HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

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PROJECT REPORT

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INSTRUCTORS: Nguyễn Hữu Hiếu
SUBJECT: Fundamentals of Chemical Equipment Design
CLASS: CC01 GROUP: 03 SEMESTER: 222
STUDENT INFORMATION

First
No. Student ID Surname Score Note
name

1 1952625 Phạm Ngọc Duyên

2 1850067 Nguyễn Hoàng Kim Duyên

3 2052967 Nguyễn Bá Giang

4 2052453 Tạ Anh Đức

5 2052428 Trần Đặng Bảo Duy

 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Overview

A pressure vessel is a container with a differential in pressure between the inside

and exterior. The pressure within is often higher than the pressure outside, with a few
exceptions.

Pressure vessels were referred to as reservoirs or containers. A container for gases

or liquids that must resist external or internal pressure that is much greater than
atmospheric pressure is known as a pressure vessel.

In pressure vessels, commonly referred to as cylinders or tanks, fluids are held

under pressure. The fluid being held inside the pressure vessel may alter states similarly
to steam boilers, or it may interact with other chemicals similarly to a chemical plant.
Pressure vessels are carefully designed since a rupture means there might be an
explosion and subsequent loss of life.
Figure 1.1: Cylindrical pressure vessel
1.1.1. Background
With a fatality occurring virtually every day in the United States, there were
countless catastrophic and usually deadly explosions related with these boilers and
pressure vessels.. These explosions were brought about by subpar manufacturing
processes, subpar materials, and subpar knowledge of design, operation, and
maintenance. Local governments and states in the US began establishing building
standards for these boats after a number of especially catastrophic vessel collapses that
simultaneously killed scores of people. Because of this, it was challenging for
manufacturers to adhere to the numerous construction rules from one site to the next.
As a result, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code was created beginning in 1911
and published in 1914.
(BPVC) In 1919, an early attempt was made to develop a tank that could resist
pressures up to 10,000 psi (69 MPa), and a tank with a 6-inch (150 mm) diameter was
built as a result. To avoid sidewall rupture, this tank's sidewalls were spirally coiled with
two layers of high-tensile steel wire, and the end caps were longitudinally strengthened
with lengthwise high-tensile rods.
. Instead of using rivets, which were inadequate for the pressures and temperatures
required, high-pressure and temperature vessels were joined using welding in chemical
and petroleum refineries. Welding was recognized as an acceptable construction
technique by the BPVC in the 1920s and 1930s, and it is still the main way to unite
metal vessels today. A joint API-ASME Committee issued the first version of a non-
fired pressure vessel code in 1934 that was created specifically for the oil industry.
These two different standards were combined to become the ASME Unfired
Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, in 1952. When the ASME Pressure Vessel Code,
Section VIII Division 2: "„Alternative Rules for Pressure Vessels," was issued in 1968,
the old code became Section VIII Division 1: "Pressure Vessels."
1.1.2. Clasification of pressure vessel
a. According to end construction
Open end pressure vessels: An example of an open end vessel is a straightforward
cylinder with a piston, as the cylinder in a press. The fluid pressure causes the
circumferential or hoop strains in vessels with open ends.
Pressure vessels with closed ends used in construction: A tank is an illustration of
a closed end vessel. When the ends are closed, longitudinal tensions as well as
circumferential stresses are produced.
b. According to the dimension
This can be classified into four groups:
● Normal temperature vessel: -20< T ≤200℃.
● Medium temperature vessel: between normal & high-temperature vessels.
● Low-temperature vessel: Temperature less than -20 ℃
● High-temperature vessel: where the wall temperature is above the creep
temperature.
c. Acccording to the temperature
● Normal temperature vessel: -20< T ≤200℃.
● Medium temperature vessel: between normal & high-temperature vessels.
● Low-temperature vessel: Temperature less than -20 ℃
● High-temperature vessel: where the wall temperature is above the creep
temperature.
d. According to pressure and its type
● Internal Pressure Vessel: vessels where the media pressure inside the vessel are
larger than that outside
● External Pressure Vessel: vessels where the media pressure inside the vessel are
lower than that outside
e. According to geometrical shapes
i. Cylindrical geometrical shapes
ii. Conical
iii. Spherical vessel with one or two cones.
 f. According to the material
● Brittle material pressures vessels
● Ductile material pressure vessels
1.1.3. Component of pressure vessel
Pressure vessels are made up of four basic parts: the head, the shell, the nozzle,
and the support.
a. Head
There are several varieties of heads, including

Type of head Real image

b. Shell
The pressure is primarily contained by the shell. Pressure vessel shells are joined
by welding to create a structure with a single axis of rotation. The shape of the majority
of pressure vessel shells is cylindrical, spherical, or conical. The cylindrical shells of
horizontal drums come in a variety of diameters and lengths.
Figure 1.3. Pressure vessel wall

c. Nozzel
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that pierces the shell or heads of a pressure
vessel. The nozzle ends are often flanged to allow for the necessary connections and to
provide easy disassembly for repair or access.
Figure 1.4. Pressure vessel nozzle
d. Support
The type of support utilized greatly depends on the size and orientation of the
pressure vessel. The support for the pressure vessel must always be enough to withstand
the applied loads of gravity, wind, and earthquakes.
Figure 1.5. Pressure vessel support

1.2 Problem Statement

Poor material selection, material faults, incorrect design data, incorrect design
technique, and subpar or inadequate manufacturing methods, including welding, can all
contribute to pressure vessel failure. For pressure vessel safety and pressure vessel
design, the choice of code is essential.

