Analysis of the Power Coefficient for a wind

generation system
I. López-Garcia G. Espinosa-Pérez Maximiliano Bueno-López
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Universidad de La Salle
UAM-Azcapotzalco México-UNAM Programa de Ingenierı́a Eléctrica
Departamento de Energı́a Facultad de Ingenierı́a Bogotá-Colombia
México D.F., México México D.F., México Email: maxbueno@unisalle.edu.co
Email: ilg@correo.azc.uam.mx Email: gerardoe@unam.mx

Abstract—This paper presents an analysis of the conditions and
problems that occur when Wind Generation Systems operates in
different mode of tracking maximum power. The analysis focuses
on the effect of the power coefficient of the wind turbine in
the condition of balance of power between the wind generation
systems and the electrical network. In the specialized literature
there are not enough papers that address this problem. Therefore,
in the present paper this problem is solved, showing that there are
two desired mechanical speeds for the one particular operating
condition of the wind generation systems when this is interacting
with the electrical network for each wind speed value.
Index Terms—Power coefficient, wind generation system,
DFIG.
I. I NTRODUCTION
network by excessive generation of electrical power when
the conditions of the wind speed is greater, as they appeared
in the half 2006 in Europe [6]. For this situation, in [7] is
discussed the need to regulate powers (active and reactive)
between the wind generation system and the power grid, but
it does not analyze the consequences of doing this, considering
the dynamics of the wind turbine. Therefore, the purpose of
this paper is to explain in detail the operating conditions and
problems that occur when these generation systems operate
in different mode of tracking maximum power, the analysis
is made from the perspective of the wind turbine dynamics.
The paper is organized as follows: Section II presents the
wind power generation system from a systems perspective,

T HE generation of electricity through alternative sources

is a reality today. The most important in the world, in
terms of installed capacity, are the Wind Generation Systems
(WGS) based on Induction Generator Rotor Winding, also
known as Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) [1]. The
operating principle of these systems is simple and can be
summarized by two energy conversion processes; the first one
involves conversion of the kinetic energy of the wind into
mechanical energy by means of a wind turbine, and the second
one, is the conversion of this energy into electrical energy by
means of an electric generator. It is important to note that
this type of generation system is extremely complex because
their design and operation requires proper understanding and
the dominance of various engineering disciplines such as
mechanical, electrical, electronic and control [2]. However,
there is a significant amount of papers published where its
understanding, operation and control are studied [1], [2],
[3], [4] and [5]. It is clear, in many ways, the importance
of this type of system generation, but do not have a clear
explanation of the operational problems that can occur when
these systems interact with the electrical grid due to dynamic
own wind turbine. These wind conditions of input, break
the basic principle of maintaining the reliability of a power
grid through controlled sources of energy, such as the ones
of the different conventional power plants (fossil fuels). For
example, due to the installed capacity of these systems is being
increased, the fact to operate always these in tracking mode
peak power may cause a stability problem in the electrical
giving high importance to the various elements that conform
it. In Section III DFIG model is shown in the framework dq0.
Section IV gives the model of the turbine and wind. Section
V shows an analysis of the steady-state for a wind generation
system when is connected to the electric grid, also a discussion
of how the dynamic impacts the turbine is made. Finally, some
conclusions are given in Section VI.
II. W IND G ENERATION S YSTEM
From a dynamic systems perspective, the WGS (Wind
Generation System) consists of different subsystems, as shown
in Fig. 1. It can be seen, for example, that the problem of
the characterization of the wind and gearbox can form the
mechanical subsystem.
The DFIG itself represents another subsystem, like the elec-
trical grid. For a WGS with DFIG, we have one main actuator
like a bidirectional power converter, known as back-to-back
[8], which forms another subsystem. Therefore, the WGS can
be represent only by the DFIG model when considering known
and characterized the dynamics of the other subsystems, which
are inputs to the dynamic model DFIG reported in [9]. From
a modeling point of view, the dynamic mechanical subsystem
can be integrated if it is known the wind profile and represents
a wind turbine with a theoretical model, used by [10]. The
electrical grid can be represented by an infinite bus (BI), which
is widely used when we want to investigate the interaction
of a generation system to the grid, as reported by [11]. It
is important to clarify that it will consider the infinite bus

