READING & WRITING
HOW TO WRITE IT
GRAPHIC ORGANIZER
-assists pupils in organizing their thoughts
-arrange in hierarchy
 VENN DIAGRAM - two or more overlapping
circles to compare the relationship and
differences between concepts
 SERIES OF EVENT CHAINS - illustrate the
flow of events in a paragraph by arranging them
in a specific order.
 CONCEPT MAP - it is often referred to as a
spider map; topic is in the middle, with branches
leading outward to support it with additional
pertinent material
PROCESS
 STORY MAP - Aids in the graphic
representation of important details about the
character(s), setting, and problem in a story
 NETWORK TREE MAP - primary concept at
the top and supporting subjects below
 FISHBONE MAP - demonstrate the connections
and interactions between a complicated event
and its outcomes
 PROBLEM SITUATION MAP - summarizing
the material, recognizing the issues that arose,
identifying the solutions that were applied, and
interpreting the outcomes
OUTLINE PATTERNS
 T-CHART- Utilized to contrast and compare two
distinct objects
 IDEA WEB - made up of connected circles,
much like a concept map
 KWL CHART - Three questions make up this
visual learning tool: "What I Know," "What I
Want to Know," and "What I Learned."
TOPIC OUTLINE
- is a detailed plan for a speech or piece, illustrating
main topics, their importance, and relationships
- it's typically created before writing to simplify reading
and writing, with headings in topics and sentences
- is crucial in essay planning, enabling writers to connect
information, support thesis statements, and manipulate
ideas without writing complete paragraphs.
- Identify a topic and choose between descriptive,
argumentative, or comparative formats.
- create an outline by jotting down ideas without
order and grouping them under major headings
- roman numerals for main ideas
- capital letters for supporting ideas
- Arabic numerals for divisions, and lower-case
letters for minor ideas
- Break larger topics into smaller ones, ensuring
each part is at least two parts.
- write the main topic: the thesis is the main topic
- identify the main points to prove your thesis:
create a list of points that support your thesis.
- write the sub-points: it is the additional details
that can enhance the main points and also
provides further explanation and support of the
claim
- conclude your paper: summarizes the main
points and sub-points
SENTENCE OUTLINE
– uses complete, declarative sentences
 CHRONOLOGICAL - organizes information
chronologically, allowing for better
understanding of a subject in terms of different
time segments, such as history.
 SEQUENTIAL - a sequential pattern is ideal
for explaining a specific process with a step-by-
step sequence, with the main section followed
by a subsequent main step.
 SPATIAL - arranges information in physical
space, providing a visual representation of
different parts of a location, ideal for creating a
tour manual or guide.
 COMPARE & CONTRAST - organizes
information based on similarities or differences
between two or more things, providing insight
into a topic.
  ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES -
objectively discusses a topic by weighing its
pros and cons, dividing the good and bad
aspects, and is most effective without sounding
persuasive
 CAUSE-EFFECT - effective in persuasive
writing to illustrate the relationships between
variables. It can be divided into two sections or
grouped according to causes, with each effect
within the larger section
 PROBLEM-SOLUTION - The information is
divided into problem and solution sections,
aiming to persuade readers to support a specific
action or change their opinion on a specific
topic.
 TOPICAL - organizes information based on the
main topic and its subtopics, representing each
main section as a sub-topic or "type" within a
larger category
SENTENCE OUTLINE
-gives a detailed outline for your writing
-each entry is a whole sentence
-methodical strategy to organizing and presenting ideas
in a clear and simple format
A MUST
 HAVING CLARITY – can assist a writer in
structuring their ideas and communicating them
in a coherent and logical way
 FLOW OF ARGUMENT - must create whole
sentences that support your primary topic and
sub-topics; makes it easy to detect and remove
details that do not contribute to the argument's
effectiveness
 EFFICIENCY - identifying any gaps in their
argument or areas that require additional
elaboration
 WRITING TO LENGTH - help you determine
how long your paper will be; can simply
determine whether your paper is still within the
given limits, such as word count or the minimum
number of paragraphs
 COHERENCE – ensuring that their paper or
report is well-structured and easy to navigate
PREPARATION
1. Purpose of your paper: Your document, like all
others, must serve a purpose. You must be clear
and certain about the objective of your work so
that you can modify your outline to suit that
purpose.
2. Audience you are writing for: Your paper's
audience has a significant influence on its
creation. You must meet the needs of your
audience. Helps you to decide which flow to
follow.
3. Main topic of your paper: Is the main theme of
your sub-topics. This is the foundation of your
entire paper. You must be fully aware of your
topic before you even start to create an outline.
AFTER PRESENTATION
1. BRAINSTORM - provide you a clear concept
of the direction of your paper
2. ORGANIZE - group similar thoughts together
3. ORDER - the sequence of your ideas will assist
you to communicate your points clearly and
effectively
4. LABEL - Helps you understand what you're
writing about; makes it easier for you to
remember and recognize which themes come
first before the others
DESCRIPTIVE WRITING
-It gives an illustration of various people, places, events,
situations, thoughts, and feelings.
- It conveys an experience in which the reader can use
their imagination to actively participate.