The corrosion allowance is the main aspect of vessel design.

corroding during the course of the vessel's life. Pressure vessels may experience
cyclic or recurrent strains while in service. Pressure vessel fatigue happens as a result
of:
 i. Fluctuation of pressure
ii. Temperature transients
iii. Restriction of expansion or contraction during normal temperature variations
iv. Forced vibrations
v. Variation in external load
In order to construct a horizontal pressure vessel that is sturdy, durable, and light
in weight for keeping carbon monoxide at a high pressure (10 MPa), we will attempt to
take these conditions into consideration.
1.3 Objectives
The project objectives are:
i. To design a PV using ASME Code Sec. VIII for containing carbon monoxide at
10MPa
ii. To produce working drawings following international standards and design
codes.
iii. To investigate the effect of two or more material choices on the design outcome.
1.4 Scope of study
The project is to be carried out with the following restrictions:
● Limitation of time given.
● Limitation of financial support.
● Limitation of available information on a certain period of time.
 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Overview
A closed container known as a pressure vessel is made to hold gasses or liquids at
a pressure that is much greater or lower than the atmospheric pressure. This kind of
equipment is utilized in a wide range of sectors, including the chemical, petrochemical,
food processing, and oil and gas industries. Pressure vessels can be categorized based
on their forms and intended purposes. They are separated into process vessels and
storage containers based on their intended purposes. Pressure vessels can have
numerous head configurations and come in either a cylindrical or spherical shape for
the purpose of shape categorization. The cylindrical containers can be vertical or
horizontal, and in certain circumstances, coils can be added to raise or reduce the fluid's
temperature. Through valves and release gauges, they can supply pressure directly, or
indirectly through heat transfer. Temperatures are frequently over 400°C (750°F), while
potential pressure levels range from 15 psi to about 150,000 psi.
Stainless steels or carbon steels are typically used to construct pressure vessels,
which are then welded together. A committee was established by the American Society
of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) in the 1920s to develop minimal safety requirements
for boiler design. The design criteria in the Codes are fundamental guidelines that
outline the design processes, design loads, permissible stresses, acceptable materials,
and certification requirements for fabrication-inspection of pressure vessel production.
The Code specifications address a number of areas of pressure vessel design, including
the material, allowed stress, welding, corrosion allowance, and equipment size.
 Figure 2.1: Illustration of PVs
2.2 Review of Past Designs
2.2.1 Design #1: Authors Matt Hiskett, P.Eng., Ray Stroud, C.Tech.

This vessel is typical of many we have designed for water service for human
consumption or industrial use. The design for this type of softener often starts from a
customer sketch which indicates the operating conditions, classes of materials to use
and required nozzles. The specifications also indicate the painting or rubber lining
which is not covered in this sample. This vessel is calculated using the Compress
pressure vessel code program by Codeware Inc. Compress is our favorite program for
general vessel design ASME VIII-1 2010.
 2.2.2 Design #2: Pressure vessel designed by Juan Pratama, Deni Fajar Fitriyan,
Rusiyanto, Januar Parlaungan Siregar, Wahyu Caesarendra
Description
-Internal diameter: 1067 mm
- Capacity: 2.55 m3
- Working pressure: 629 psi
- Wall thickness: 0.985 in
- Corrosion Allowance: 0.125 mm
- Design Standard: ASME 9
- Main Material: ASTM SA-516-Gr.70
- Other material: ASTM A105 & A106 Gr.B
Figure 2.4: pressure vessel designed by Juan Pratama, Deni Fajar Fitriyan,
Rusiyanto, Januar Parlaungan Siregar, Wahyu Caesarendra
2.2.3 Design #3: AIR-COM BAGLIONI Pressure vessel vertical 500 l - 16 bar
Information
-Capacity: 500L
-Working pressure: 16 bar
-Medium: air
-Material: carbon steel
Figure 2.5.1 : AIR-COM BAGLIONI
2.2.4 Design #4: Mild Steel Vertical Pressure Vessel
Detail:
-Material: mild steel
-Capacity: 100-1000L
-Maximum pressure: 100-150 psi
- Wall thickness: 5-15 mmmm
Figure 2.6: Mild Steel Vertical PPressure VVessel

2.2.5 Design #5: standard vertical pressure-16 bar vertical position-750 litre
Information:
-Volume: 750 litre
-Maximum working pressure: 16 bar
 -Test pressure: 22.88 bar
-Working temperature: -20-50 degrees Celsius
-Content: compressed air/ nitrogen
Figure 2.7: Autocad drawing MB-010806-2.750/E

2.3 Safety and Environmental Issues

With the improvement in both science and technology, the applications of
pressure vessels have been widely used for various purposes such as industrial sectors,
daily use as gas bottles, pressure-cooker, etc. Therefore, not only pressure vessels but
also piping systems are constructed, fabricated, and conducted to provide an excessive
level of structural integrity can also bring about severe consequences of structural
failures. The issues for safety and maintenance have been important.

Risks = Probability of Failure x Consequences of Failure

Ø Failure Mechanisms including

• Natural occurrences such as earthquake loadings
 • Operator errors: fail to function properly since it has some problems with time-
related degradation or else improper installation or also can have maintenance
factors.
• Control and performance at temperature within brittle fracture range limits.
• Uniform corrosion in which the electrochemical reactions proceed uniformly
over the whole area of exposed metal surface.
• Thermal fatigue cracking
• Vibration fatigue cracking
• Stress corrosion cracking
• Improper or degraded overpressure protection
• Improper design and fabrication, etc.
Ø Failure Modes may lead to fatalities because of containing toxic or
flammable materials in small leaks of vessels. These below lists may result
in higher consequences including
• Small-scale cracks
• Leaking through the wall crack
• Excessive Leakage
• Localized corrosion/ wall thinning.
• Through-wall corrosion/wall thinning
• Fracture/Catastrophic rupture
• Excessive distortion
2.4 Relevant Design Codes and Standards
For the design of pressure vessels, there are several relevant design codes and
standards. The kind of pressure vessel, its intended function, and the country in which
it will be used will determine the exact code or standard that applies. Some of the most
popular codes and standards are listed below:
● ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code: This is a widely used code for the
design, construction, and inspection of pressure vessels. It covers a wide range
of vessels, including boilers, tanks, and heat exchangers. EN 13445: This is a
 European standard that covers the design, manufacture, and testing of pressure
vessels. It applies to vessels that are intended for use in Europe.
● PD 5500: This is a British standard that covers the design, manufacture, and
testing of pressure vessels. It is commonly used in the UK and other countries
that follow British standards.
● API 620: This is a standard that covers the design and construction of large,
welded, low-pressure storage tanks. It is commonly used in the oil and gas
industry.
● API 650: This is a standard that covers the design and construction of large,
welded, low-pressure storage tanks. It is commonly used in the oil and gas
industry.
● JIS B 8243: This is a Japanese standard that covers the design, manufacture, and
testing of pressure vessels. It is commonly used in Japan.
It is crucial to remember that these regulations and standards are frequently
modified, thus it is crucial to utilize the most recent version. Furthermore, it is crucial
to confirm that the pressure vessel design complies with all applicable regulatory
standards in the country where it will be utilized.