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 Rr Lsr 1 Rs L2r + Rr L2sr
Subsystem 2: α= ;ξ = ;γ = ( ) (5)
Electric Lr µr µr Lr
Wind dynamic generator
with µr = Ls Lr − L2sr y
Electrical
Gearbox DFIG network  
0 −1
Subsystem 4: J= = −JT (6)
Infinite bus 1 0
Subsystem 1:
PC
Mechanic The interaction between the wind turbine and the wind char-
system
Subsystem 3: acteristics are fundamentals for the analysis that is made in
back-to-back power this paper, therefore in section III some equations about the
Wind turbine converter
effect of the wind speed over the power delivery are shown,
this relationship gives rise to the power coefficient.
Fig. 1. Wind Power Generation System III. T URBINE WIND MODEL
The mechanical power, that is captured by the wind turbine,
operates in steady state conditions, with the possibility of is given by the following nonlinear equation, as reported in the
reactive power dispatch. In the case of the power converter, literature [2] and [14].
it is possible consider that we have a set back-to-back, with 1
the ability to drain the necessary power to demanded the grid Pm = ρπR2 v 3 Cp (λ, β), (7)
z 2
for the winding rotor of the induction machine and operating
in condition of unity power factor (PF = 1,0) in the side of where R is the radius of the swept area of the turbine blades,
the grid, so that the reactive power dispatch is carried out only ρ is the wind density and Cp is the power coefficient of the
from the stator generators. Under the assumptions of operation wind turbine and represents the percentage of energy in the
in balanced conditions, z linearity in the magnetic circuit (no
wind transformed into mechanical energy in the rotor axis.
saturation), parameters constant (invariant by heating) and Note that this coefficient depends on two variables: the ratio
magnetomotive force free of harmonic, as specified by [9] of tip speed (λ) and the angle of attack (β) . Fig. 2 shows
and [12], the mathematical model of DFIG in the reference how changing the behavior of this coefficient when we have
frame dq0, rotating at a synchronous speed and aligned with different angles of attack. For the purposes of this analysis is
the stator voltage vector is given by [13] considered an angle of attack equal to zero (β = 0) which
corresponds to the red curve. According [15] and [16], the
physical limit for this coefficient is 59.26 %, and is known as
Ψ̇s = −ωs Ls Jis − ωs Lsr Jir − Rs is + us , (1) the Betz Limit. Cp is given by
Ψ̇r = −(ωs − ω)Lsr Jis − (ωs − ω)Lr Jir " #
60.042
−21
λ
− Rr i r + u r , (2) Cp (λ) = λ
− 2.588 e 1−0.035λ + 0.0068λ (8)
1−0.035λ
J ω̇ = Lsr iTs Jir − Bω + Tm , (3)
where the coefficient depends only of the index of tip speed,
where Tm is the mechanical torque delivered by the wind
which is calculated as
turbine and it depends on the mechanical speed of the rotor
(ω) and wind speed (v). The term Lsr iTs Jir = Tg is the ωR
λ= . (9)
electromagnetic torque generated by the induction machine v
[9]. In the model, Ls , Lr are the self-inductance of the rotor From (9) can be establish the mechanical torque delivered
and stator respectively, Lsr is the mutual inductance, Rs and by the wind turbine in the following equation
Rr are the resistances of the windings, J is the moment
1
of inertia and B the friction coefficient. If we consider the Tm = ρπR3 v 2 Cq (λ), (10)
following vector of flux linkages Ψ = Le i with Ψ = [ΨTs , ΨTr ] 2
and i = [iTs , iTr ], where Ψs are the flux linkages in the stator where it can be seen that other mechanical torque coefficient
and ir the currents in the rotor, with in terms of the power coefficient. This factor is generally
    specified when the WGS analysis is focused on the dynamics
Ls I2 Lsr I2 1 0
Le = ; I2 = (4) of the wind turbine [17] and can be calculated by
Lsr I2 Lr I2 0 1
ωs is the speed of the reference frame, ω is the mechanical Cp (λ)
Cq = (11)
speed of the rotor, is = [isd , isq ]T is the stator current, Ψr = λ
[Ψrd , Ψrq ]T is the rotor flux linkage, and us and ur are the It is important to note that the maximum value reached by
voltage in the stator and rotor, respectively. All other values the power coefficient in Fig. 2 is hardly reaches by commercial
are defined by the parameters of the machine and are positives, wind turbines for reason of design and manufacturing. There-
given by fore, a practical value for this coefficient is 0.42 [2], [14]. It

