N/mm²
Now pt = 100 * 2715 / 1788 * 411.38 = 0.369 % ( ζc = N/mm² )
ζ v <ζ c (ok)

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Checking For Two Way Shear

Checking for 2 way shear :-

Avg depth = 738 mm

d/2 = 738/2 = 369 mm
y’/906 = 570/1275
y’ = 405 mm

d’ = y’+(230-50-12-6) = 567 mm
bo = 2×1338+2×1038 = 4752 mm
Vu = p × hatched area
= 259 × [3.15 × 2.85 1.338 × 1.038] = 1965.46 mm
ζv = Vu/bo.d’ = 0.729 N/mm²
ζc’ = Ks.ζc
Ks = 0.57 βc = 0.57 × 300/600 = 1
ζc = 1 × 1.11 = 1.11N/mm²
ζv<ζc’

(7) DEVELOPMENT LENGTH

Ld - 47φ = 47 × 12 = 564 mm
Ld provided from face
= 1275 – 50 = 1225 > 564 mm

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DESIGN OF STAIR CASE (DOG LEGGED)
Data,
height of storey = 3.35 m
size of stair hall =4.5mX3m
LiveLoad = 2 KN/m²
supported width = 200 mm

Step 1 :- Design constants –

using M20 and fe415
Fck= 20 Mpa
Fy= 415 Mpa
Mulimit= 0.138 Fckbd²

Step 2 :- Arrangement of stair-

Height of storey = 3.35 m
height Of flight = 3.35/2 = 1.66 m
assume R = 150 mm , T = 300 mm
No. Or riser = 1650/150 = 11
No. Of tread = 11-1 = 10
Going G = no. Of tread X T
= 10 X 300 = 3000 mm

Step 3 :- Effective length

= c/c dist. b/w support
= 3000 + 1500 +200/2 = 4600 mm

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 Fig. Arrangement of Steps in Staircase.

Step 4 :- Effective depth of waist slab –

d ≈ l/25 = 4600/25 = 184 ≈ 180
assume 10 Ø and clear cover 15 mm
D = 180 + ( 15+10/2) = 200 mm
but we adopted D = 150 mm
Step 5 :-Load calculation (unit area )
(1) Self wt. Of waist slab in horizontal area
= w s X √(R²+T²)/T
= (1X1XD/1000)ρrcc X √(150²+300²)/300
= 4.19 KN/m²
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(2) Self wt. Of step per meter length
= (R/2)ρpcc= (150/2)24 = 1.8 KN/m²
(3) Finishing load minimum = 0.75 KN/m²
(4) L.L = 2 KN/m²
w = 8.74
wu=1.5 w = 13.11 KN/m²
Mu = wl²/8 = (13.11 X 4.6²)/8 =34.67 KN/m

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Step 6:- Check for effective depth –
drequired= √(Mu/0.138fckb)
= √(34.67X10⁶/0.138X20X1000)
drequired= 112.078 mm
drequired˂ dprovided(i.e.= 150 )

(OK SAFE)

Step 7:- Main steel

Ast= 0.5X20/415[1-√1-{(4.6X34.67X10⁶)/(20X1000X150²)}]
≈ 711 mm²
Astmin= 0.0012X1000X150 = 180 mm²
Use Ast= 711 mm²
Step 8- Spacing of Main bar-
(1) (1000Xπ/4X10²)/711 assume 10Ø
=110.46 mm
(2) 3X150
(3) 300mm
which ever is less
Main bar provide 10Ø @ 100 c/c

Step 9:- Distribution bar

Astmin= 180 assume Ø = 8 mm
(1) (1000X π/4X8²)/180 = 279.15 mm
(2) 5D = 5X150 =750 mm
(3) 450 mm
distribution bar provide 8Ø @ 250 c/c spacing

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 REFERENCES

• Reinforced concrete vol. 1 by HJ. SHAH (Charotar Publishing House in Jan 2011)

• Strength of materials by R.S. Khurmi

• Code of Practice for Plain & Reinforced Concrete - IS 456:2000

• Code of Practice for design of loads - IS 875:2000 code

• Design aids for reinforced concrete - SP-16 code

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