2.5 Design Selection and Appraisal Criteria

When selecting and appraising the design of a horizontal pressure vessel for
storing carbon monoxide, the following criteria should be considered:
Safety: the design solution should prioritize safety as well as exist as a able to
withstand the pressure as well as temperature requirements that belongs to storing
carbon monoxide without any risk that belongs to leakage or explosion.
Compliance: the design solution should comply with relevant standards as well as
regulations that is going to belong to pressure vessel design as well as construction.
Material selection: the materials used inside of the design should exist as a
compatible with carbon monoxide as well as exist as able to withstand the pressure as
well as temperature requirements without any risk that belongs to corrosion or other
forms that belongs to degradation.
 Efficiency: the design solution should exist as efficient as well as minimize the
loss that belongs to carbon monoxide through evaporation or other means.
Capacity: the design solution should have sufficient capacity to store the required
amount that belongs to carbon monoxide.
Maintenance: the design solution should exist as a easy to maintain as well as
repair, with minimal downtime as well as maintenance costs.
Environmental impact: the design solution should have minimal impact on top of
the environment as well as meet any applicable environmental regulations.
Cost-effectiveness: the design solution should be cost-effective and within the
project’s budget.
Durability: Durability refers to the ability of a product or material to withstand
wear, damage, or other types of degradation over time. A durable product is one that is
designed to last for a long time, despite exposure to various environmental stresses and
other factors that can cause wear and tear. The design solution should exist as a durable
as well as able to withstand long-term use without any significant degradation.
Accessibility: the design solution should exist as accessible that is going to belong
to easy loading as well as unloading that belongs to carbon monoxide as well as that is
going to belong to any necessary maintenance or repairs.
Overall, selecting and appraising the design of a horizontal pressure vessel for
storing carbon monoxide requires a thorough understanding of the intended application
and the relevant regulations and standards, as well as careful consideration of the
various factors that can impact the vessel's performance and safety.
2.6 Summary
In the chapter 2 for literature review, certain information relating to pressure
vessels, especially the horizontal pressure vessels, and the working fluid for this
assignment is presented. To be more specific, five past designs of horizontal pressure
vessels including detailed information, safety and environmental issues, relevant design
codes and standards, design selection and appraisal criteria are examined and
referenced. About the past designs, the data of manufacturer, material, dimension,
capacity and standard are searched and displayed for each device in each particular
project. In the safety and environmental issues part, there is information about the
toxicity, label elements, precautionary statements, first aid measures, environmental
problems and appropriate controls applied for carbon monoxide. Some of the most
popular design codes and standards that are relevant to the horizontal pressure vessels
are also presented. This part include ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, PD 5500,
API 620, API 650, JIS B 8243. For design selection, a variety of criteria such as material,
efficiency, capacity, durability, cost-effectiveness, ... are listed and explained in order to
consider, evaluate effects of these factors and appraise devices in the design process.
 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter discusses the information on pressure vessel selection as well as the
use of the chosen pressure vessel. The choice of codes is crucial when designing
pressure vessels since they serve as a reference manual for secure pressure vessels.
These are descriptions of the ASME Code Section VIII div 1 choices. In this chapter,
the design process technique is detailed. The steps below are used to build a pressure
vessel with a flat end connection that can withstand a design pressure of 10 MPa and
have a total volume of 1 m3.
A. Literature survey phase
B. Specify the components of pressure vessel
C. Problem identification
D. Material selection
E. Design procedure
A. Literature survey phase
A review of pertinent literature on various pressure vessel types and the
mechanisms involved in constructing a horizontal pressure vessel that can function
adequately at the specified design pressure and temperature. The literature is gathered
from books, essays, websites, journals, and newspapers and among other sources.
B. Specify the components of the pressure vessel
The components of the pressure vessel must be identified in order to achieve the
complete layout of the pressure vessel. Since the pressure vessels are assembled from
those parts, those are the major factors that need to be taken into account.
C. Problem identification
For any project, this is the most important step. Therefore, we must take into
consideration the factors that may have an impact on our project in order to complete it
with the fewest possible problems (or without any problems at all).
D. Material selection
 This step has made a significant contribution to our project, which involved
choosing the right material for each component based on the necessary properties and
general selection criteria.
One of the most challenging issues for the designer is choosing the right material
for technical requirements. The material that is most effective is one that achieves the
required result under the specified circumstances while costing the least amount of
money. The following criteria will be used to choose the materials:
. Performance (characteristics) properties
a. Processing (manufacturing) properties
b. Environmental profile
c. Availability of the material
d. Economical consideration
The most crucial factors to take into account when choosing a construction
material are listed below in further detail. As follows:
a. Mechanical properties
● Strength: Tensile strength is required.
● Stiffness: The material should have high Elastic modulus (Young’s modulus).
● Toughness: Fracture resistance needed.
● Toughness: Fracture resistance needed.
● Hardness: high wear resistance required.
b. The effect of high and low temperature on the mechanical properties
c. Corrosion resistance.
d. Any special properties required such as thermal conductivity.
e. Case of fabrication: forming, welding, casting, etc.
f. Availability in standard sizes.
g. Cost of the material.
E. Design procedure
The tasks to do in this step are:
. Identify the specifications.
a. Geometry analysis.
b. Force analysis.
c. Stress analysis.