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 0.6 Pm = Constant PSJ Ps PRE
Qs Qs=QRE Electrical
Wind
Stator network
0.5 DFIG
PF z 1
0° PrJ
PBM Rotor
0.4 2° Qr Pr Pr
DC bus
5° R/I I/R
P

0.3
C

PFR/I z 1 PFI/R = 1
10°
0.2
Fig. 3. Power flows in the WGS
20°
0.1
25°
0 losses due to Joule in each of the windings. This is the reason
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
λ why the active power that is being delivered to the grid (PRE )
is defined by the following equation
Fig. 2. Power coefficient Cp at different angles of attack
PRE = Ps + (±Pr ) − PsJ − PrJ , (14)

is possible to work at this point of the wind turbine operation
when is able to control the mechanical speed of the rotor (ω),
to compensate the variations in the wind (see equation (9)).
It is clear that if the active power to be dispatched to the grid
is fixed, this condition is not satisfied, since mechanical speed
of operation does not correspond to λopt . Therefore, there are
two perspectives for dispatch active power with the WGS to
the electrical grid.
From the point of view of energy, its variability is the
characteristic of interest among the scientific community in-
terested in using the wind as an energy source, which becomes
important according to the geographic and climatic conditions
[18], [16].
According to [18], the kinetic energy stored per unit of
volume is Ek = 12 ρv 2 , where ρ is the density of air flow.
For a current of air flowing across a transversal area A, flow
rate is the product of the area times the wind speed (Av).
Therefore, the power of the wind is defined as
1 angular speed of the rotor of the machine, as seen in [9].
ρAv 3 ,
Pv = (12)
2
and the energy available in the wind is obtained by integrating
(12) from 0 to Tp
Z Tp
1
Ev = ρA v 3 dt (13)
2 0
From (12) it is possible to see that the wind speed affects
the power contained in it, raised to the third power.
IV. P OWER A NALYSIS
In a real context the active power that is dispatched in the
stator of DFIG is not the power that is being delivered to the
grid. For example, in the Fig. 3 is shown a scheme of power
flow (active and reactive) for an operating condition which is
delivered and demanded active and reactive power to the grid.
As shown in Fig.3, node connection of the WGS and
electrical grid define the active and reactive power that actually
is being delivered by this one, which depends on the powers
that are dispatched by the stator and the rotor DFIG, as the
where the condition ± for the active power in the rotor is the
fact that a WGS based on DFIG can deliver or demand active
power from the machine winding (operation subsynchronous).
The term PsJ and PrJ represent losses due to Joule in the
stator (i2s Rs ) and rotor (i2r Rr ) of the DFIG, respectively. It is
important to note that through a steady-state analysis of DFIG,
as shown [19], it is possible to relate the active power in the
rotor to the one on the stator in the following manner
Pr = −sPs , (15)
if the losses in the rotor and stator windings are neglected,
and it is considered s as the sliding phenomenon that is set
by the operating principle of the induction machine
s=
ωs − ω
, (16)
ωs
which characterizes the relative speed between the angular
speed of the magnetic field in the stator with the mechanical
If it is replaced the equation (15) in (14), neglecting losses
in the generator windings, it is possible to redefine the active
power to be delivered to the grid in terms of active power in
the stator and sliding in the following manner
PRE = Ps (1 − s) (17)
In (17) we have an expression that directly relates the active
power delivered to the grid with the active power in the stator
and the mechanical angular speed, and if the definition of
sliding is replaced in (17) then
ωs − ω
PRE = Ps (1 − ) (18)
ωs
From Fig. 3, another point where is appropriate to have the
balance of power is the connection node defined by the stator
DFIG, because it provides information that can directly define
the stator active power in the following manner
Ps = Pm − (±Pr ) − PrJ − PBM ec , (19)

