10) Find the uses of the ground based augmentation system and illustrate its

implementation procedure for the aircraft automated control.

1) A ground-based augmentation system (GBAS) is one that uses three or

four GNSS satellite signals received at three or four antennas as input
data to offer/provide differential corrections and integrity monitoring of
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data.

2) The differential correction message computed from this data is then

continually broadcast omni-directionally (twice every second) by a
ground transmitter using a VHF frequency broadcast (VDB) that is
effective within an approximate 23 nm radius of the host airport.

3) GBAS is used primarily used to facilitate GNSS-based precision

methods that are more flexible than ILS.

4) While the main goal of GBAS is to provide signal integrity, it also

improves signal accuracy, with position errors of less than one meter in
both the horizontal and vertical plane.

5) One GBAS Ground Station at an airport supports aircraft approach and

landing to multiple runway ends as well as departures from multiple
runways and surface movement for all GBAS-equipped aircraft.

6) The application of GBAS to precision approach is described as the

GBAS Landing System or GLS.
9) Describe about Aircraft Based Augmentation System (ABAS) used by
Satellite-Based Augmentation System

1) An aircraft based augmentation system (ABAS) is on-board

augmentation to GPS or other GNSS systems to improve the
performance, specifically accuracy and integrity, of the GNSS system.
2) Currently the most common ABAS implementation is receiver
autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM).
3) RAIM is an algorithm used to detect a single satellite failure.
4) RAIM detects satellite failures by comparing the position solution using
the full set of satellites that can be seen by the user to every subset of
satellites with one satellite excluded.
5) If a satellite failure exists that has a noticeable impact on the solution it
will affect all subsets with that satellite in it, but not the subset with the
failed satellite removed.
6) Depending on the available measurements RAIM can detect and possibly
even remove the satellite failure from its position solution.
7) Advanced RAIM (ARAIM) builds on traditional RAIM and Fault
Detection and Exclusion (FDE) algorithms to include position and
protection level computations for both lateral and vertical navigation by
the addition of a second GPS frequency and/or a second GNSS
constellation.
8) SBAS are regional GNSS augmentation systems designed to improve the
accuracy and integrity of GNSS navigation for civil aviation.
9) SBAS systems provide corrections for SV position errors, clock errors,
as well as errors due to ionospheric delays.
8. Illustrate gain scheduling control design approach by combining linear
parameters-varying control theory. Discuss Lyapunov functions and continuous
global functions.
Gain Scheduling System :
1) In control theory, gain scheduling is an approach to control the non-linear
systems that uses a family of linear controllers, each of which provides
satisfactory control for a different operating point of the system.
2) Gain scheduling is a practical and powerful method for the control of
nonlinear systems.
3) A gain-scheduled controller is formed by interpolating between a set of
linear controllers derived for a corresponding set of plant linearizations
associated with several operating points.
4) One or more observable variables, called the scheduling variables, are
used to determine what operating region the system is currently in and to
enable the appropriate linear controller.
5) For example, in an aircraft flight control system, the altitude and Mach
number might be the scheduling variables, with different linear controller
parameters available (and automatically plugged into the controller) for
various combinations of these two variables.
Lyapunov Functions :
1) In the theory of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), Lyapunov
functions are scalar functions that may be used to prove the stability of
an equilibrium of an ODE.
2) Lyapunov functions (also called the Lyapunov’s second method for
stability) are important to stability theory of dynamical
systems and control theory.
3) A Lyapunov function for an autonomous dynamical system

with an equilibrium point at y=0 is a scalar function

that is continuous, has continuous first derivatives, is strictly
positive, and for which -∇V . g is also strictly positive.
7. Discuss about gain schedule system and its concepts for control of non-
linear systems for the different operating points.