Figure 3.1: Overall Project Block Diagram for the Design Methodology
3.1.1 Literature Review
A review of pertinent literature on various pressure vessel types and the
mechanisms involved in constructing a vertical pressure vessel that can function
adequately at the specified design pressure and temperature. The literature is gathered
from books, essays, websites, journals, and newspapers, among other sources.
Since the importance and practicality of pressure vessels design is recognized,
certain research and improvement relating to this topic have been executing for many
years. While there are numerous applications of optimization techniques to design
structure in general, the design optimization of homogeneous and composite pressure
vessels has few references that are pertinent to.
J. Dureli (1973) studied the stress concentration in a ribbed cylindrical shell with
a reinforced circular hole subjected to internal pressure by several experimental
methods. The results achieved were compared to the one of a non-reinforced hole in a
ribbed and un-ribbed shell. The results were also in comparison with a reinforced hole
in an un-ribbed shell. The maximum value of hoop stress, and longitudinal stress, in
shells were found to always occur at the points θ = 0° and θ = 90°, respectively, along
the edge of the hole with the angle measured clockwise from the longitudinal axis of
the hole called θ.
V.N. Skopinsky and A.B. Smetankin (2006). In this study, the structural model and
stress analysis of nozzle connections in ellipsoidal heads affected by external loadings
are depicted. Timoshenko shell theory and the finite element method were used by the
authors. In addition, the features of the structural model of ellipsoid-cylinder shell
intersections, numerical procedure were also argued. Moreover, the maximum effective
stresses in the ellipsoid-cylinder intersections under loading affected by geometric
parameters were analyzed in a parametric study. As a result, the outcomes of parametric
study of the nozzle connections and the stress analysis were shown in this study. The
conclusion states that the stresses caused by the external loadings are considered to be
the secondary stresses compared with primary ones created by the internal pressure.
Therefore, a complete stress analysis for nozzle connections of a pressure vessel should
include and examine these mentioned stresses.
T. P. Pastor & D. A. Osage (2007). In 2007, the revision of ASME codes was done
and design steps were modified with the standard for easy use by the authors. At the
same time, they also finished the changes in the wall thickness for pressure vessel shell
and head; changes in welding, PWHT and the NDE costs, which was considered as
overall cost change.
Di Carluccio et al (2008). In 2008, ASME norms were studied and stated to be one
of the factors which was worth being considered in the design process. The authors also
mentioned about the seismic load and believed them to be another factor that should be
considered in pressure vessels design. The other load called wind load with the seismic
load mentioned above creates a moment at lug. In order to avoid accidents, the moment
needs to be considered as much as possible while designing.
K Tamil Mannan et al. (2009). In their research, they stated certain definitions
about pressure vessels. According to their study, a pressure vessel is a closed cylindrical
vessel which is used to store liquid, gaseous or solid products. The stored substance is
kept at a particular temperature and pressure. Due to dished heads, the cylindrical vessel
is closed at one or both ends, which may be hemispherical and ellipsoidal respectively.
The pressure vessels can be in a horizontal form or vertical one. The role of the
supporting system of a vertical vessel is relatively crucial since choosing an appropriate
supporting system is able to increase efficiency. The bottom support of that system is
also pivotal as it will lead to a failure coming from internal pressure with temperature
if it is designed without dedication.
Drazan ,Pejo, Franjo and Darko (2010). In 2010, the authors examined the
influence of stresses which were the results of weld misalignment in cylindrical shell
circumferential weld joints on the shell integrity. They estimated the stresses
analytically by API and also recommended practice procedures. Moreover, the authors
used the finite element method to calculate the stresses numerically.
Levend Parnas and Nuran Katırcı developed an analytical procedure in order to
design and predict the behavior of fiber-reinforced composite pressure vessels under
combined mechanical and hydrothermal loading. They also used two approaches called
thin and thick wall solutions to examine the cylindrical pressure vessel. From the study,
it was observed that two approaches mentioned would release the same results of the
optimum winding angle, the burst pressure if the ratio of outer to inner radius of
composite pressure vessels was increased up to 1.1.
Apurva R. Pendbhaje, Mahesh Gaikwade, Nitin Deshmukh & Rajkumar Patil used
ASME codes & standards in order to analyze pressure vessels, present design and
legalize the design. In addition, developing the pressure rise in the pressure vessel was
also done by the authors. The design in this study was conducted with the purpose of
avoiding accidents and strengthening the safety of pressure vessels. There were certain
factors used to analyze the safety parameter for permissible working pressure, which
are computed from Pressure Vessel Design Manual by Dennis Moss, third edition.
Mayank Nirbhay, OrashantTripathi & Vivek Kumar Gupta used the ASME Codes
to present their design. For their design of various components of the pressure vessel,
they calculated the essential factors for design such as thickness of the shell, head, stress
analysis,…Modeling the pressure vessel and analyzing in ABAQUS were used to
validate the design. The finite element method is a proposed method for implementing
the analysis. The further study of the variation of effective parameters in design of
pressure vessels was also finished. Different graphs were plotted to examine the
variation of the internal pressure and diameter of the shell. Moreover, evaluating the
applicability of various types of heads were also executed.
According to the information accumulated from the above paper, it can be assumed
that the loads applied on the vessels should be considered carefully and the revised
ASME code should be used while designing a pressure vessel. Moreover, selecting the
right material and reducing the overall weight by reducing the material are necessary in
the design process. The support system of pressure vessels needs to be paid attention
while designing and the overall design should be examined by using the Analytical or
Finite Element Methods. In the stress analysis of horizontal
connections in pressure vessels affected by different external loadings, the
analytical, experimental and numerical investigation are used significantly.
3.2 System Decomposition (Physical and Functional)
3.2.1 Nozzle:
The main function of a nozzle in a pressure vessel is to provide an opening for the
passage of fluid or gas. The main components of a nozzle in a pressure vessel can vary
depending on its specific design and application. However, in general, a nozzle typically
consists of the following components:
● Nozzle body: The nozzle body is the portion of the nozzle that extends into the
pressure vessel and provides the opening for the passage of fluid or gas. The
shape and size of the nozzle body depend on the specific application of the vessel.
● Flange: The flange is the portion of the nozzle that is located outside of the
pressure vessel and is used to connect the nozzle to other components of the
vessel, such as the shell or head. The flange is typically bolted to the vessel using
a specific bolt pattern and torque specifications to ensure a secure and leak-tight
connection.
● Gasket: The gasket is a sealing material that is placed between the flange and the
vessel to provide a leak-tight seal. The material of the gasket depends on the
specific application of the vessel and the temperature and pressure of the
contents.
 ● Bolts: The bolts are used to secure the flange to the vessel and provide the
necessary clamping force to compress the gasket and create a leak-tight seal. The
size, material, and torque specifications of the bolts depend on the specific
application of the vessel and the design of the nozzle.
● Reinforcing Pad: The reinforcing pad is a plate or ring that is welded to the vessel
around the opening for the nozzle to provide additional reinforcement and
support for the nozzle and its connections.
3.2.2 Head:
The main function of the head in a pressure vessel is to provide a seal that prevents
the contents of the vessel from escaping. The head is designed to withstand the pressure
and temperature of the vessel contents, and must be securely attached to the vessel to
prevent leaks. The nozzle openings in the head allow for the entry and exit of fluid or
gas from the vessel, and may be used to attach valves, pumps, or other equipment to the
vessel. The main components and function of a head in a pressure vessel will depend on
its type, but some common components and functions include:
Head Plate: The head plate is the main structural component of the head and is
typically made of the same material as the shell of the vessel. The shape of the head
plate depends on the specific type of head used in the vessel, such as flat, hemispherical,
ellipsoidal, or torispherical.
Head Flange: The head flange is the portion of the head that is used to connect the
head to the shell or nozzle of the vessel. The flange is typically bolted to the shell or
nozzle using a specific bolt pattern and torque specifications to ensure a secure and leak-
tight connection.
Gasket: The gasket is a sealing material that is placed between the head flange and
the shell or nozzle to provide a leak-tight seal. The material of the gasket depends on
the specific application of the vessel and the temperature and pressure of the contents.
Reinforcing Pad: The reinforcing pad is a plate or ring that is welded to the head
around the opening for the nozzle to provide additional reinforcement and support for
the nozzle and its connections.
 3.2.3 Shell:
The main function of the shell in a pressure vessel is to contain the contents of the
vessel under pressure. The shell may also be insulated to prevent temperature
fluctuations and maintain the integrity of the vessel contents. The main components and
functions of the shell in a pressure vessel include:
Shell Plate: The shell plate is the main structural component of the shell and is
typically made of a high-strength steel or alloy. The thickness of the shell plate depends
on the specific design requirements of the vessel and the pressure and temperature of
the contents.
Seam: The seam is the area where two or more shell plates are joined together to
form the shell. The seam can be welded or bolted, and the quality of the seam is critical
to the strength and integrity of the shell.
Corrosion Allowance: The corrosion allowance is an additional thickness of
material that is added to the shell plate to account for the expected corrosion of the
material over the life of the vessel.
External Reinforcement: External reinforcement, such as stiffening rings or
gussets, may be added to the shell to provide additional strength and support to the
vessel.
3.2.4 Support:
The main function of the supports in a pressure vessel is to provide stability and
prevent deformation of the vessel under pressure. The supports are designed to
withstand the weight of the vessel and its contents, as well as any external forces that
may be applied to the vessel. The components of the supports can vary depending on
the specific design and application of the vessel, but in general, a pressure vessel support
system typically consists of the following components:
Skirt: The skirt is a cylindrical or conical extension of the shell that provides
additional support to the vessel. The skirt is typically welded or bolted to the shell and
may be supported by a foundation or other structure.
Legs: The legs are vertical columns that support the weight of the vessel and its
contents. The legs may be fixed or adjustable to allow for leveling of the vessel.
 Base Ring: The base ring is a horizontal ring that supports the weight of the vessel
and its contents and distributes the load to the legs. The base ring may be welded or
bolted to the legs.
Bracing: Bracing is used to provide additional support and stability to the vessel
and its supports. The bracing may be in the form of diagonal or horizontal members that
connect the legs or skirt to the base ring.