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 TABLE II
where we can see that it has a direct relationship with the W IND T URBINE PARAMETERS
mechanical power delivered by the wind turbine Pm and
losses, PBM ec are mechanical losses due to coefficient of R = 0.8[m]
ρ = 1.225[k/gm3 ]
friction (B). If equation (19) is replaced in (14) we can A = 2.01[m2 ]
calculate the total active power delivered to the grid as the
mechanical power delivered by the wind turbine less any losses
in the WGS

PRE = Pm − PBM ec − PsJ − PrJ , (20)

With the wind speed profile and the powers dispatch defined
in the electrical grid, it is important to recognize that the
desired mechanical rotor speed (ω ∗ ) involves a nonlinear
equation for the desired mechanical speed if the dynamics of
the wind turbine is integrated directly by the equation (10),
and the equations (8), (9) and (18) are used, as shown in the
following equation

∗ 2
     
2PRE
∗
1 4Rs PRE ωs 1
− −
3B ω∗ 9Busd 2 ω∗ 2
 
4Rs 1 1
(Q∗RE 2 ) + ρARv 2 Cq (λ) − ω ∗ = 0 (21) Fig. 4. Velocity wind profile
9Bωs usd 2 Br 2
where Cq (λ) is redefined by
∗
of the DFIG are not exceeded.
  0.735( ω R )−21
∗ v
60.042−4.6894( ω vR ) ω∗ R ∗
ω∗ R e v + 0.0068( ω vR )] With the paremeters of equation (21) defined, it is possible
v

ω∗ R
(22) to numerically solve it for each wind speed with the function
v
solve of solve of MATLABr and find the desired mechanical
It is important to note from (21) and (22), that if the powers speed. Then, with these speeds, it is possible to calculate
are imposed and assumed known the wind speed and this is the desired mechanical torque and the necessary powers on
considered piecewise constant for analysis purposes, then (21) the stator and rotor of the DFIG for each wind speed. The
becomes transcendental equation for ω ∗ by each wind speed results for the specified operation condition are presented
considered. Under these conditions is only possible to solve in Table III. From the Table III, we should highlight the
the equation by numerical solution. mechanical behavior of the desired speed, because as wind
speed increases, as can be seen in the wind speed from 16 to
V. D ISCUSSION ABOUT WIND TURBINE IN P OWER
22 [ m
s ], the desired mechanical speed increases to. However,
BALANCES
for wind speeds of 24 and 25 [ m s ], this behavior is no longer
The operation condition for the powers in electrical network observed, since the desired mechanical speed decreases. The
are PRE ∗ = −1000W and QRE ∗ = 200V AR. The infinite explanation for this behavior leads to the hypothesis that the
bus was modeled in such a way that the amplitude of the equation (21) has more than one solution for the operating
stator terminal voltages was fixed at U = 220[V ]. The DFIG condition considered in each wind speed by the nature of the
parameters are given in Table I. curve defining the coefficient power of a wind turbine (see
Fig. 2). To test this, it was necessary to plot the equation (21)
TABLE I
DFIG PARAMETERS
with respect to the desired mechanical speed for each wind
speed. The variation used was 0.01 a 1000 [ rad s ], and the
Rs = 4.92[Ω] only intention of plotting to 1000 [ rad s ] was to verify there
Rr = 4.42[Ω]
Ls = 0.725[H]
are only two roots, as it is not feasible for the WGS reaches
Lr = 0.715[H] speeds exceeding 500 [ rad s ]. The results are shown in Figures
Lsr = 0.71[H] 5 and 6, which correspond to a graphical approach for wind
J = 0.00512[kg · m2 ]
B = 0.005[N · m/rad/s]
speeds form 16 and 25 [ m s ], where it is possible to see clearly
the two roots. It is important to note that this behavior is
presented for each of the wind speeds considered in Table III.
The wind turbine paremeters are given in Table II. and the Since equation (21) has two roots, the question is which
wind velocity profile is given in Fig. 4, which were selected solution must be taken. To answer this question, all the me-
in such manner that the voltages and nominal currents values chanics and electrical parameters for the operating condition