Gain Scheduling System :

1) In control theory, gain scheduling is an approach to control the
non-linear systems that uses a family of linear controllers, each of
which provides satisfactory control for a different operating point
of the system.
2) Gain scheduling is a practical and powerful method for the
control of nonlinear systems.
3) A gain-scheduled controller is formed by interpolating between a
set of linear controllers derived for a corresponding set of plant
linearizations associated with several operating points.
4) One or more observable variables, called the scheduling
variables, are used to determine what operating region the system
is currently in and to enable the appropriate linear controller.
5) For example, in an aircraft flight control system, the altitude and
Mach number might be the scheduling variables, with different
linear controller parameters available (and automatically plugged
into the controller) for various combinations of these two
variables.
6. Describe Overall Control System of the aircraft with necessary sketch and
explain the functions of each element.

(write abt those cntrl systems + flight instruments)

5. Describe gain PID controllers and how the instability of these controllers are
mitigated?
1) A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID
controller or three-term controller) is a control loop mechanism
applying feedback that is widely used in industrial control systems and a
variety of other applications requiring continuously modulated control.
2) A PID controller continuously calculates an error value e(t) as the
difference between a desired setpoint (SP) and a measured process
variable (PV) and applies a correction based on proportional, integral,
and derivative terms (denoted P, I, and D respectively), hence the name.
3) In practical terms, it automatically applies an accurate and responsive
correction to a control function. An everyday example is the cruise
control on a car, where ascending a hill would lower speed if only
constant engine power were applied. The controller's PID algorithm
restores the measured speed to the desired speed with minimal delay and
overshoot by increasing the power output of the engine in a controlled
manner.
4) The first theoretical analysis and practical application was in the field of
automatic steering systems for ships, developed from the early 1920s
onwards. It was then used for automatic process control in the
manufacturing industry, where it was widely implemented in at first
pneumatic, and then electronic controllers. Today the PID concept is
used universally in applications requiring accurate and optimized
automatic control.
Stability
1) If the PID controller parameters (the gains of the proportional, integral and
derivative terms) are chosen incorrectly, the controlled process input can
be unstable, i.e., its output diverges, with or without oscillation, and is
limited only by saturation or mechanical breakage.
2) Instability is caused by excess gain, particularly in the presence of
significant lag.
3) Generally, stabilization of response is required and the process must not
oscillate for any combination of process conditions and setpoints, though
sometimes marginal stability (bounded oscillation) is acceptable or
desired.
4) The total loop transfer function is :
𝐾(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)
H(s) =
1+𝐾(𝑠)𝐺(𝑠)

Where, K(s) is the PID transfer function and G(s) is the plant transfer function.
4. Discuss yaw control stability in a vehicle’s lateral motion. Give four
parameters that affects the yaw control characteristics.

3. Define control laws of automatic flight control of the modern high

performance aircraft.
2. Describe flight control augmentation system with neat diagram and explain
about servo actuator and servo amplifier.
Servo actuator :
1) Linear Servo Actuators are devices used to rotate or push parts of a
machine with accuracy.
2) These servo actuators are used in variety of applications such as toys,
home electronics, automobiles and airplanes. . Servo motor actuators are
also found in devices we use every day.
3) If you own and operate a radio controlled airplane, personal use drone or a
remote controlled car then chances are you have operated a servo motor
actuator to move levers back and forth to control steering or adjust wing
surfaces.
4) A servo motor actuator regulates the speed of a fuel-powered car or
aircraft by rotating a shaft connected to the engine throttle Servo motors
used to move the hard drive head arms in computers are a perfect example
of a servo motor found in everyday devices we use.
Servo amplifier :
1) Servo amplifiers, or servo amps , are drives that are used to
power electronic servomechanisms, such as servo motors.
2) A servo amp transfers signals from the command module of the
robot, and translates them for the servo motor, so the motor
knows how much it should move at any given time.
3) By using servo amplifiers, servo motors are able to perform more
consistently, meaning that the path trajectory and overall motion
of the robot is more smooth and consistent during its application
cycles.

1. NOTES (ANS)