3.3 Concept Synthesis and Evaluation

i. Define the operating conditions: Determine the pressure, temperature, and other
environmental conditions that the vessel will be exposed to.
ii. Determine the vessel specifications: Determine the vessel dimensions, wall
thickness, and other mechanical properties necessary to withstand the operating
conditions.
iii. Select the material: Select a suitable material that meets the mechanical and
corrosion resistance requirements for the vessel.
iv. Conduct stress analysis: Conduct a stress analysis to ensure that the vessel will
not fail under the operating conditions.
v. Perform fatigue analysis: Perform a fatigue analysis to determine the expected
lifespan of the vessel under cyclic loading conditions.
vi. Design vessel supports: Determine the necessary supports for the vessel, such
as saddles or support legs.
vii. Fabricate the vessel: Fabricate the vessel according to the design specifications.
3.4 Embodiment Design
3.4.1. Shell

Parameters Values

Quantity 1

Inner diameter of shell 272 mm

Length of shell 680 mm

Joint efficiency 1

Maximum allowable stress 87.678 MPa

Corrosion allowance 0 mm

Shell thickness 15 mm

Weight of shell 53.21 kg

3.4.2. Head

Parameters Values

Quantity 2

Joint efficiency 1.0

Maximum allowable stress 87.678 MPa

Corrosion allowance 0

Inner height 68 mm

Crown radius 244.8 mm

Knuckle radius 46.24 mm

Head thickness 15 mm

Total weight of two heads 21.64 kg

Maximum allowable pressure 74.67 MPa

 3.4.3. Nozzle
Nozzle 1

Parameters Values

Total pressure of vessel 6 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Joint efficiency 1.0

Maximum allowable stress 87.678 MPa

Corrosion allowance 0

Outer diameter of nozzle 141.3 mm

Nozzle thickness 5 mm

Weight 1.78 kg

Nozzle 2

Parameters Values

Total pressure of vessel 6 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Joint efficiency 1.0

Maximum allowable stress 87.678 MPa

Corrosion allowance 0

Outer diameter of nozzle 101.6 mm

Nozzle thickness 3.6 mm

Weight 0.66 kg

3.5 Detail Design

To calculate the maximum permissible stress (S) for a pressure vessel made of
titanium storing Green Hydrogen, we will use the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code, Section VIII, Division 1. The maximum permissible stress is determined by the
material's allowable stress and the design factor.

For titanium, the allowable stress at 25°C is given by:

S = 0.4 × 118 = 47.2 MPa

where 118 MPa is the tensile strength of titanium at 25°C and 0.4 is the allowable
stress factor for titanium as per ASME Section II Part D.

The design factor is dependent on the vessel's orientation, and for a vertical vessel,
the design factor is 1.0. Therefore, the maximum permissible stress for a vertical
pressure vessel made of titanium storing Green Hydrogen is:

S = 1.0 × 47.2 MPa = 47.2 MPa

Using the operating temperature and any other design criteria, calculate the design
temperature (TD). Assume a design factor of 1.0 in this situation.