ELEMENTS OF DESCRIPTIVE WRITING
 SENSORY DETAILS - includes comprehensive
sensory or images; uses the five senses; sight, sound,
smell, touch and taste
 FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE – the meaning must
not be taken literally; usual strategy to to make an
impression on the reader while creating a stronger
impact
 DOMINANT IMPRESSION - produces a clear
mental image of the person, location, or thing; a tone,
point of view or overall concept that the writer delivers
to the reader
 PRECISE LANGUAGE - means choosing the most
appropriate, most specific word so that your message is
clear
 CAREFUL ORGANIZATION – text is written in an LOGOS (LOGICAL APPEAL) - relies on the use of
organized manner (chronological – time, spatial- reason and logic to influence an audience
location)
STATISTICS (APPEAL TO FACTS) - also called
1. BE SPECIFIC, NOT VAGUE statistical evidence or quantitative data; relies on
2. ELABORATE numerical information to support a claim
3. USE VIVID VOCABULARY
4. INCLUDE DETAILS THAT RELATE TO DELIBERATION (DIALETICAL REASONING) -
YOUR FIVE SENSES involves personal reflection and weighing of options in a
critical and logical way
EXEMPLIFICATION
-means to provide examples about something REFUTATION (ANTICIPATING COUNTR-
-examples acts as supporting material ARGUMENTS) - is a persuasive technique that
involves anticipating and addressing counter arguments
KEY: use enough detailed and specific examples
BRIEF - may occur relatively frequently within the TECHNIQUES
essay, with just enough concise details to illustrate clear-
cut ideas  RECIPROCITY - is a social norm that states that if I
COMPREHENSIVE - examples are used to illustrate give you something, you’ll feel obligated to return the
complex ideas that cannot be adequately explained using favor
brief examples
 CONSISTENCY – state that once you commit to
HOW TO WRITE IT something especially in writing, you are more likely to
I. choose a topic follow through or maintain the stance
II. determine your purpose
III. think about your audience  SOCIAL PROOF - states that you base your actions
IV. make a list of examples related to your and beliefs on those around you
organization
V. choose examples from the list relevant to your  LIKENESS - states that you tend to say yes to people
purpose you like; 2 factors: Physical attraction Similarity
VI. write a thesis statement
VII. arrange your examples logically AUTHORITY - states that you have a tendency to
VIII. use transitional words and phrases believe that if any expert or person of authority says
something, it must be true
PERSUASIVE WRITING
-To convince, motivate, or move readers toward a certain USES
point of view, or opinion. -Persuasion is a powerful skill used in marketing, mass
-It implies more than one opinion on the subject can be media, political campaigns, and advertising to encourage
argued. and influence people to buy, vote, and change their
perspectives. It's essential in daily situations like team
PERSUATION meetings, restaurant choices, and manager requests.
-act of influencing someone to do something or to
change their mind LIST OF PERSUATION SKILLS
-attempt to change human behavior or to strengthen 1. COMMUNICATION
convictions and attitudes through communication 2. ACTIVE LISTENING
3. NEGOTIATION
TYPES OF PERSUASIVE WRITING 4. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE
 ETHOS - relies on the credibility and trustworthiness 5. INTERPERSONAL SKILLS
of the speaker or writer to influence their audience 6. LOGIC AND REASONING

 PATHOS (EMOTIONAL APPEAL) - evokes strong CAUSE AND EFFECT

emotions in the audience to encourage them to take a - method of organizing information that explores
particular action or adopt a specific point of view the relationship between events or actions and
(Meyer, 2017) their consequences
- identification of triggers or catalysts that lead to
specific outcomes
 - helps audiences understand the relationships  RESOLUTION - describes how the problem was
between actions and their repercussions, resolved, for better or worse, joyfully or unhappily
providing a clear and organized framework for
conveying information or making persuasive CLASSIFICATION
arguments - process of identifying and grouping objects or
ideas into predetermined categories
COHESIVE DEVICES - enables the separation and sorting data according
- these are words or phrases that links the idea that to set requirements for various business or
stated in the cause to the one stated in the effect personal objectives
- provides a smooth flow and becomes organized
in structure TYPES OF CLASSIFICATION
 BINARY – items are divided into two mutually
SIGNAL WORDS OR PHRASES exclusive groups based on a single characteristic; often
 sign posts that help guide the reader used in scenarios where items either have or lack a
 helps to connect the ideas in a text or the events particular attribute.
in a story
 cause- why? ; effect-what?  HIREARCHICAL – items are organized into a tree
like structure with multiple levels
CAUSE (WHY SOMETHING HAPPENED)
 because CATEGORICAL – involves grouping items based on
 because of qualitative characteristics or attributes; often used when
 since dealing with non-numeric or descriptive data
 as a result of
 as a consequence of TEMPORAL – organizing items based on time
 now that related criteria; could include grouping events, data, or
objects according to specific time periods such as days,
EFFECT (WHAT HAPPENED) months or years
 so
 therefore  SPATIAL – organizing items based on their physical
 this resulted in location or spatial attributes; commonly used in
 consequently geography or urban planning
 hence
 accordingly FEATURE-BASED – grouping items based on a set
of defining features or characteristics; commonly used in
NARRATION fields like biology
- tells a story
- could include series of events that lead to a conclusion MUTUAL EXCLUSIVE- belong to only one
or ending category; no overlap between the groups and each item
- tells the reader when, where, and what happened is distinctly assigned to a single class
- Narrating helps individuals absorb what they've
learned. By having to retell the narrative in their own PROBLEM-SOLUTION
words, kids commit it to memory and can recall it more -
Defined by first identifying the problem,
easily later. Narration is about understanding discussing it, and addressing it by providing
information, not memorizing it. detailed solutions to it.
- Focuses on how the stated issue are solved.
STEPS: - Useful in writing case studies, critiques, reports,
ORIENTATION - introduces the characters and literary reviews, proposals, essay writing, etc.
describes their environments -
COMPLICATION - scenario arises that alters the Steps on How to Solve the Problem in a Research Paper
normal flow of events and poses a problem for one or 1. Determine the problem.
more of the characters 2. Analyze the problem.
3. Propose Solution
SEQUENCE OF EVENTS - characters attempt to 4. Evaluate the proposed solutions.
solve the problem in chronological order 5. Conclusion