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 TABLE III
E LECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL CONDITIONS RESULTING FROM THE SOLUTION OF THE EQUATION (21) FOR LOWER SPEEDS

W ind ω∗ Cp λ Tm Ps ∗ Pr ∗ PRE QRE ∗ s

[ms
] [ rad
s
] [rad] [N-m] [W] [W] [W] [VAR]
15 82.73 0.189 4.41 9.516 -3797.2 2797.2 -1000 200 0.7366
16 82.746 0.156 4.13 9.515 -3796.6 2796.6 -1000 200 0.7366
20 85.161 0.079 3.40 9.240 -3689.0 2689.0 -1000 200 0.7289
21 85.97 0.068 3.27 9.152 -3654.1 2654.1 -1000 200 0.7263
22 86.793 0.060 3.15 9.065 -3619.6 2619.6 -1000 200 0.7237
24 88.34 0.046 2.94 8.905 -3556.0 2556.0 -1000 200 0.7188
25 89.03 0.040 2.84 8.835 -3528.4 2528.4 -1000 200 0.7166

TABLE IV
E LECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL CONDITIONS RESULTING FROM THE SOLUTION OF THE EQUATION (21) FOR HIGHER SPEEDS

W ind ω∗ Cp λ Tm Ps ∗ Pr ∗ PRE QRE ∗ s

[ms
] [ rad
s
] [rad] [N-m] [W] [W] [W] [VAR]
15 220.313 0.189 11.75 4.277 -1426.0 426.0 -1000 200 0.2987
16 240.02 0.195 12.001 4.104 -1308.9 308.9 -1000 200 0.2360
20 314.16 0.120 12.56 3.768 -999.98 -0.020 -1000 200 -0.00002
21 332.037 0.108 12.64 3.735 -946.2 -53.842 -1000 200 -0.0569
22 349.74 0.099 12.71 3.716 -898.24 -101.757 -1000 200 -0.1133
24 384.804 0.083 12.86 3.707 -816.41 -183.587 -1000 200 -0.2248
25 402.190 0.077 12.87 3.715 -781.1 -218.878 -1000 200 -0.2796

2500 8000

2000
6000
1500

1000 4000
Equation (21)

Equation (21)

500 X: 240
Y: 0 2000
0 X: 402.1
X: 82.74
Y: 0
−500 Y: 0 0
X: 89.03
−1000 Y: 0
−2000
−1500

−2000 −4000
50 100 150 200 250 300 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
ω∗ [rad/s] ω∗ [rad/s]

Fig. 5. Roots of the equation 21 for wind speed of 16 [ m

s
] Fig. 6. Roots of the equation 21 for wind speed of 25 [ m
s
]

were recalculated to each roots considering them separated.
The results are presented in Table III and IV. From these
tables, there is an appropriate solution for the mechanical
speed if the powers of dispatch are seen in the stator and
rotor of the DFIG when reaching the powers established in
the electrical grid. This is the greater desired mechanical
speed, because with them the necessary active powers in these
windings are minor and safe for the DFIG in terms of the
nominal values of voltage and current in the stator and rotor.
However, if the higher speed is selected the solution is not the
most appropriate from the point of view of mechanical losses.
VI. C ONCLUSIONS
In this work, the relevance to operate the WGS based on
DFIG in a different peak power point of the wind turbine is
evaluated. It analyzes in detail the implication of the dynamics
of the wind turbine in the power balance equation when the
WGS is interconnected with the grid at this operating point
and show that there are two different conditions for satisfying
the mechanical speed power balance equation. The importance
of this result lies in the fact that should choose the right
solution for the mechanical speed for a wind speed condition
in particular. Is shown with the results of the analysis for
different wind speeds, it choose the greater mechanical speed
solutions because these dispatches involve lower power in
stator and rotor to comply with the powers imposed on the
grid. However, choosing these solutions could be criticized if
analyzed from the point of view of mechanical, because this
leads to vibration, increased noise pollution and greater losses
in these systems.
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