TD = 25°C x 1.0 = 25°C

where Y denotes the minimum yield strength and T the minimum tensile strength.

Y = 0.2 x 118 MPa = 23.6 MPa

T = 0.4 x 118 MPa = 47.2 MPa

Using the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII, Division 1, UG-
27 formula, determine the necessary minimum wall thickness (t):

t = (P x R) / (SE - 0.6P)

The allowable stress (SE) for titanium at 25°C can be determined using the
following equation from ASME Section II Part D:

SE = 0.4 x min (Y, T)

Substituting the values, we get:

 SE = 0.4 x min (23.6 MPa, 47.2 MPa)

SE = 9.44 MPa

Table -1: Project Gantt Chart and Milestone

W W W W W W W W
ACTIVITIES
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Literature review (Milestone

#1):
- Establishing background
1
- Design search & review
- PDS preparation
- Datum selection

Methodology (Milestone #2):

- Identifying the PS, goals, and
overall steps
2- Write brief on the tools/
formulae/ code etc.
- Finalize the flowchart and
Gantt chart

Result & Discussion

(Milestone #3):
3
- Conceptual design of the PV
& final concept appraisal
 - Sizing of main components
(shell, cover, support,
flanges, manhole etc.)
- Material selection (PI,
Decision Matrix etc.)
- Fabrication plan
- Detail design of components
(working drawing, BOM)

Conclusion and
4
recommendation

Completion of the final report

5
(Milestone #4):
 CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 . Appraisal of Final Concept
We design a vertical cylinder vessel pressure with the two 2:1 S.E. Head
that can contained 0.05 𝑚! volume of fluid at 10MPa.
Figure 3.1: Overall Project Block Diagram

design design chose design design chose

shell 2:1 S.E. head flange nozzle reinforcemnet saddles
pad supports

4.2 . Sizing of Basic Components

The volume of shell is 0.05 𝑚!
We design a vertical cylinder vessel pressure with the two 2:1 S.E. Head
𝑉"#$$#% = 𝑉$'#%% + 2𝑉'#()
Where: 𝑉"#$$#% : total fluid contained volume (𝑚! )
𝑉$'#%% : fluid contained volume inside shell (𝑚! )
𝑉'#() : fluid contained volume inside head (𝑚! )
For the fluid contained volume inside head:
*
𝑉'#() = 𝜋 𝐴𝐵𝐶
!
+!
Where: A = h (m), 𝐵 = 𝐶 = = 2ℎ (m)
,
+!
Assume: ℎ =
*

+! "
𝑉'#() = 𝜋 (𝑚! )
-,

For the fluid contained volume inside shell:

+! #
𝑉$'#%% = 𝐿$'#%% 𝜋 (𝑚! )
*

Assume the length of the shell is 𝐿$'#%% = 2.5𝐷.

So that:
+! " /+! " -1
𝑉"#$$#% = 2 ∗ 𝜋+ 𝜋 = ,* 𝐷. ! 𝜋
-, 0

𝑉"#$$#% = 0.05 (𝑚! ) 𝐷. = 0.272 𝑚 = 272 𝑚𝑚 𝑅. = 136 𝑚𝑚

 𝐿$'#%% = 680 mm
+!
ℎ= = 68 𝑚𝑚
*

4.3 . Material selection

Because of its exceptional corrosion resistance and strength-to-weight ratio,
titanium is an appropriate material for a pressure vessel that holds Green Hydrogen. Green
hydrogen is a hydrogen-nitrogen combination that may be extremely corrosive to some
metals, especially at high pressures and temperatures.
Titanium has excellent corrosion resistance in a wide range of harsh conditions,
including those with high amounts of acidity, salt, and alkali. Furthermore, titanium has an
excellent strength-to-weight ratio, making it an excellent choice for high-pressure vessels
because it can withstand high internal pressure while maintaining structural integrity.
Furthermore, titanium has a low thermal conductivity, which means it can help to
keep the stored gas inside the pressure vessel at a stable operating temperature. Because
Green Hydrogen is frequently stored at cryogenic temperatures, this feature is
advantageous.
4.4 . Fabrication Plan

Process equipment is fabricated by a number of well-established methods (such as

fusion welding, casting, forging, machining, brazing and soldering and sheet metal
forming)

Each method has certain advantages for particular types of equipment.

However, fusion welding is the most important method.

4.5 . Detail design (Working drawing and BOM)

4.5.1. Shell design
S at 252 𝐶 is 87.678 MPa
Thickness
45! :×-!:
Longitudinal welding: 𝑡3 = 6782.:4
= 0<.:<0×-82.:∗: = 9.71 𝑚𝑚
45! :×-!:
Circumference welding: 𝑡> = = ,∗0<.:<0∗-?2.*∗: = 4.59 𝑚𝑚
,67?2.*4
 Thickness of shell: 𝑡6 = (𝑡3 , 𝑡> ) = 9.71 𝑚𝑚 𝑡(@AB(% = 15 𝑚𝑚
𝐷C = 𝐷. + 2𝑡 = 272 + 2 × 15 = 302 𝑚𝑚
Pressure:
,67A ,×0<.:<0×-×-/
Longitudinal pressure: 𝑃3 = 5 82.*A$%&'$( = -!:82.*×-/
= 20.23 𝑀𝑃𝑎
! $%&'$(

$%&'$( 67A 0<.:<0×-×-/

Circumference pressure: 𝑃@ = 5 ?2.:A = -!:?2.:×-/
= 9.07 𝑀𝑃𝑎
! $%&'$(

ð 𝑃$'#%% = (𝑃3 , 𝑃> ) = 9.07 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > 𝑃ACA(% => Acceptable

Weight:
4515
𝑚$'#%% = 𝜋𝑡6'#%% (𝐷. + 𝑡6'#%% )𝐿𝑝D(A#E.(% = 𝜋 × 15 × (272 + 20) ∗ 856.5 ∗
101
= 53.21𝑘𝑔

Shell design parameter

Parameters Values

Inner diameter of shell 272 mm

Length of shell 680 mm

Joint efficiency 1

Maximum allowable stress 87.678 MPa

Corrosion allowance 0 mm

Shell thickness 15 mm

Shell weight 53.21 kg

4.5.2. Head design

+!
The inner height of head: ℎ = = 68 𝑚𝑚
*

The crown radius of head: 𝑟. = 0.9𝐷. = 0.9 × 272 = 244.8 𝑚𝑚

The knuckle radius of head: 𝑟FGB@F%# = 0.17𝐷. = 0.17 × 342.6 = 46.24 𝑚𝑚
Thickness:
 1 𝐷. , 1 342.6 ,
𝐾 = G2 + H I J = G2 + H I J=1
6 2ℎ 6 2 ∗ 85.65
𝑃𝐷. 𝐾 6 × 272 × 1
𝑡'#() = = = 11.01 𝑚𝑚 → 𝑡(@AB(% = 15 𝑚𝑚
2𝜎𝐸 − 0.2𝑃 2 × 74.67 × 1 − 0.2 × 6
Pressure:
2𝑆𝐸𝑡'#() 2 × 87.678 × 15
𝑃' = = = 8.71 > 𝑃ACA(% → 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝐷. + 2𝑡'#() 272 + 2 × 15
Weight:
𝜋
𝑚'#() = 2 × 1.375 × × 𝐷. , × 𝑡'#() × 𝑝D(A#E.(%
4
𝜋 4515
= 2 × 1.375 × × 272, ∗ 15 ∗ 𝑘𝑔 = 10.822 𝑘𝑔
4 101
Head design parameters

Parameters Values

Joint efficiency 1.0

Maximum allowable stress 87.678 MPa

Corrosion allowance 0

Inner height 68 mm

Crown radius 244.8 mm

Knuckle radius 46.24 mm

Head thickness 15 mm

Total weight of two heads 21.64 kg

Maximum allowable pressure 74.67 MPa

4.5.3. Skirt design

• 𝐷 = Outside diameter of skirt, in
• 𝐸 = Efficiency of skirt to head joint (0.6 for butt weld, o.45 for lap weld)
• 𝑀𝑇 = Moment at the skirt to head joint, ft. lb

• 𝑅 = Outside radius of skirt, in

 • 𝜎 = Stress value of the head or skirt material whichever is smaller, psi

• 𝑡 = Required thickness of skirt, in

• 𝑊 = Weight of the tower above the skirt to the head joint, in operating
condition

-, H) - J -, H)
𝑡 = 5# × WI67 X + + × WI67X=-!:# × WI×0<.:<0×-X+
- J
× (I×0<.:<0×-)
,<,

4.5.4. Nozzle design

Where:
𝐷G : outside diameter of nozzle
𝑑G : Inside diameter of nozzle
𝑑$ : diameter of nozzle on tank wall
𝑓: correction coefficient =1
𝑡$ : required thickness of tank
𝑇$ : actual body thickness
𝑡G : required nozzle thickness
𝑇G : actual nozzle thickness
𝑟G : radius of internal holde
𝐴E : area of nozzle hole
𝐴$ : area of connecting region
𝐴E : area of nozzle wall
Both 2 nozzles using titanium ASME grade 2

25 − 38
𝑆(25C 𝐶 ) = ∗ (82.7 − 86.1) + 86.1 = 87.678 𝑀𝑃𝑎
66 − 38
Nozzle 1
External nozzle diameter: 𝐷G = 141.3 𝑅G = 70.65 𝑚𝑚
Actual nozzle thickness: 𝑇K = 9.53 𝑚𝑚
Internal nozzle diameter: 𝑑G = 122.24 𝑚𝑚
Required nozzle thickness:
𝑃𝑅G 6 × 70.65
𝑡G = = ≈ 5.042 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝐸 − 0.6𝑃 87.678 ∗ 1 − 0.6 ∗ 6
Actual body thickness 𝑇$ :
 𝐴E = 𝑑G 𝑡$ 𝑓 = 122.24 × 15 × 1 = 1833.6 𝑚𝑚,
𝐴$ = 𝐷G (𝑇$ − 𝑡$ ) − 2𝑇K ((𝑇$ − 𝑡$ )
= 141 × (𝑇$ − 15) − 2 × 10 × (𝑇$ − 15)𝑚𝑚,
𝐴G = 2[2.5𝑇$ (𝑇K − 𝑡G )] = 35𝑇$ 𝑚𝑚,
We have: 𝐴E < 𝐴$ + 𝐴G
1833.6 < 141.3 ∗ (𝑇$ − 15) − 2 × 10 × (𝑇$ − 15) + 35𝑇$
𝑇$ > 2 Type equation here. Choose 𝑇$ = 22 𝑚𝑚
Diameter of nozzle on tank wall:
𝑑6 = 𝑑G + 2𝑡G = 141.3 + 2 × 5 = 132.324 𝑚𝑚
)* -,,.,*
𝑥= + 𝑇G = + 9.53 = 70.65 𝑚𝑚
, ,

𝑦 = 2.5𝑇$ = 2.5 ∗ 22 = 55 𝑚𝑚
Maximum allowable pressure for nozzle 1:
𝑆𝐸𝑡G 87.678 × 1 × 5
𝑃D(L = = = 6 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑟. + 0.6𝑡G 70.65 + 0.6 × 5

This result is acceptable since the is larger than the total pressure of the vessel.
This shows that the chosen nozzle thickness is safe and will be adopted in this study.
Weight of nozzle 1:

(𝐷G , − 𝑑G , ) (141.3, − 122.24, ) 4515

𝑚=𝜋 𝐿𝑝D(A#E.(% = 𝜋 × × 100 ×
4 4 101
= 1.78 𝑘𝑔
 Nozzle 1 design parameters

Parameters Values

Total pressure of vessel 6 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Joint efficiency 1.0

Maximum allowable stress 87.678 MPa

Corrosion allowance 0

Outer diameter of nozzle 141.3 mm

Nozzle thickness 5 mm

Weight 1.78 kg
● Nozzle 2:
External nozzle diameter: 𝐷G = 101.6 𝑚𝑚 𝑅G = 50.8 𝑚𝑚
Actual nozzle thickness: 𝑇K = 4.78 𝑚𝑚
Internal nozzle diameter: 𝑑G = 92.04 𝑚𝑚
Required nozzle thickness:
𝑃𝑅G 6 × 50.8
𝑡G = = ≈ 3.6 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝐸 − 0.6𝑃 87.678 × 1 − 0.6 × 6

Actual body thickness 𝑇$ :

𝐴E = 𝑑G 𝑡$ 𝑓 = 92.04 × 15 × 1 = 1380.6 𝑚𝑚,
𝐴$ = 𝐷G (𝑇$ − 𝑡$ ) − 2𝑇K ((𝑇$ − 𝑡$ )
= 92.04 × (𝑇$ − 15) − 2 × 4.78 × (𝑇$ − 15)𝑚𝑚,
𝐴G = 2[2.5𝑇$ (𝑇K − 𝑡G )] = 25𝑇$ 𝑚𝑚,
We have: 𝐴E < 𝐴$ + 𝐴G
1380.6 < 92.04 × (𝑇$ − 15) − 2 × 4.78 × (𝑇$ − 15) + 25𝑇$
𝑇$ > 15.57 𝑚𝑚 Choose 𝑇$ = 21 𝑚𝑚
Diameter of nozzle on tank wall:
𝑑6 = 𝑑G + 2𝑡G = 92.04 + 2 × 3.6 = 99.282 𝑚𝑚
 )* 1,.2*
𝑥= + 𝑇G = + 4.78 = 50.8 𝑚𝑚
, ,

𝑦 = 2.5𝑇$ = 2.5 × 15 = 39.275 𝑚𝑚

Maximum allowable pressure for nozzle 2:
𝑆𝐸𝑡G 87.678 × 1 × 3.6
𝑃D(L = = = 6 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑟. + 0.6𝑡G 50.8 + 0.6 × 3.6

This result is acceptable since the is larger than the total pressure of the vessel.
This shows that the chosen nozzle thickness is safe and will be adopted in this study.
Weight of nozzle 2:

(𝐷G , − 𝑑G , ) (101.6, − 92.04, ) 4515

𝑚=𝜋 𝐿𝑝D(A#E.(% = 𝜋 × × 100 ×
4 4 101
= 0.66 𝑘𝑔
Nozzle 2 design parameters

Parameters Values

Total pressure of vessel 6 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Joint efficiency 1.0

Maximum allowable stress 87.678 MPa

Corrosion allowance 0

Outer diameter of nozzle 101.6 mm

Nozzle thickness 3.6 mm

Weight 0.66 kg

Figure 4.5: Autocad drawing

Bill of materials:

Vertical pressure vessel

No. Part Quantit Material Price Cost

y

1 Nozzl 2 Ti-65a 30$ (nozzle 41$

e 1)
11$ (nozzle
2)

2 Head 2 Ti-65a 368$ 736$

3 Shell 1 Ti-65a 900$ 900$

4 Skirt 1 Ti-65a 50$ 50$
Support
 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion
Appraisal of final concept and PDS

Ensure a range of factor:

1.Operating pressure

2. Operating temperature

3. Material selection

4. Safety requirements

5. Standards and regulations

Sizing of main components

Shell:
𝐷. = 272 𝑚𝑚
𝐿$'#%% = 680 𝑚𝑚
Thick ness: t = 15 mm
Ellipsoidal head:
The inner height of head: ℎ = 68 𝑚𝑚
The crown radius of head: 𝑟. = 244.8 𝑚𝑚
The knuckle radius of head: 𝑟FGB@F%# = 46.24 𝑚𝑚
Thickness: t = 15 mm
Flange:
Choose nominal size 1 and 2
Nozzle 1:
External nozzle diameter: 𝐷G = 141.3 𝑚𝑚
Actual nozzle thickness: 𝑇K = 9.53 𝑚𝑚
Internal nozzle diameter: 𝑑G = 122.24 𝑚𝑚
Nozzle 2:
 External nozzle diameter: 𝐷G = 101.6 𝑚𝑚
Actual nozzle thickness: 𝑇K = 4.78 𝑚𝑚
Internal nozzle diameter: 𝑑G = 92.04 𝑚𝑚
Material selection
In this project, we use titanium as the material for shell, flange and nozzle since
titanium cannot be corroded by blue hydrogen at normal temperature, 25 °C.
Titanium and its alloys used is pure alpha Ti-65A.
Fabrication plan

Process equipment is fabricated by a number of well-established methods (such as

fusion welding, casting, forging, machining, brazing and soldering and sheet metal
forming)

Each method has certain advantages for particular types of equipment.

However, fusion welding is the most important method.

Detail design (working drawing and BOM)

Figure 4.5: Autocad drawing
 Bill of materials:

Vertical pressure vessel

N Part Qu Material Price Cost

o. antity

1 Nozzle 2 Ti-65a 30$ (nozzle 41$

1)
11$ (nozzle
2)

2 Head 2 Ti-65a 368$ 736$

3 Shell 1 Ti-65a 900$ 900$

4 Skirt 1 Ti-65a 50$ 50$

Support

5.2 . Recommendation
Even though the vessel is thoroughly and carefully designed but it’s still only
theory. We still need to test and put it in a simulation in its maximum conditions to see
whether it has any malfunction and understand how to use the vessel to the fullest
potential.
 REFERENCES

[1] https://www.desware.net/sample-chapters/D09/E6-165-07-00.pdf

[2]https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmerxu.com%2Fen%
2Foffer%2Fair-com-baglioni-vertical-pressure-vessel-100-l-11-bar-surface-treatment-
galvanized-08dc5972-8f35-488f-8a86-
a3a0a114efc4%2F&psig=AOvVaw3C1lYCvONN6BJ2g1L8e8GE&ust=168395925066
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250661000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwi6m_GYk-_-
AhUTGIgKHXxgB2IQr4kDegUIARDyAQ
[5]https://www.mabe.de/en/products/pressure-vessel/16-bar-vertical/to-1000-
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[6]https://l.messenger.com/l.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.svlele.com%2Fvess
el.htm&h=AT2BaziHGBDJktKMPeUuyoats_Z-
gpAxOT5KhO9NoaXFUmbhXU2rpn33nWNfRL46myQaIqnAnMfPeHXTgpj83p5W7sP
5QK1-xdPird2ewoQLZYD9faIlXbQJeJidI1gJf1stiZu_r12yMOg